IEEE ISIE 2006, July 9-12, 2006, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

Using Power Electronics to Increase Performance and

Extend the Applications Range of a
Single-Phase Induction Machine
Hassan Ouquelle, Louis-A. Dessaint, Roger Champagne
TransEnergie Chair on Power Systems Simulation and Control
Ecole de technologie supe'rieure, Montreal (Quebec), Canada
Gilbert Sybille
Institut de recherche d'Hydro-Que"bec, Varennes (Que"bec), Canada
hassan.ouquelle.l@ens.etsmtl.ca
louis.dessaint@etsmtl.ca
roger.champagne@etsmtl.ca
sybille.gilbert@ireq.ca

Abstract - This paper presents a simulation model of a single- based on a four switch inverter as proposed in [3]. The DC bus
phase induction machine (SPIM) in the split-phase and start-run- is provided by a two diode rectifier.
capacitor operation modes, in order to compare performance
characteristics of these machines. The run capacitor is sized to
mitigate torque pulsations at one operation point. Furthermore, in II. DYNAMIC MODEL OF A SINGLE-PHASE
order to reduce these pulsations regardless of the operation point, INDUCTION MACHINE
it is proposed to feed the auxiliary winding of the SPIM with an
electronic converter. This paper also investigates a variable speed Transient state analysis is mostly based on the reference
drive based on the SPIM using field-oriented control. frame theory. Details on the dq model of the SPIM are given in
[4] and [5]. The configuration of a start-run-capacitor SPIM is
shown in figure 1.
I. INTRODUCTION
The single-phase induction machine (SPIM) is widely used I
in home electric appliances and tools. It is well known that the
SPIM main winding does not produce a rotating magnetic Rotor
field. It produces a pulsating stationary magnetic field. The
SPIM requires an auxiliary winding for starting purposes. A Vt Auxiliary
rotating field can be created when the main and auxiliary winding
currents are phase-shifted. The split-phase and the start-run-
capacitor are among the typical schemes to achieve this phase
shift. The start capacitor is used to provide a high starting Start
torque whereas the run capacitor is sized to mitigate torque capacitor
pulsations at one operating point and improve efficiency [1].
However, a variable auxiliary winding voltage supply is able to Run
Centrifugal Switch/+ capacitor
reduce torque pulsations regardless of the operating point. The
main winding, which supplies the biggest part of the electric Fig. 1. Start-run-capacitor SPIM
power to the rotor, is connected directly to the utility supply.
The auxiliary winding is fed by a two phase inverter connected Considering the dq model of the SPIM in the stationary
to a rectifier as proposed in [2]. By varying the magnitude and reference [5]:
phase of the auxiliary winding voltage, torque ripples are
greatly reduced at all operating points. vqs =dAqs/ dt+iqs Rs (1)
There are many applications where SPIM is used in variable
speed. This is usually achieved either by mechanical throttling vds =dds /dt +ids Rs (2)
or by switching between two or more fixed windings VAqqr/ dt- Adrr +Rriqr (3)
configurations. However, the rotor flux-oriented control
scheme can be used to implement variable speed applications Vdr = dAdr / dt+)trwr +Rridr (4)

1-4244-0497-5/06/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE 2382

 Aqs =LsJqs +Lsr qr (5) split-phase operation mode, due to the start capacitor which is
temporarily connected to the auxiliary winding and chosen to
-ds= LSids + LSridr (6) create ample starting torque.
Aqr = Lrqr +Lsrqs (7)
TABLE I - Parameters for a 1/4-HP 110 VOLTS 60 Hz 4-pole motor
r= Lridr +LSrds
-d (8) R'r= 4.12 Q
Main Rs 2.02 Q Lm .17H
Winding Lls, 7.4 mH LLms0177 H ir 5.6 mH
Where
Auxiliary Rs =7.14 Q Lms= 0.246 H R'R= 5.74 Q
Rs, Lsr Main winding stator resistance and mutual Winding Lls= 8.5 mH N = 1.18 L'iR= 7.82 mH
inductance
Rs, Lsr Auxiliary winding stator resistance and
mutual inductance TABLE II - Capacitor values forft60 Hz
Rr, Lir Rotor resistance and leakage inductance Start capacitor Run capacitor
Ls, Ls Main and auxiliary winding stator self
inductances RC 3 Q Rc=18 Q
Lr Rotor self inductance Xc 14.5 Q Xc 132 Q
Vds, ids d axis stator voltage and current
Vqsy iqs q axis stator voltage and current
Aqs, Ads Stator q axis and d axis fluxes
Aqr, Adr Rotor q axis and d axis fluxes
(or Electrical angular velocity 2~

