Internet of Things Tutorial

ISSN(Online) : 2320-9801
ISSN (Print) : 2320-9798
International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization Vol.5, Special Issue 4, June 2017
nd
2 National Conference on Recent Advances in Engineering and Technology (NCRAET_2017)
Organized by
Dept. of ECE, Basavakalyan Engineering College, Basavakalyan-585327, Dist. Bidar, Karnataka, India
Advanced Aircraft Anti-Collision System using

Zigbee Communication and Reporting to Ground
Station over Internet of Things (IoT)
Vidyasagar Mulge1, Shahul S.J2, Prafullakumar2, Manojkumar2, Veerupanna2
Assistant Professor, Dept. of E &CE, Basavakalyan Engineering College, Basavakalyan, India1
Basavaklyan Engineering College, Basavakalyan, India2
ABSTRACT: With the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as smart phones, sensors, cameras. It is
possible to collect massive amount of data for localization and tracking of Aircraft Collisions. An aircraft collision
system is designed is to track the signal. Aircraft intelligent system better suits in all areas for tracking signal which is
close to the aircraft device. It is necessary to have an intelligent system which identifies collision before it happens and
informs the driver to alert or regulate the speed of the aircraft and to move if it is very close to collision. [2]
This project is an advanced wireless zigbee communication by which it detects if any aircraft is coming nearer to
another aircraft by giving an LED indication as well as buzzer sound along with LCD display. In this project we are
using AT89S52 as its Controller.[1]
In this project IR is placed to track various frequencies emitted. The system is provided with Led and buzzer. If user
moves the aircraft, antenna tracks for a corresponding signal the rotation of antenna is based on the signal tracked by
IR. Once the signal is traced LED blinks with a buzzer sound and the data is displayed on the LCD. In this way we can
track the signal and can avoid the collision with the desired frequency signal.[4]
I. INTRODUCTION
The rapidly increasing density of air traffic has created a demand for instrumentation to reduce the possibility of air
catastrophes due to collision. The incidence of reported near-collisions is now estimated to be over 2000 per year in the
United States, and represents a serious threat to the future growth of air travel. Since mid-1967,[3] research has been
conducted by NASA and the Research Triangle Institute to develop techniques for evaluation of collision warning
systems and to determine the characteristics of the operational environment. Actual aircraft traffic data have been
obtained by the FAA from the RADAR system at the Atlanta Airport. These data have been analyzed to determine
encounter statistics which would result with various form of warning criteria. This paper reviews the definition of
several proposed warning criteria and presents the results of the statistical analyses of the data. Probabilities of
encounter, encounter rates, and average encounter durations are determined for various definitions of the encounter.
Interest in unmanned aircraft is growing worldwide. According to Nicholas A. Sabatini, FAA Associate
Administrator for Aviation Safety, “the development and use of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is the next great step
forward in the evolution of aviation. “Applications abound from military and homeland security to commercial
services. For UAS operators, the operation of unmanned and manned aircraft in the same airspace, including civil
airspace, is an important capability that will enable growth in the industry, expansion of applications, and greater utility
for all operators.
Collision avoidance is emerging as a key issue for UAS access to civil airspace. Numerous technologies are being
explored in the community, including research sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the
United States Air Force, the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency, The MITRE Corporation and others.
II. HISTORY AND FUTURE
The Embedded systems could not possibly have appeared before 1971.[5] That was the year Intel introduced the
world's first microprocessor. This chip, the 4004, was designed for use in a line of business calculators produced by the
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Japanese Company Busicom. In 1969, Busicom asked Intel to design a set of custom integrated circuits-one for each of
their new calculator models. The 4004 was Intel's response rather than design custom hardware for each calculator,
Intel proposed a general-purpose circuit that could be used throughout the entire line of calculators. Intel's idea was
that the software would give each calculator its unique set of features.
The microcontroller was an overnight success, and its use increased steadily over the next decade. Early embedded
applications included unmanned space probes computerized traffic lights, and aircraft flight control systems. In the
1980s[6], embedded systems quietly rode the waves of the microcomputer age and brought microprocessors into every
part of our kitchens (bread machines, food processors, and microwave ovens), living rooms (televisions, stereos, and
remote controls), and workplaces (fax machines, pagers, laser printers, cash registers, and credit card readers).
It seems inevitable that the number of embedded systems will continue to increase rapidly. Already there are
promising new embedded devices that have enormous market potential; light switches and thermostats that can be
central computer, intelligent air-bag systems that don't inflate when children or small adults are present, pal-sized
electronic organizers and personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and dashboard navigation systems.
Clearly, individuals who possess the skills and desire to design the next generation of embedded systems will be in
demand for quite some time.[8]
III. WORKING PROCEDURE
In this project, we are using AT89S52 Microcontroller, LCD, Zigbee, Led array, Buzzer.In this project, we can
identify the aircraft coming towards the other aircraft. By this the pilot can take certain measurements to avoid
collisions. There is a Zigbee which is used for the communication between two aircrafts. This Zigbee is connected to
the microcontroller. Whenever the aircraft1 is approaching aircraft 2 then a signal will be sent to the microcontroller
and a buzzer will be activated, led array is in on condition and “S1 is nearer to S2” message will be displayed on the
LCD screen of Aircraft1 When ever both the aircrafts are out of range then “safe mode” will be displayed on the LCD
screen of two aircrafts S1&S2.
fig.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM

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IV.HARDWARE SPECIFICATION
4.1 Microcontroller AT89S52
Fig.2. Microcontroller AT89S52
Fig.3.PIN CONFIGURATION OF PORT 2
Fig. 4: PIN CONFIGUTION PORT1
Microprocessors and microcontrollers are widely used in embedded systems products. Microcontroller is a
programmable device. A microcontroller has a CPU in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports and a timer
embedded all on a single chip. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers
makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical.

