Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ABSTRACT
Urban development in Abuja, Nigeria, is growing Nwafor (1980) stated that, as a result of the peripheral
without appropriate urban design principles and ggoals, location of Lagos, the city has tended to acquire a
resulting in urbanization, urban poor settlements both ‘regional’ rather than a truly national capital where
in the formal and informal areas of the city. The major provincialism is stronger than tha the feeling of the
threat to Abuja's proper development is more nation’s unity. Inn Nigeria where there is an urgent
complex, more closely connected with the disarray need to create a national identity and preserve the
and unprofessional practices in the implemen
implementation of country as a political unit, the ‘created capital’ should
the Master Plan. The process of urbanization in Abuja be so located as to convey ‘a feeling of locational and
has been seen to rather produce what the present work functional neutrality’ (Nwafor (1980), (1980) citing
could term "spatial dialectics" especially, in the Stephenson, 1970,, Okonkwo, 2006).
2006
spatial distribution of objects. This work aimed at
heightening inadequacy of housing withinithin the Abuja
The need to transfer the capital of Nigeria from Lagos
Federal Capital Territory that resulted in slums. The
to Abuja, came as a result of the former nation's
authors adopted qualitative research method that
capital, Lagos, being over crowded, congested and
embraced information from secondary data sources.
had no lands for expansion. Olaitan (2004) indicated
Abuja’s urban development is an environmental
that, the concept of Abuja as a befitting Federal
embarrassment as a result, this work reco recommends
Capital Territory, centrally located and without the
linking the urban poor settlements with the Central
defects of Lagos was spawned in 1975. According to
City infrastructure and the urban economy. Adopting
Olaitan (2004), the
he Federal Capital City is located on
urban design principles, encourage high rise
the Gwagwa Plains in the northeastern quadrant of the
buildings.
Federal Capital Territory. It is bounded by the Abuja
Hills to the east and the Zango-Kuku
Zango Hills to the
KEYWORDS: development, population, housing,
south. The site for the Federal Capital City was
environment, urbanization
chosen for its location at the center of the nation, its
moderate
derate climate, small population and also for
Introduction political reasons. To accomplish the goal of
In May 1967, Lagos emerged as both the Federal relocating the Federal Capital to an area,
Capital of Nigeria as well as the capital of Lagos State geographically central to Nigeria and with relative
with the creation of states and thee continued retention equal accessibility to all parts of the nation,
nation about 845
of Lagos as the Federal Capital was seriously villages were
re displaced to make way for the Federal
questioned. The dual role became a source of Capital Territory, FCT,, (Olaitan,
( 2004). The
embarrassing political and administrative government wanted an area, free of all encumbrances,
encumbrances
complications with the result of that, Lagos became a principle of “equal citizenship” within the territory
not only unlivable and unserviceable
unserviceable, but also where no one can “claim any special privilege of
ungovernmeble (Nwafor, 1980,, Okonkwo, 2006 2006). "indigeneity” as was the case with Lagos(Jibril,
Lagos 2006,
Okonkwo, 2006).
In the past, various Federal Capital Territory ((FCT) Architecture and Space Overtime
governments have tried, accommodating the interests
This work looked at a new (approach) at identifying a
of the Abuja, Nigeria urban poor settlements and
new phenomenon in urban poor housing: 1. being the
without success. The government’s approaches have
squatter issues with separate and demarcated
not necessarily, extensively reviewed and investigat
investigated
territories. 2. Being the invasion of the urban formal
the ancestral concerns of most of the residents of the
areas by the urban poor. Thus, they live in the formal
Abuja urban poor communities. A lot of government’s
areas with their informal ways of life and this could
solutions are centered around quick-fix
fix urban renewal
be called the invasion of the formal by the informal.
informal
programmes that have not in anyway, helped the
course of the urban poor communities and sett
settlements
In the development of Abuja, Nigeria, the urban
in Abuja metropolis.. The demolition exercises
actors did not examine urban design role(s) overtime
(several), resettlements and land swaps programmes
and their historical focus regarding the understanding
understand
adopted by the government have added more
and importance of time and space in relationship with
frustrations to the Abuja urban poor problems instead
socio-economic
economic issues of different countries, cities
of solving them.
and towns. Itt required the study and understanding of
the theories of architecture and urban planning as they
influenced and impacted on human activities
ac and the
use of space (overtime) in both rural and urban areas
of the world (Obiadi, 2017).