N Turns ratio between main and auxiliary Sr

a

windings >

The instantaneous electromagnetic torque may be expressed

as [5]:
-W
Te =P(Lsr
iqsidr LSr ids iqr) (9)
0 1 2 3
G 1 2 3 4

The torque and rotor speed are related by: limre (s1
Fig. 2. Electromagnetic torque in split-phase operation mode
J dm = TL-Te-Fcm (10)

Where p, J, F, TL and (0m are the pole pairs, inertia, viscous

_r

friction, load torque and angular velocity, respectively.

III. SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MACHINE E'

0

OPERATION MODES
The SimPowerSystems SPIM model is used to simulate the .

motor performance in the split-phase and start-run-capacitor

operation modes [5] [7] [8]. The simulation parameters are
given in Tables I and II.[5]
Figure 2 shows the electromagnetic torque for the split-phase
operation mode where the rated load is applied at t = 3 s. The
peak to peak magnitude of the torque pulsations reaches 3.2
N.m or 300 percent of rated load torque. These pulsations
produce mechanical vibrations of the rotor and decrease the
motor efficiency. The starting torque is approximately 1.4 N.m.
Figure 3 shows the electromagnetic torque for the start-run
capacitor operation mode where the rated load is applied at
t=2s. The peak-to-peak magnitude of the torque pulsations is
only 0.1 N.m or 10 percent of rated load torque. The run
capacitor is sized to mitigate torque pulsations. The starting
torque is about 4.5 N.m, which is much larger than for the
Fig. 3. Electromagnetic torque in start-run capacitor operation mode
IV. CONTROL OF AUXILIARY WINDING VOLTAGE
A. Power Circuit Topology
The main winding is fed directly by the utility supply while
the auxiliary winding is fed with the standard converters
configuration: diode rectifier, dc-link capacitor, and two-phase
inverter. The variable phase and amplitude of the auxiliary
winding voltage is imposed by a PWM inverter as shown in
figure 4. [2] [10]

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 f
2~~~~~~~~~~~~

Xf ~~~ kRrj +(Xms+Xflr)2

WM Supply voltage

Reference

+XIr (Xms +Xlr)

Voltage
Fig. 4. Auxiliary winding control of a single-phase induction machine
Xb X111 2 +(x~, +X'ir)2
B. Double Revolving Field Theory
For studying the steady-state phenomena, SPIM can be + (Xms +X Ir)
analyzed using the double revolving field theory [2][6], which
splits the oscillating single-phase magnetic field produced by
the main winding into two counter-rotating magnetic fields, Where Xm, is the main winding magnetizing reactance and
each of which can be analyzed using standard three-phase R 'r, X'ir are the rotor circuit impedance referred to the stator.
rotating field theory. The equivalent circuit of the SPIM with
an auxiliary winding is shown in figure 5. The stator voltages are obtained in terms of currents and
impedances in the equivalent circuit of figure 5:
ias Rs jX1s jX1s Iib, Vas = 'asZI + bsZ2 (11)

Vbs = 'asZ4 +lbsZ3 (12)

Era
Where:
zl Rs +R+ Rb +j(X/5 +X+ Xb)
- al + jb1
Efa
Eba Z2 -jN[(Rf -Rb) + i(Xf -Xb)]
- a2 + jb2
z3 LRS+N2(Rf +Rb)] +jLXs+N2(Xf + Xb)]
= a3 + jb3
Fig. 5. Equivalent Circuit of SPIM with an auxiliary winding using
z4 = jN[(Rf -Rb) + l(Xf -Xb)]
double revolving field theory

