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DYNAMIC

ANALYSIS OF
BEAMS

PREPARED BY:
ENGR. CLINT JAN A. SUMALPONG
ENGR. JUNNAZ P. BALACUIT
0 OF 4 D Y N A M I C A N A LY S I S :

DYNAMIC ANALYSISOF SYSTEMS WITH


DISTRIBUTED PROPERTIES

1. Flexural Vibration of Uniform Beams


2. Solution of the Equation of Motion in Free Vibration
3. Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes for Uniform Beams
a. Both Ends Simply Supported
b. Both Ends Free
c. Both Ends Fixed
d. One End Fixed and the Other is Free
e. One End Fixed and the Other is Simply Supported
4. Forced Vibration of Beams
1 OF 4
Flexural Vibration of Uniform Beams

The treatment of beam flexure developed in this section is based on the simple
bending theory.
1 OF 4
Flexural Vibration of Uniform Beams

The equation of motion perpendicular to the x axis of the deflected beam obtained by
equating to zero the sum of the forces in the free body diagram of Fig. 21.1 (b),
𝜕𝑉 𝜕2y
V− V+ dx + p x, t dx − mdx
ഥ 2
=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕t

𝜕𝑉 𝜕2 𝑦
+ m
ഥ 2 = p x, t [1.1]
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡

From simple beam theory,


1
y" = M
EI

𝜕2 y
M= EI 2
𝜕x

𝜕M 𝜕3 y
= EI 3 [1.2]
𝜕x 𝜕x
1 OF 4
Flexural Vibration of Uniform Beams

From simple beam theory,


𝜕M
V= [1.3]
𝜕x

Substituting equation [2] to equation [3], we get,


𝜕3 y
V=EI 3
𝜕x

𝜕𝑉 𝜕4 y
=EI 4 [1.4]
𝜕x 𝜕x

Substituting equation [1.4] to equation [1.1], we get,

𝜕4 y 𝜕2 y
EI 4 + m
ഥ 2 = p x, t [1.5]
𝜕x 𝜕t
SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION Of
2 OF 4 MOTION IN FREE VIBRATION

For free vibration p x, t = 0, eq. [1.5] reduces to the homogeneous differential


equation,
𝜕4 y 𝜕2 𝑦
EI 4 + m
ഥ 2 =0 [2.1]
𝜕x 𝜕𝑡

The solution may be expressed as the product of a function of position Φ x and a function of
time f t by “Method of Separation of Variables”, that is,
y x, t = Φ x f t [2.2]

The substitution of eq. [2.2] in the differential equation [2.1] leads to,
d4 Φ(x) d2 f t
EI 4 [f t ]+ m
ഥ [Φ x ] = 0
dx 𝑑𝑡 2
SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION Of
2 OF 4 MOTION IN FREE VIBRATION

d4 Φ(x) d2 f t
EI f t + m
ഥ Φ x =0
dx4 𝑑𝑡 2

ഥ fሷ t Φ x
EI ΦIV x f t + m =0

EI ΦIV x fሷ t
ഥ Φ x
= − [2.3]
m f t

In this notation Roman indices indicate derivatives with respect to x and overdots indicate
derivatives with respect to time. Since the left-hand side of eq. [2.3] is a function only of x
while the right-hand side is a function only of t, each side of the equation must equal the
same constant value; otherwise, the identity of eq. [2.3] cannot exist. We designate the
constant by ω2 which equated separately to each side of eq. [2.3] results in the two following
differential equations:
ഥ 2

ΦIV x − a4 Φ x = 0 2.4 a4 = [2.6]
𝐸𝐼

fሷ t + ω2 f t = 0 [2.5]
SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION Of
2 OF 4 MOTION IN FREE VIBRATION

It is particularly convenient to solve eq. [2.6] for ω to use the following notation, namely,

EI
ω=C ഥ 4
C = (aL)2
mL

fሷ t + ω2 f t = 0 is the familiar free-vibration equation for the undamped single degree-of-


freedom system and its solution is,
f t =Acos ω𝑡 + 𝐵 sin ω𝑡

where A and B are constants of integration. ΦIV x − a4 Φ x = 0 can be solved by letting,


