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REFERENCES

1) Female entrepreneurs in a transitional economy: Business


women in Nigeria
Atsede Woldie, Adebimpe Adersua-International Journal of Social Economics 31 (1/2),
78-93, 2004
Talks about position and role of female entrepreneurs in the economic development
of Nigeria, Earlier women’s contributions were taken for granted that led to gross
underestimation of women's socio-economic contribution to the economy& also
their under-utilisation in the Nigerian business environment. The aim is to examine
these and other related factors like their challenge to be taken seriously by their
male counterparts & gaining control over their own working lives.

(Link-https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?q=scholarly+articles+on+gender+in+infor
mal+sector&hl=en&as_sdt=0&as_vis=1&oi=scholart#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3Df_aE0A
7C7wMJ)

2) Informal institutions, institutional change, and gender


equality
Georgina Waylen-Political Research Quarterly 67 (1), 212-223, 2014
This paper makes two claims: insights from gender research improve
understandings of informal institutions and institutional change, and studying
informal institutions helps scholars understand the gap between formal
institutional change and outcomes. The paper explores the relationship between
informal institutions, institutional change, and gender equality, using gender
equality to scrutinize issues central to institutional change & demonstrating that
institutional analyses improve when gender dynamics are incorporated. Showing
the gendering of power relations highlights power in institutional change in new
ways, improving understandings of why institutional change rarely happens as
intended by institutional designers.

(Link-https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&as_vis=1&q=info
rmal+institutions%2C+institutional+change+%26+gender+equality&btnG=#d=gs_q
abs&u=%23p%3DoRZd0YjcuD0J)

3) What explains big gender disparities in India? Local


industrial structures and female entrepreneurship
Ejaz Ghani , William R. Kerr and Stephen D. O'Connell - Policy Research Working
Papers, 2012
Despite rapid economic growth, gender disparities in women's economic
participation have remained deep and persistent in India. This paper analyzes the
spatial determinants of female entrepreneurship in India in the manufacturing and
services sectors. Good infrastructure and education predict higher female entry
shares. There are strong agglomeration economies in both manufacturing and
services, where higher female ownership among incumbent businesses within a
district-industry predicts a greater share of subsequent entrepreneurs will be female.
Moreover, higher female ownership of local businesses in related industries (similar
labor needs, input-output markets) predicts greater relative female entry rates.
Gender networks thus clearly matter for women's economic participation. However,
there is a need to develop a better understanding of how gender networks influence
aggregate efficiency. There is no doubt that gender empowerment can be the
escalator to realizing human potential and for creating a robust platform for growth
and job creation.
(Link- https://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1813-9450-6228 )

4) Women Workers in India: Why So Few Among So Many?


Mr. Sonali Das, Sonali Jain-Chandra, Ms. Kalpana Kochhar, Naresh Kumar- IMF
Working Paper, 2015
This paper examines the determinants of female labour force participation in India,
against the backdrop of India having one of the lowest participation rates for women
among peer countries. Using extensive Indian household survey date, we model the
labour force participation choices of women, conditional on demographic
characteristics and education, as well as looking at the influence of state-level
market flexibility and other state policies. Our main finding is that a number of policy
initiatives can help boost female economic participation in the states of India,
including increased labour market flexibility, investment in infrastructure and
enhanced social spending.
(Linkhttps://
books.google.co.in/books?id=2FXnBwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&ots=6rSgbxRF3_&d
q=female%20workers%20in%20informal%20sectors%20of%20india&lr&pg=PP1#v=o
nepage&q=female%20workers%20in%20informal%20sectors%20of%20india&f=false
)