Each period offered something new and different Today, the major threat to human environment is
because they were not all similar,
ilar, but some/most of more complex, more closely connected with the very
architecture was influenced from other way in which cities are built. For example, the largest
periods/civilizations. Architecture captures the birth cities have grown nearly tenfold in a century. Yet,
of new ideas to the scares of tragic events. there consumption of land is greater still. An immense
Architecture has evolved from Greek to Roman to transport
port system is required. In the wealthier countries
Modern Day. As time progresses, architecture this bears strongly on the fact that masses of
advances,
dvances, yet there are things that have retained automobiles raise the level of air pollution and noise,
conservative. This is done so that contemporary and create serious problems of congestions and
people may share the same experiences as the people accidents. In poor countries where poor housing
in the prior time periods (Brown, 2006). ). structures
ures dominate the urban landscape, spaces are
littered with settlements lacking the most basic urban
While it is not the intent of this work to get deep, into infrastructures (plates 1.3 to 1.8). All these tend to
the evolution
olution of architecture, it is rather important to reduce the quality of the human environment
understand architecture, how it evolved and the especially in the urban areas (Okonkwo, 1998:
1998 32).
influence it will have on this work (Obiadi, 2017),
Abuja, Nigeria, an Environmental Embarrassment: a
case of spatial dialectics. Some scholars have
suggestedd that the basis of urban life in Africa is so
Plate 1.3. Better Life Area, Mpape Plate 1.4.. Berger Quarry Area
Source: BabajideOrevba (retrieved May 14, 2016) Source: BabajideOrevba (retrieved May 14, 2016)
Plate 1.7. Alum, Mpape, Abuja Plate 1.8. Utako Settlement area
naij.com (retrieved May 14, 2016) Source: the authors
The problems and challenges posed by y the rapid urban growth in Nigeria are immense. More easily observable
and perhaps very frightening are the general human and environmental poverty, the declining quality of life and
the underutilized as well as the untapped wealth of human resources. Hou
Housing
sing and associated facilities (such as
water, electricity, waste disposal) are grossly inadequate. Millions live in substandard environments called
slums, plagued by squalor and grossly inadequate social amenities, such as, a shortage of schools, poor health
hea
facilities and lack of opportunities for recreation among others (plates 1.0 to 1.10).
). Juvenile delinquency and
crime have become endemic in urban areas as a result of the gradual decline of traditional social values and the
breakdown of family cohesiveness and community ((Adepoju and Adetoye, 1995). ). All these are urbanization
problems.
Plate 1.9. Tale of urban slums in Abuja mega city Plate 1.10. An Abuja slum
Source: Fred Itua, Nguamo Aka, Ruth Agada and Source: Babajide Orevba (retrieved May 14, 2016)
AmakaAgu(retrieved
(retrieved May 14, 2016)
Plate 1.11. Abuja’s public Plate 1.12. Abuja’s public Plate 1.13. Abuja’s public space space
(housing/shelter) space (house/shelter) (housing/shelter)
Source: the author Source: the author Source: the author
A typical space becomes the shelter/house and the who are security guards, their relations and friends):-
friends):
house becomes the space (for most of these people the case of urban poor and urban poor housing in
Whether or not it is clear, urban design can ameliorate achieve that, the government must start providing
the deeper problems of cities. But short of liquidation, these facilities, using
g Abuja as a model city, the Abuja
what then is the future for urban design? It is arguable government must de-urbanize
urbanize the city, provide the
that it is ultimately the tasks of managing and residents with reasonable paying jobs, provide
improving the spatial dialectics. Expanding the housing, transportation, constant electricity, water
concept of an inclusive, democratic, and civil domain supply, etc. These could be accomplished through
will remain the critical challenge for urban design; the good initiatives, government
rnment interventions,
process may begin with solutions that are incremental cooperative assistance and partnering with the people
and marginal in scope, but it must progress with larger (privatization).
vision of what needs to be accomplished (Loukaitou –
Sideris and Banerjee, 1998, 308), Sustainable Recommendations
Environment for the Urban Poor in Abuja, Ni Nigeria. This work recommends linking the urban poor
settlements in Abuja, Nigeria with the Central City
Conclusion infrastructure and urban economy.