Φ x = 𝐶𝑒 𝑠𝑥
𝑠 4 𝐶𝑒 𝑠𝑥 − 𝑎4 𝐶𝑒 𝑠𝑥 = 0
(𝑠 4 −𝑎4 )𝐶𝑒 𝑠𝑥 = 0
𝑠 4 −𝑎4 = 0
SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION Of
2 OF 4 MOTION IN FREE VIBRATION

The roots of 𝑠 4 −𝑎4 = 0 are:


𝑠1 = a
𝑠2 = −a
𝑠1 = ai
𝑠1 = −ai

The substitution of each of these roots into Φ x = 𝐶𝑒 𝑠𝑥 provides a solution of eq. [2.4]. The
general solution is then given by the superposition of these four possible solutions, namely,
Φ x = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 +𝐶4 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [2.7]

where 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 ,𝐶3 and 𝐶4 are constants of integration.


SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION Of
2 OF 4 MOTION IN FREE VIBRATION

The exponential functions in eq. [2.7] may be expressed in terms of trigonometric and
hyperbolic functions by means of the relationships
𝑒 ±𝑎𝑥 = cosh 𝑎𝑥 ± sinh 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 ±𝑖𝑎𝑥 = cos 𝑎𝑥 ± isin 𝑎𝑥

Substitution of these relationships into Φ x = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 𝑖𝑎𝑥 +𝐶4 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 yields,


Φ x = Asin 𝑎𝑥 + Bcos 𝑎𝑥 + Csinh 𝑎𝑥 + Dcosh 𝑎𝑥

where A, B, C, and D are new constants of integration. These four constants of integration
define the shape and the amplitude of the beam in free vibration; they are evaluated by
considering the boundary conditions at the ends of the beam as illustrated in the examples
presented in the following section.
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4 SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS

1. Both Ends Simply Supported

2. Both Ends Free

3. Both Ends Fixed

4. One End Fixed and the other is Free

5. One End Fixed and the other is Simply Supported


NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
In this case the displacements and bending moments must be zero at both ends of the beam;
hence the boundary conditions for the simply supported beams are:
y 0, t = 0, M 0, t = 0
y L, t = 0, M L, t = 0
𝜕2 y
In view of M = EI 2 and y x, t = Φ x f t , these boundary conditions imply the following
𝜕x
conditions on the shape function Φ x .

At x = 0,
Φ 0 = 0, Φ′′ 0 = 0
Φ L = 0, Φ′′ L = 0

The substitution of the first two of these boundary conditions {Φ 0 = 0, Φ′′ 0 = 0} into
Φ x = Asin 𝑎𝑥 + Bcos 𝑎𝑥 + Csinh 𝑎𝑥 + Dcosh 𝑎𝑥 yields,
Φ x = A(0) + B(1) + C(0) + D(1) =0
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
Φ′′ x = a2 {−A 0 − B(1) + C(0) + D(1) } =0

which reduce to
B+D=0
−B+D=0

Hence,
B=D=0

Similarly, substituting the last two boundary conditions {Φ L = 0, Φ′′ L = 0} into


Φ x = Asin 𝑎𝑥 + Bcos 𝑎𝑥 + Csinh 𝑎𝑥 + Dcosh 𝑎𝑥 and setting B = D = 0 leads to,
Φ x = Asin 𝑎L + Csinh 𝑎L = 0
Φ′′ x = a2 {− Asin 𝑎L + C sinh 𝑎L} =0
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
Φ x = Asin 𝑎L + Csinh 𝑎L = 0
Φ′′ x = a2 {− Asin 𝑎L + C sinh 𝑎L} =0 => − Asin 𝑎L + C sinh 𝑎L =0

which, when added, give


(Asin 𝑎L + Csinh 𝑎L) + − Asin 𝑎L + C sinh 𝑎L = 0
2C sinh 𝑎L = 0
C=0

Asin 𝑎L + C sinh 𝑎L = 0
Substituting C = 0 to either of leads to
− Asin 𝑎L + C sinh 𝑎L = 0
A sin 𝑎L = 0
(A = 0)
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
Excluding the trivial solution (A = 0) we obtain the frequency equation
sin 𝑎L = 0

which will be satisfied for


a𝐿 = 𝑛π

 If we recall our trigonometry

ഥ 2

a𝐿 = 𝑛π, a4 =
𝐸𝐼
(n = 1, 2, 3, … . ,)