Where XI, Xls are the main and auxiliary winding leakage = a4 + jb4
reactance and Vas, Vb, are the main and auxiliary winding
supply voltage. Equations (11) and (12) imply that
The forward and backward impedances are defined as 'as ( Vas Z3 Vbs Z2 ) / Zd (13)
follows (s is the motor slip):
'bs = (VbsZl VasZ4 ) / Zd (14)
1
f 2s Where:

JKRI )
+(Xms +Xlr) Zd =
ZIZ3 - Z2Z4

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 VbIl,2 =-G(V bs +H)/(F +G )
The peak amplitude of the pulsating torque is [2]:
1/2
N )' + 2 (N4,,, )I
(A,
Ia + COS]]s
Tpse R A 2
(15) H)
2

±1/(F2 +G2) F2 +1 (21)

Ias and Ibs are, respectively the main and auxiliary winding W4bs +
currents magnitudes.
0 is the phase angle between the main and auxiliary winding 22H - ) +H2]
currents.
cos is the synchronous speed. V bR + V 2bI= V2 bs
Where F, G, and H are defined as:
From (15), the pulsating torque is eliminated at any motor
slip if:
Q=-(ala2 +blb2)
G = Vas (alb3 + a2b4 - a3bl -a4b2 ) / Q
cos 2 =-[ I as + ( NIbs )4 / 2 ( NIasIbs )2 (1 6)
F = Vas (ala3 + a2a4 + blb3 + b2b4 ) / Q
Hence H =-v2as (a3a4 +b3b4)/Q
2COS½0=LI as -(NIbs) /(NIasIbs) (17) Vbs can be converted to polar form [2], Vbs= Vbs / (Pv, where
(Pv is the auxiliary winding voltage phase angle with respect to
This gives: the main winding reference voltage and is computed as
'as / 'bs= ± jN (18)
(22)
Vv tan (VbIl]2 /VbR],2 )
i.e. the relative magnitude of the winding currents should be
the inverse of the winding turns ratio and the main and Using (19), the magnitude of the auxiliary winding voltage
auxiliary winding currents should be in quadrature. Vbs can be derived in terms of the main winding voltage vas and
the previously defined impedances.
The main winding voltage is assumed to be fixed and can be
expressed as Vas=Vas / 0°.The auxiliary winding voltage is Vbs=~Vbs as 3
+NIZ4
assumed to be of the form Vbs= VbR+jVbJ Z2T-hN_zl
It follows that
(19) This gives:
( Vas Z3 Vbs Z2 ) / (VbsZ] VasZ4) = _jN
+ Na4 )2 + (b, - Nb4 )2
By multiplying both sides of (19) by the denominator of the J(a2s Na)2+(b2 +Nbi)2 (23)
fraction and collecting real and imaginary parts, it follows

VbRal vbI bl vasa4 = _N[vbI a2 +bRb2 -as b3 I When the auxiliary winding is fed by a voltage of amplitude
and phase given by (22) and (23), the torque pulsations are
VbRbl + VbI al -vasb4 = ±N [Vasa3 VbRa2 + VbIb2 ] eliminated at all speeds.

Dividing these equations to eliminate N, multiplying to C. Simulation results

eliminate the fractions, and simplifying yields:
V bR + V bl+ FVbR + GvbR +H= (20)
The solution of this second order equation [2] is:
The load torque applied to the machine's shaft has a saw
tooth shape that repeats every 4 seconds and an amplitude of 4
N.m. The saw tooth load torque is applied at t = Is as shown in
figure 6. Torque pulsations are substantially reduced at all
operating points as illustrated in figure 7. The auxiliary and
main winding currents are approximately in quadrature and the
ratio of their amplitudes is almost equal to N as shown in
figures 8 and 9.