5) Women in the Indian informal economy: collective


strategies for work life improvement and
development
Elizabeth Hill : Work, Employment and Society 15 (3), 443-464, 2001
This article contends that certain liberal assumptions about individual human action
and the relationship between human behaviour and economic development cannot
be applied to the informal economic sector. The author stresses the importance of
providing an alternate way to conceptualize the work life of marginalized workers,
and to provide economic and social security in the informal sector. The Self
Employed Women's Association is used as an example to understand development
and work life reform in countries like India.
(Link- https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950017001000307 )
6) Evaluating women entrepreneurs in the informal sector:
some evidence from India
Colin C Williams, Anjula Gurtoo - Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 16
(03), 351-369, 2011
This paper critically evaluates the contrasting explanations for women
entrepreneurship in the informal economy; one being a structuralist
perspective, and the other or neo-liberal one. In order to get a detailed
understanding, 323 face to face interviews were taken with women
entrepreneurs working in the informal economy. The study recognises the
diversity of womens' experiences in the informal economy, and how not all
informal work is low paid and necessity-oriented.
(Link- https://doi.org/10.1142/S1084946711001914 )

7) Kinship and Gender in South and Southeast Asia: Patterns and


Contrasts
(Leela Dube. 1994. 45p., 9 th J.P. Naik Memorial Lecture, 1994)
There is a realization that gender relations are constructed differently in different
cultures. But we need to understand the nature of cultural diversity and its
relationship with women's situation. A key area of cultural diversity is kinship, which
subsumes marriage and family organization. Kinship systems are an important
context within which gender relations are located. Gender studies often leave out a
direct consideration of kinship, perhaps because it is often thought irrelevant or in
some ways an immutable, unchangeable given. It may also seem to be couched in
arcane and difficult language. In point of fact it is very close to our lives and very
relevant for understanding women's situation. This article provides a few points on
gender relations inside South Asia, shaped through patrilineage, matrilineage and
bilateral lineage. The position of women in Affinal and Cosanguinal relations is a case
which has been studied in detail in this article.
(Link- https://doi.org/10.1177%2F097152150000700111 )

8) Gender and Entrepreneurship: An Ethnographic Approach–By Attila Bruni, Silvia


Gherardi and Barbara Poggio
(M Tyler – Gender, Work & Organization, 2008 – Wiley Online Library)
The main thrust of Gender and Entrepreneurship is that, as well as being an
economic phenomenon, entrepreneurship is also a cultural one. This largely social
constructionist approach enables the authors to link entrepreneurship to gender in
order to tease out the ways in which both are entwined social practices. , this work
employs three strategies: A critical survey of gender studies which argues that
entrepreneurship is a cultural model of masculinity that obstructs the expression of
other models; ‘Reflexive’ ethnographic observation conducted in five small firms
which describes how business cultures are ‘gendered’ and how gender is the product
of a social practice; An analysis of how discursive and narrative practices in business
cultures constitute gender and entrepreneurship.
(Link- https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2008.00421_1.x )
9) Self-employment, Gender and Migration
(URSULA APITZSCH and MARIA KONTOS, editors Goethe University, Frankfurt)
Over the past two decades, all major industrial societies have been plagued with
high levels of structural unemployment. The Member States of the European Union
have been particularly hard hit by this phenomenon. Under these circumstances, the
issue of social exclusion has become central in the debate on the future of modern
societies. Exclusion has to be defined as multidimensional, affecting individuals or
groups of people, ‘not just in levels of income, but also in matters such as health,
education, access to services, housing and debt’ (Tiemann, 1993). The articles
presented in this section focus on a central dimension of social exclusion, exclusion
from the labor market and from a regular income and the strategy of starting
self-employment projects to overcome this exclusion. Several researchers have
determined that past unemployment encourages self-employment (Even and
Jovanovic, 1989; Gazioglu, 1995). Thus, growing unemployment has led to a boom in
a new category of self-employed which differs from the ‘classic’ entrepreneurs with
respect to the types of resources they have at their disposal.
Link:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ursula_Apitzsch/publication/233248073_Selfemployme
nt_
Gender_and_Migration/links/53f320560cf2dd48950c91c1.pdf )