𝑛π
a=
𝐿
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
𝑛π ഥ 2

Substituting a = to a4 = leads to,
𝐿 𝐸𝐼

ഥ 2
𝑛π 4 mω
( ) =
𝐿 𝐸𝐼

2 2 𝐸𝐼
ω=𝑛 π ഥ 4
mL

2 2 𝐸𝐼
ω𝑛 = 𝑛 π ഥ 4
(𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦)
mL

where the subscript n serves to indicate the order of the natural frequencies.

Since B = C = 𝐷 = 0, it follows that Φ x = Asin 𝑎𝑥 + Bcos 𝑎𝑥 + Csinh 𝑎𝑥 + Dcosh 𝑎𝑥 reduces


to,

𝑛π𝑥 𝑛π𝑥
Φ x = Asin or simply Φ x = sin
𝐿 𝐿
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
From eq. (21.7) a modal shape or normal mode of vibration is given by
yn x, t = Φn x fn t ; Recall: f t =Acos ω𝑡 + 𝐵 sin ω𝑡

𝑛π𝑥
We note that in Φ x = Asin , the constant A is absorbed by the other constants in the
𝐿
modal response given below.
nπx
yn x, t = Asin A cos ωt + B sin ωt
L
nπx
yn x, t = sin An cos ωn t + Bn sin ωn t
L
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
The general solution of the equation of motion in free vibration that satisfies the boundary
Φ 0 = 0, Φ′′ 0 = 0
conditions, ′′ , is the sum of all the normal modes of vibration,
Φ L = 0, Φ L =0
nπx
yn x, t = sin An cos ωn t + Bn sin ωn t , namely,
L

nπx
yn x, t = ෍ sin An cos ωn t + Bn sin ωn t
L
𝑛=1

The constants An and Bn are determined, as usual, from the initial conditions. If at t = 0, the
shape of the beam is given by
𝑦 x, 0 = 𝜌 x
𝜕𝑦 x,0
= 𝜑 x => Velocity
𝜕𝑡
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
∞ nπx
for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐿, it follows from yn x, t = σ𝑛=1 sin An cos ωn t + Bn sin ωn t that
L
∞ nπx
σ𝑛=1 An sin =𝜌 x and
L
∞ nπx
σ𝑛=1 Bn ωn sin =𝜑 x
L

Therefore, Fourier coefficients are expressed as


2 𝐿 nπx
An = ‫׬‬ 𝜌 x sin 𝑑𝑥
𝐿 0 L
2 𝐿 nπx
Bn = ‫׬‬ 𝜑 x sin 𝑑𝑥
ωn 𝐿 0 L
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(1/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Simply Supported
𝑛π𝑥
Φ x = sin =
𝐿
Φ x = sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎

𝑎𝑖
3 OF 4
Table Natural Frequencies and Normal Modes for Simply Supported Beams
(1/5)
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(2/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Free (Free Beam)
The boundary conditions for a beam with both ends free are as follows.
At x = 0,
M 0, t = 0, or Φ′′ 0 = 0
V 0, t = 0, or Φ′′′ 0 = 0
At x = L,
M L, t = 0, or Φ′′ L = 0
V L, t = 0, or Φ′′′ L = 0

The substitutions of these conditions to the second and third derivative of Φ x = Asin 𝑎𝑥 +
Bcos 𝑎𝑥 + Csinh 𝑎𝑥 + Dcosh 𝑎𝑥 yield,

Φ′′ 0 = 𝑎2 −𝐵 + 𝐷 = 0

Φ′′′ 0 = 𝑎3 −𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(2/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Free (Free Beam)
−𝐵 + 𝐷 = 0

𝐷=𝐵

−𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐶=𝐴

Substituting 𝐶 = 𝐴 and 𝐷 = 𝐵 to the following equations,


Φ′′ L = a2 (− Asin aL − Bcos aL + Csinh aL + Dcosh aL)
Φ′′′ L = a3 (− Acos aL + Bsin aL + Ccosh aL + Dsinh aL)