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 0
ar
V

co
4

Time (s)
Fig. 6. Load torque
-
.H

.9

Time (s)
Fig. 9. Main winding current

30

_s
z
0
q)

0
.2

0
4a

0
0

liL

1.01 1.02 1.03 1.05

ime (s)
Time (s) Fig. 10. Auxiliary winding current
Fig. 7. Electromagnetic torque

4001
V. ROTOR FLUX-ORIENTED CONTROL
A. Power Circuit Topology
The rotor flux-oriented drive is presented for variable speed
-inn control using a four switch inverter as proposed in [3]. The
drive system is depicted in figure 11. The conventional devices
such as capacitor, centrifugal switch, starting and run
Q 200 _
capacitors are therefore eliminated.
U,

EL 200i0-
--I-
0D

ioi i
E12

E124
T Z~ ~ Z~~
Z~~ E/2
1 2
4 main
Time (s)

Fig. 8. Machine speed

Fig. 11. Single-phase induction machine drive system

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B. Rotorflux model The electromagnetic torque is proportional to the iqs
The dynamic equations relating rotor fluxes and rotor component, whereas the relation between the flux k, and the
currents can be obtained from (3), (4), (7) and (8): component is given by a first-order linear transfer function
A/ r + Lsr /riqs
d Iuqr dt = AdrroPqr (24) with time constant Tr.
dAdr dt = -qrWr-)dr T+LS Trlds (25)
Where Tr=LrlRr is the rotor time constant.

This model is not symmetric, due to the asymmetry of

machine parameters (Lsr . Lsr). Assuming that the stator
currents can be imposed as[3] iqs=iqsl/k and ids=idsl, where
k = LLsr,= N.

Hence
d Aqr / dt= Adrcr-Aqr +LSr /r 'qs]I (26)
d2dr /dt=-AqrWr- dr/Tr +LS Trlrds] (27) Ca)Or
Fig. 12. Block diagram of the field oriented controller
A vector model can be defined from (26) and (27), the rotor- ids
flux model written in the synchronous reference frame
(superscript e)

dLer dt = _ier / rr- (O)e-)r )Ler I ds

(28)
+Lsr / fri sl
L +pLsr
e eLI, + Lmr Lms (eqsle dr - ds] qr (29)
I qs

Where
iqs
e = A,e + jie = (rd + jI) e- Je (30) Fig. 13. Block diagram of the hysteresis current controller

Si -= i ds] +
ji qsl = ids + jiqsl e) e (31)
The indirect field-oriented control scheme [3] is illustrated in
figure 12. Te*and (pr* represent the reference torque and flux,
co, =6Adt and 6e are the frequency and the phase angle of respectively. The block e-je performs coordinates
the arbitrary stator reference frame. transformation from the synchronous reference frame to the
The field-oriented control implies decoupling the control of stator reference frame. The references ie*sdl ,l sqi are obtained
the flux and torque by imposing the following conditions to the from:
magnetic flux: i sdl = isdl COS (5*) e + 'sql sin (*e )
kqr = 0, d kqrldt = 0 and 2=dr=r
i sqlI
s -is'dlI sin (s>)+i
e s COS( 'e)
This implies that [3]

Os -~LSr *e sql (32) A standard hysteresis controller is used to implement the

Trr Arr current regulation loop as illustrated in figure 13.

Atr ie
Te= Llr+Lmr qsl , r (33) C. Simulation results
The simulation results of the proposed field-oriented control
strategy are obtained using SimPowerSystems (SPS) software.
And it follows that Figure 15 presents the machine speed while the reference
speed goes from 1500 to 750 rpm at t = 1 s and the load torque
(Lsr /r)iesdl = fr/r +dAr /dt (34)
steps from 0 to 1 N.m at t = 2s. When observing the speed
signal, one can conclude that the speed control is satisfactory.

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 CONCLUSION
The split-phase and start-run capacitor operations mode have
been simulated. It was confirmed that torque pulsations are
higher in split-phase than in start-run capacitor operation
---------------- ---------------------------- _modes. Feeding the auxiliary windingvaoltagewith
of
z w _ variable magnitude and phase provides a means of reducing the
pulsating torque at all speeds as confirmed by simulation.
Moreover, the machine's reliability is increased by the
elimination of unnecessary components, such as centrifugal
switch and external capacitors. This paper shows also that a
variable speed drive based on the SPIM can be achieved using
-0 1 2 rotor flux-oriented control. A standard hysteresis controller is
lime (s) used to implement the current control loop. The validity of this
Fig. 14 Electromagnetic torque strategy was confirmed by simulation.

1500 ------------------ - ----------------------- ---------------------- - REFERENCES

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