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The Intel 8052 is Harvard architecture, single chip microcontroller (µC) which was developed by Intel in 1980
for use in embedded systems. It was popular in the 1980s
and early 1990s, but today it has largely been superseded by a vast range of enhanced devices with 8052-compatible
processor cores that are manufactured by more than 20 independent manufacturers including Atmel, Infineon
Technologies and Maxim Integrated Products.8052 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits
of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. 8052 is available
in different memory types such as UV-EPROM.
4.2. 8052 Microcontroller Memory Organization:
1. Data Memory:
As already mentioned, Data Memory is used for temporarily storing and keeping data and intermediate results created
and used during microcontroller’s operating. Besides, this microcontroller family includes many other registers such as:
hardware counters and timers, input/ output ports, serial data buffers etc. The previous versions have the total memory
size of 256 locations, while for later models this number is incremented by additional 128 available registers. In both
cases, these first 256 memory locations (addresses 0- FF h) are the base of the memory. Common to all types of the
8052 microcontrollers. Locations available to the user occupy memory space with addresses from 0 to 7Fh. First 128
registers and this part of RAM is divided in several block [6]. The first block consists of 4 banks each including 8
registers designated as R0 to R7. Prior to access them, a bank containing that register must be selected. Next memory
block (in the range of 20h to 2Fh) is bit- addressable, which means that each bit being there has its own address from 0
to 7Fh. Since there are 16 such registers, this block contains in total of 128 bits with separate addresses (The 0th bit of
the 20h byte has the bit address 0 and the 7th bit of the 2Fh byte has the bit address 7Fh). The third groups of registers
occupy addresses 2Fh-7Fh (in total of 80 locations) and do not have any special purpose or feature [7].
2. Program Memory:
The oldest models of the 8052-microcontroller families did not have any internal program memory. It was added from
outside as a separate chip. These models are recognizable by their label beginning with 803 (for ex. 8031 or 8032). All
later models have a few Kbytes ROM embedded, Even though it is enough for writing most of the programs, there are
situations when additional memory is necessary [8]. The microcontroller handle external memory depends on the pin
EA logic state EA=0 in this case, internal program memory is completely ignored; only a program stored in external
memory is to be executed. EA=1In this case, a program from built-in ROM is to be executed first (to the last location).
Afterwards, reading additional memory continues the execution [9]. In both cases, P0 and P2 are not available to the
user because they are used for data and address
Fig.5.Program and Data Memory

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4.3 Zigbee
This High Speed Zigbee,Based Wireless module is a plug and play replacement for the wired Serial Port (UART)
supporting baud rates up to 38400. This Zigbee based Wireless module allow engineers of all skill levels to quickly and
cost-effectively add wireless capabilities to virtually any product.
Description:
 Working with Zigbee Wireless Transceiver module
 Baud Rate: 38400. Serial UART Mode
 Packet Length: Variable (0 to 40) or Fixed (1 packet).
 60+ meters range Line of Sight / 30 meters range indoors
4.4.Liquid Crystal Display:

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs (seven segment LEDs or other
multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons .The declining prices of LCDs.The ability to display numbers,
characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters Incorporation
of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the
LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data, Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
4.5. LED (Light Emitting Diode):
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and
are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted
low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with
very high brightness.
When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light

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(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often
small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs
present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively
expensive and require more precise current and management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable
output.
4.6. IOT Module
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software,
sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.as the IOT helps in this
project is to collect the information of the aircract collision which is taken with the help of Advanced aircraft anti
collision system this information is shared to the ground station or the one anthoner planes through the IOT this is the
use of IOT in this project.
4.7. WI -FI Module ESP8266EX
ESP8266EX offers a complete and self-contained WiFi networking solution; it can be used to host the application or to
offload WiFi networking functions from another application processor.
4.8. Integrated Low Power 32-bit MCU

Integrated 10-bit ADC Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and
matching network Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management units Supports antenna diversity WiFi 2.4 GHz,
support WPA/WPA2 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes Support Smart Link Function for both Android and
iOS devices.
SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO A-MPDU & A-
MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA Wake up and
transmit packets in < 2ms Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3) +20 dBm output power in802.11b mode
Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
 Features
 Integrated low power 32-bit MCU
 Integrated 10-bit ADC
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Integrated TR switch, balun, LNA, power amplifier and matching network
 Integrated PLL, regulators, and power management