Thus, will result in


sinh aL − sin aL A+ cosh aL − cos aL B = 0
cosh aL − cos aL A+ sinh aL + sin aL B = 0
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(2/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Free (Free Beam)
sinh aL − sin aL A+ cosh aL − cos aL B = 0
For nontrivial solution of , it is required that
cosh aL − cos aL A+ sinh aL + sin aL B = 0
the determinant of the unknown coefficients A and B be equal to zero; hence

sinh aL − sin aL cosh aL − cos aL


=0
cosh aL − cos aL sinh aL + sin aL

The expansion of this determinant provides the frequency equation for the free beam, namely
cos aL cosh aL − 1 = 0

The first five natural frequencies which are obtained by substituting the roots of
𝐸𝐼
cos aL cosh aL − 1 = 0 into ω𝑛 = C𝑛 ഥ 4 .
mL
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(2/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Free (Free Beam)
The corresponding normal modes are obtained by letting A = 1 (normal modes are
determined only to a relative magnitude), substituting in
sinh aL − sin aL A+ cosh aL − cos aL B = 0
the roots of cos aL cosh aL − 1 = 0, solving
cosh aL − cos aL A+ sinh aL + sin aL B = 0
one of these equations for B, and finally introducing into Φ x = Asin 𝑎𝑥 + Bcos 𝑎𝑥 + Csinh 𝑎𝑥
D=B
+ Dcosh 𝑎𝑥, the constants C, D from together with B. Performing these operations,
C=A
we obtain,

Φ𝑛 x = cosh a𝑛 𝑥 + cos a𝑛 𝑥 − σ𝑛 sinh a𝑛 𝑥 + sin a𝑛 𝑥

where,
cosh a𝑛 𝐿−cos a𝑛 𝐿
σ𝑛 =
sinh a𝑛 𝐿−𝐿
NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODE
3 OF 4
(2/5) SHAPES FOR UNIFORM BEAMS
Both Ends Free (Free Beam)
Φ𝑛 x = cosh a𝑛 𝑥 + cos a𝑛 𝑥 − σ𝑛 sinh a𝑛 𝑥 + sin a𝑛 𝑥

a𝑛

σ𝑛
3 OF 4
Table Natural Frequencies and Normal Modes for Free Beams
(2/5)
3 OF 4
Table Natural Frequencies and Normal Modes for Fixed End Beams
(3/5)
3 OF 4
Table Natural Frequencies and Normal Modes for Cantilever Beams
(4/5)
3 OF 4
Table Natural Frequencies and Normal Modes for Propped Beams
(5/5)
4 OF 4
FORCED VIBRATION OF BEAMS

For a uniform beam acted on by lateral forces p x, t , the equation of motion, may be written as
𝜕4 y 𝜕2 𝑦
EI 4 + m
ഥ 2 = p x, t
𝜕x 𝜕𝑡

We assume that the general solution of this equation may be expressed by the summation of the
products of the normal modes Φ𝑛 x multiplied by factors z𝑛 t which are to be determined. Hence

y x, t = σ∞
𝑛=1 Φ𝑛 x z𝑛 t

The normal modes Φ𝑛 x satisfy the differential equation written as

IV 4 4 ഥ 2

Φ x −a Φ x =0 2.4 a = [2.6]
𝐸𝐼
𝐸𝐼ΦIV x = mω
ഥ 2Φ x , n=1, 2, 3,……
4 OF 4
FORCED VIBRATION OF BEAMS

The normal modes should also satisfy the specific force boundary conditions at the ends of the
𝜕4 y 𝜕2 𝑦
beam. Substitution of y x, t = σ∞
𝑛=1 Φ𝑛 x z𝑛 t in EI 4 + m
ഥ 2 = p x, t gives
𝜕x 𝜕𝑡
𝐸𝐼 σ∞ Φ
𝑛=1 𝑛
IV x z t = p x, t − m
𝑛 ഥ σ∞
𝑛=1 Φ𝑛 x 𝑧𝑛
ሷ t