economy The government’s
As communities try joining the world class, it is approaches to solving the problems of the urban poor
important that they direct their attention to the housing issues in Abuja Federal Capital Territory
problems of urbanization, homelessness, population have not worked and to start solving them, this work
and their consequences especially, as they affect recommends retention and sustainable spatial
human settlements,, growth, development and the integration of the urban poor settlement
settleme areas, that
resources to sustain them.. The population of the would architecturally bridge the gap (spatial solution)
country is fast growing and so is the rural to urban between the urban poor settlements (place of abode)
migration putting pressure on both the housing and place of work. It recommends adopting urban
industry and the existing infrastructure. To connect to design principles, dealing with the density of the
the rest of the world, the government must start urban poor settlements, the aesthetics,
aesthe urban
solving the population problems; providede the facilities amenities, well defined means of circulation,
needed to sustain the population growth, commerce
commerce, functional parks, how the urban poor settlement areas
industry, tourism, social services and housing. function and decongestion of the areas by building
high rise and row houses. The buildings would
All over the world, including Nigeria, all the major embrace facilities for factories and industries
cities are over populated,
opulated, faced with inadequate (commerce) on the lower floors, where the residents
housing, buildings in disrepair, traffic jams, bad would be gainfully engaged in economic activities
roads, pressure on infrastructure, etc. With all these while they live on the upper floors. Asian countries
problems in mind, connecting to the world class with limited lands and huge urban population
would be farfetched until governments start working problems solved their housing needs through vertical
on sustainable spatial tial retention programmes, building
ilding approach and the model could be adopted in
providing
roviding facilities that would create the much needed Abuja with huge housing needs (plates 1.16 and 1.17).
comfort zones for the people to settle down and start
thinking clearly and fending for themselves
themselves. To
A. B
A. Plate 1.16. High-rise residential apartment, Hong Kong.
B. Plate 1.17. Numerious High
High-rise
rise apartments in Navi Mumbai, India
Source: Internet (November 15, 2014)
The
he argument is, with the Abuja’s epileptic electrical 2) Abuja Master Plan (1979). The Master Plan for
and water supplies, how can such proposal survive? Abuja.The New Federal Capital of Nigeria.
There is nothing wrong with innovative endeavors. Federal Capital Development Authority (FCDA),
Almost all the Nigerian communities are flooded with State House, Marina, Lagos, Nigeria.
boreholes, providing culinary water supply to the
3) Adepoju, O and Adetoye F. (1995). Urban
citizens. Dependency on public water supply has
Research in Nigeria. Institut Francais de
dwindled and fast becoming a thing of the past. The
Recherche en Afrique. Retrived from
same scenario equally applies to electricity supply in
http://books.openedition.org/ifra/544?lang=en.
http://books.openedition.org/ifra/544?lang=en
virtually, all the Nigerian communities. Innovatively,
May 27, 2016.
electrical
cal generator companies are producing efficient
generators capable of steadily supplying electricity to 4) Adeponle B.J (2013). The Integrated City as a
large communities and uninterrupted. In most cases, Tool for Sustainable Development. Journal of
rich and big companies that solely depended on Educational and Social Research Vol. 3 (5)
electric generators for their electricity supply are August 2013
doubling their generators in case of breakdowns. An 5) Ayileka, O. & Kalgo, M.S.U(eds.) (2001), The
added advantage is the invention and introduction of Review of Abuja Master Plan:-
Plan: Proceedings of an
“inverters” (battery electric storage with capacity to International Workshop for the Review of the
generate electricity for a long period of time although, Abuja Master Plan, held in Abuja, 9 November –
depending on the battery capacity). 2 December 1999. Ministry of the Federal Capital
Territory, Abuja.
The High-rise
rise building approach if adopted, will work 6) Bamidele Gbemiga (2010) Abuja: The Vexed
in Abuja, but the society must first, disabuse her mind Problem of Housing, newsdiaryonline.
that it will not work. If they work in advanced world,
they will work in Abuja, Nigeria with abundance of 7) BBC.2013. Lagos and its slum population
high powered electric generators and high llevel of 8) Bello, Mustapha Oyewole (2009). Squatter
ground water for the boreholes. Settlement, Accessibility of Land and the Urban
Poor.FIG
FIG Working Week 2009. Surveyors Key
Role in Accelerated Development Eilat, Israel
REFERENCES 9) Brown Alex (2006).The Evolution of
Architecture. Retrieved from:
1) Abba. A (2003) Saving the City of the Abuja from http://www.alexbrown.net/2006/09/evolution-in-
http://www.alexbrown.net/2006/09/evolution
Dir, Faeces, Garbage and Disease. In
In-depth architecture.html July 23,, 2015
Analysis Vol 3, N0 5 Nov 2003