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10) Gender and the business environment for new firm creation
( Leora F Klapper, Simon C Parker The World Bank Research Observer 26 (2),
237-257, 2010)
The authors summarise the extant literature on the relationship between gender and
entrepreneurship. They note significant quantitative gender differences in business
entry, with male-owned firms heavily prevailing over firms owned by women in
many parts of the world. They find that enterprises owned by men on the one hand
and women on the other are generally concentrated in different sectors, women
entrepreneurs being better rep- resented in labor intensive sectors such as trade and
services rather than capital intensive manufacturing industries. They also observe
certain gender differentials in business survival and growth patterns. Yet an analysis
of a large body of literature does not suggest that, in general, the so called “gender
gap” in entrepreneurship can be explained by explicit discrimination in laws or
regulations.
Link:
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13515/wbro_26_2
_237.pdf?sequence=1
This paper highlights the weak potential of economic growth and increasing women’s economic
participation towards eliminating gender inequalities in incomes and wages, unless supported
by concerted efforts at altering attitudes towards women’s roles and contribution that are
harboured by different agents within the labour markets. The discrimination and biases against
women witnessed in social spheres gets mirrored on to economic spaces not only through
direct, legitimate routes but also via the resilience in perceptions and mindsets among the
agents of the labour markets that reconfigure to retain elements of gender imbalances. The
space for unbiased consideration and gender based comparison is not only constricted by data
inadequacies but is nullified due to the perceptions derived from the patriarchal role
stereotyping that precedes any deliberation on women’s contribution to the economy,
necessitating the recognition of these elements as precursors to such analysis on gender
inequalities.
http://www.isleijle.org/ijle/IssuePdf/6d6c974d-9da9-4a33-a6d0-1a2e193d58e0.pdf