ഥ 2 Φ x , we can write 𝐸𝐼 σ∞
In view of 𝐸𝐼ΦIV x = mω Φ
𝑛=1 𝑛
IV x z t = p x, t − m
𝑛 ഥ σ ∞
𝑛=1 Φ𝑛 x 𝑧𝑛
ሷ t as
𝐸𝐼 σ𝑛 Φ𝑛IV x z𝑛 t = p x, t − m
ഥ σ𝑛 Φ𝑛 x 𝑧𝑛ሷ t

multiplying both sides of equation by Φ𝑚 x 𝑑𝑥 and integrating between 0 and L result in


𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
ω2𝑚 z𝑚 t ‫׬‬0 mΦ
ഥ 𝑚2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬0 ∅𝑛 x p x, t 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑧𝑚
ሷ t ‫׬‬0 mΦ
ഥ 𝑚2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 OF 4
FORCED VIBRATION OF BEAMS

We note that all the terms that contain products of different indices (n ≠ 𝑚) vanish from the
summations in 𝐸𝐼 σ∞ Φ
𝑛=1 𝑛
IV
x z𝑛 t = p x, t − m
ഥ σ ∞
𝑛=1 Φ𝑛 x 𝑧𝑛 ሷ t , it may conveniently be written as
M𝑛 𝑧𝑛ሷ t + ω2𝑛 M𝑛 z𝑛 t = F𝑛 t 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑚 …

where
𝐿
M𝑛 = ഥ 𝑛2
‫׬‬0 mΦ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐿
F𝑛 = ‫׬‬0 Φ𝑛 x p x, t 𝑑𝑥 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

Modal damping could certainly be introduced by simply adding the damping term in M𝑛 𝑧𝑛ሷ t +
ω2𝑛 M𝑛 z𝑛 t = F𝑛 t ; hence we would obtain
M𝑛 𝑧𝑛ሷ t + C𝑛 𝑧𝑛ሶ t + K 𝑛 𝑧𝑛 t = F𝑛 t

F𝑛 t
𝑧𝑛ሷ t + 2𝜉𝑛 𝑧𝑛ሶ t + 𝜔𝑛2 𝑧𝑛 t =
M𝑛
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS SAMPLE PROBLEM
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM1:
Determine the maximum deflection at the midpoint of the fixed beam shown in Figure 1
subjected to a harmonic load p(x, t) = 𝑝𝑜 sin 300t 𝑙𝑏Τ𝑖𝑛 uniformly distributed along the span. Consider
BUCKLING THEORY
in the analysis the first three modes contributing to the response.

Figure 1.
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM1:
Solution:
The natural frequencies for uniform beams are given by
BUCKLING THEORY
𝐸𝐼
ω𝑛 = C𝑛 ഥ 4
mL

30 𝑥 108
ω𝑛 = C𝑛
0.1(240)4

The deflection of the beam is given by


y x, t = σ∞
𝑛=1 Φ𝑛 x z𝑛 t

The modal equation by M𝑛 𝑧ሷ𝑛 t + ω2𝑛 M𝑛 z𝑛 t = F𝑛 t (neglecting damping) may be written as


𝐿
‫׬‬0 p x,t Φ𝑛 x 𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑛ሷ t + ω2𝑛 z𝑛 t = 𝐿
ഥ 2𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
‫׬‬0 mΦ
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM1:
Solution:

BUCKLING THEORY
𝑧ሷ t + ω2 z t =
𝐿
‫׬‬0 p x,t Φ𝑛 x 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝐿
ഥ 2𝑛
‫׬‬0 mΦ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐿
200 ‫׬‬0 Φ𝑛 x 𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑛ሷ t + ω2𝑛 z𝑛 t = 𝐿
0.1 ‫׬‬0 Φ2𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝐿
‫׬‬0 Φ𝑛 x 𝑑𝑥
𝑧𝑛ሷ t + ω2𝑛 z𝑛 t = 2000I𝑛 sin 300𝑡 ; I𝑛 = 𝐿
‫׬‬0 Φ2𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM1:
Solution:
I𝑛 is given for the first five modes in Table 21.3.
BUCKLING THEORY
1 SAMPLE PROBLEM1:
Solution:
The modal steady-state response is
BUCKLING THEORY
2000I𝑛
z𝑛 t = sin 300𝑡
ω2𝑛 − 300 2

The numerical calculations are conveniently presented in Table 21.6.