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 Supports antenna diversity

 WiFi 2.4 GHz, support WPA/WPA2
 Support STA/AP/STA+AP operation modes
 Support Smart Link Function for both Android and iOS devices
 SDIO 2.0, (H) SPI, UART, I2C, I2S, IR Remote Control, PWM, GPIO
 STBC, 1x1 MIMO, 2x1 MIMO
 A-MPDU & A-MSDU aggregation & 0.4s guard interval
 Deep sleep power <10uA, Power down leakage current < 5uA
 Wake up and transmit packets in < 2ms
 Standby power consumption of < 1.0mW (DTIM3)
 +20 dBm output power in 802.11b mode
 Operating temperature range -40C ~ 125C
 FCC, CE, TELEC, WiFi Alliance, and SRRC certified
4.8. IR Transmitter, Receiver
Infrared is a energy radiation with a frequency below our eyes sensitivity, so we cannot see it Even that we can not
"see" sound frequencies, we know that it exist, we can listen them. The IR LED emitting infrared light is put on in the
transmitting unit. To generate IR signal, 555 IC based Astable Multivibrator is used. Infrared LED is driven through
transistor BC 548.
IC 555 is used to construct an astable multivibrator which has two quasi-stable states. It generates a square wave of
frequency 38 kHz and amplitude 5Volts. It is required to switch ‘ON’ the IR LED is eight bits long and is sent to the
LCD either four or eight bits at a time. If four-bit mode is used, two "nibbles" of data
(Sent high four bits and then lower four bits with an "E" Clock pulse with each nibble) are sent to make up a full eight-
bit transfer.
V. ADVANTAGES
 Accuracy is high.
 It reduces the man power
 Not light sensitive
 Not as sensitive to weather/environmental conditions
VI.CONCLUSION
Hence we have designed and implemented successfully the Aircraft anti collision system using Zigbee in embedded
systems using internet of thing. Use of Zigbee Module in Place of heavy radar system will be helpful in reducing the
complexity as well as the maintenance of the system. Due to the transmission of the aircraft parameters through a IOT
module to the base station leads to major improvement in Aircraft safety.

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REFERENCES
[1]A.NAVANEETH REDDY is currently pursuing bachelors degree program in electronics and communication engineering in Laki reddy Bali reddy
college of engineering, India, PH-09703309470. E-mail: navaneethredy35@gmail.com
[2] D.L.V.S.SRIKANTH is currently pursuing bachelors degree program in electronics and communication engineering in Laki reddy Bali reddy
college of engineering, India.
[3] T.MANOJ NAGA KUMAR is currently pursuing bachelors degree program in electronics and communication engineering in Lakireddy
Balireddy college of engineering, India,
[4} S.SAI ROHITH is currently pursuing bachelors degree program in electronics and electrical engineering in V.R.Siddhartha College of
engineering, India
[5] Ayala, Kenneth J. (1996), The 8051 Microcontroller- Architecture, Programming and Applications, Delmar Publishers ,
[6] Raj Kama l (2004), Embedded Systems. Architecture, Programming and design, International Edition, New Delhi:McGraw-Hill.
[7]Barr,Micheal(1999),Programming Embedded system sinC and C ++, Sebastopol, C.A: O Reilly.
[8]Calcutt,M.C.F. J Cowan, and G.H. Parchizadeh(1998), at mega32microcontrollershardware and Software Applications, Arnold (and also John
Wiley).
[9] Mazidi, M. Ali and J. G. Mazidi (2000), The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Pearson Education.
[10] Drumm, A. C., etal. "Remotely Piloted Vehicles in civil airspace: requirements and analysis methods for the traffic alert and collision avoidance
system (TCAS) and see-and-avoid systems." Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 2004. DASC 04. The 23rd. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2008.
[11] Borenstein, Johann, and Yoram Koren. "Obstacle avoidance with ultrasonic sensors." Robotics and Automation,
[12] Sugano, Masashi, et al. "Indoor localization system using RSSI measurement of wireless sensor network based on ZigBee standard." Target 538
(2007): 050.

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ISSN(Online) : 2320-9801

ISSN (Print) : 2320-9798

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Advanced Aircraft Anti-Collision System using

II. HISTORY AND FUTURE

Copyright @ IJIRCCE www.ijircce.com 313

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

III. WORKING PROCEDURE

fig.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SYSTEM

Copyright @ IJIRCCE www.ijircce.com 314

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

4.1 Microcontroller AT89S52

Fig.2. Microcontroller AT89S52

Fig.3.PIN CONFIGURATION OF PORT 2

Fig. 4: PIN CONFIGUTION PORT1

Copyright @ IJIRCCE www.ijircce.com 315

International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

4.2. 8052 Microcontroller Memory Organization:

Fig.5.Program and Data Memory

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

4.4.Liquid Crystal Display:

4.5. LED (Light Emitting Diode):

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

4.6. IOT Module

4.7. WI -FI Module ESP8266EX

4.8. Integrated Low Power 32-bit MCU

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

 Supports antenna diversity

4.8. IR Transmitter, Receiver

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International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering

Copyright @ IJIRCCE www.ijircce.com 320

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