1 SAMPLE PROBLEM1:
Solution:

BUCKLING THEORY
The deflections at midspan of the beam are then calculated from
y x, t σ∞
𝑛=1 Φ𝑛 x z𝑛 t and values in Table 21.6 as

𝐿
y ,t = [(1.588)( −0.0194) + (−1.410)(0.0173) + (1.414)(0.00065)] sin 300𝑡
2

𝐿
y ,t = −0.0541 sin 300𝑡
2
2 SAMPLE PROBLEM2:
A uniform steel shaft which is carried in long bearings at each end has an effective
𝐼
unsupported length of 3 m. Calculate the first two whirling speeds. Take = 0.1𝑥10−3 𝑚2 , 𝐸 =
BUCKLING THEORY 𝐴
𝑘𝑔
200 𝐺𝑃𝑎, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 = 8,000 3 . The shaft is supported in long bearings, it can be considered to be ‘built
𝑚
in’ at each end so that 𝛼1 = 22.4 and 𝛼2 = 61.7. See table below for 𝛼 values.
2 SAMPLE PROBLEM2:
Solution:
ഥ 2
mω 𝜌𝐴ω2
BUCKLING THEORY a4 = =
𝐸𝐼 𝐸𝐼

2 𝐸𝐼
ω=a C = (𝑎𝐿)2
𝜌𝐴

𝐶 𝐸𝐼
ω=
L2 𝜌𝐴

𝛼 𝐸𝐼
ω= α = 𝑎𝐿
𝐿 𝜌𝐴
2 SAMPLE PROBLEM2:
Solution:

BUCKLING THEORY
The first two whirling speeds are:

𝛼1 𝐸𝐼
ω1 =
𝐿 𝜌𝐴

22.4 200𝑥109 (0.1𝑥10−3 )


=
9 8,000

ω1 = 124.4 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

ω1 124.4
f1 = =
2𝜋 2𝜋

f1 = 19.8 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒/𝑠
2 SAMPLE PROBLEM2:
Solution:

BUCKLING THEORY
The first two whirling speeds are:

N1 = 19.8 (60)
N1 = 1188 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛

61.7
N2 = ( )(1188)
22.4

N2 = 3272 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛
3 SAMPLE PROBLEM3:
Find the first three natural frequencies of a steel bar 3 cm in diameter, which is simply
𝑘𝑔
supported at each end, and has a length of 1.5 m. Take 𝜌 = 7,780 3 and 208 𝐺𝑃𝑎. See table below for
BUCKLING THEORY 𝑚
𝐶𝑛 values.
3 SAMPLE PROBLEM3:
Solution:

BUCKLING THEORY
𝐶𝑛 𝐸𝐼
ω=
L2 𝜌𝐴

9 𝜋𝑥0.034
𝜋2 208𝑥10 ( )
64
ω1 = 𝜋𝑥0.032
1.52 7,780( )
4

ω1 = 170.2 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

ω1 170.2
f1 = =
2𝜋 2𝜋
f1 = 27.1 Hz
3 SAMPLE PROBLEM3:
Solution:

BUCKLING THEORY
𝐶𝑛 𝐸𝐼
ω=
L2 𝜌𝐴

9 𝜋𝑥0.034
4𝜋2 208𝑥10 ( )
64
ω2 = 𝜋𝑥0.032
1.52 7,780( )
4

ω2 = 680.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

ω2 680.8
f2 = =
2𝜋 2𝜋
f2 = 108.4 Hz
3 SAMPLE PROBLEM3:
Solution:

BUCKLING THEORY
𝐶𝑛 𝐸𝐼
ω=
L2 𝜌𝐴

9 𝜋𝑥0.034
9𝜋2 208𝑥10 ( )
64
ω3 = 𝜋𝑥0.032
1.52 7,780( )
4

ω3 = 1,531.8 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

ω3 1,531.8
f3 = =
2𝜋 2𝜋
f3 = 243.8 Hz
REFERENCE

BUCKLING THEORY
Paz, M., (1997). “Structural Dynamics: Theory and Computation”. ISBN-13:
978-1-4684-0020-5.
THANK YOU!

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