10) Gender and the business environment for new firm creation
( Leora F Klapper, Simon C Parker The World Bank Research Observer 26 (2),
237-257, 2010)
The authors summarise the extant literature on the relationship between gender and
entrepreneurship. They note significant quantitative gender differences in business
entry, with male-owned firms heavily prevailing over firms owned by women in
many parts of the world. They find that enterprises owned by men on the one hand
and women on the other are generally concentrated in different sectors, women
entrepreneurs being better rep- resented in labor intensive sectors such as trade and
services rather than capital intensive manufacturing industries. They also observe
certain gender differentials in business survival and growth patterns. Yet an analysis
of a large body of literature does not suggest that, in general, the so called “gender
gap” in entrepreneurship can be explained by explicit discrimination in laws or
regulations.
Link:
https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/13515/wbro_26_2
_237.pdf?sequence=1

11)Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace: The mediating role of


motherhood myths.
Verniers C, Vala J (2018) Justifying gender discrimination in the workplace.
The issue of gender equality in employment has given rise to numerous policies in
advanced industrial countries, all aimed at tackling gender discrimination regarding
recruitment, salary and promotion. Yet gender inequalities in the workplace persist.
The purpose of this research is to document the psychosocial process involved in the
persistence of gender discrimination against working women. Drawing on the
literature on the justification of discrimination, we hypothesized that the myths
according to which women’s work threatens children and family life mediates the
relationship between sexism and opposition to a mother’s career. We tested this
hypothesis using the Family and Changing Gender Roles module of the International
Social Survey Programme. The dataset contained data collected in 1994 and 2012
from 51632 respondents from 18 countries. Structural equation modellings
confirmed the hypothesised mediation. Overall, the findings shed light on how
motherhood myths justify the gender structure in countries promoting gender
equality.
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0190657

12) The effect of gender discrimination in organization.


Sunhee Kim (2015) International Review of Public Administration
Since discrimination against women in the workplace is generally regarded as having
a negative impact on quality of life, systematic managerial efforts to prevent such
discrimination have been enforced. However, there are very few studies on whether
or how this discrimination affects the subjective well-being in Asia where the
unequal treatment of women has been traditionally accepted. Our study examines
whether perceived/experienced discrimination against women consistently
influences two subjective kinds of well-being: job satisfaction and work engagement.
It will consider how the impact varies according to different dimensions of
discrimination, what kinds of moderators intervene to influence the effect on
subjective well-being and how they do so. Empirical findings from three-wave panel
data with a sample of 5987 female workers show the negative effects of
discrimination on these two forms of subjective well-being.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/12294659.2014.983216?scroll=top&
needAccess=true

10) Toward an Understanding of the Informal Economy


JOSEPH P. GAUGHAN , LOUIS A. FERMAN
sage journals: Volume: 493 issue: 1, page(s): 15-25
Issue published: September 1, 1987
After surveying some of the typical content of the informal economy, the authors
argue that the most substantial amount of activity in this sector is based on family
and community and may not involve an immediate expectation of financial return. It
would include local barter, mutual aid and self-help networks as well as other
activities such as light construction and repair work. Reliance on such networks,
common in preindustrial economies, continues to serve specific needs in industrial
and postindustrial societies, filling in where the conventional economy falls short or
fails. By its very definition, informal activity is difficult to investigate and monitor and
raises questions about the legitimate concerns of government.
View access options
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716287493001002

11) The Everyday Politics of Labour: Working Lives in India's


Informal Economy
Geert de Neve
The book presents an analysis of contemporary labour politics in India's informal
economy. Following increased integration in global economic networks, India's
informal sectors, in some parts of the country, have expanded drastically over recent
decades and are employing an increasing number of the country's working
population. The book presents a powerful critique of simplifying representations that
portray workers' politics in this informal sector as marked by low levels of class
consciousness, limited abilities for resistance, and ruled by 'primordial' relations of
caste, kinship and patronage. Drawing on detailed ethnographic accounts of three
textile industries in Tamil Nadu collected during two and a half years of fieldwork
between 1995 and 2000, the author describes everyday labour activism, explores the
character of trade unionism and individualised forms of resistance, and depicts the
political culture of the shop flow. it focuses on the ways in which relations of
hierarchy, authority, class and gender are enacted on a day-to-day basis within the
workplace, and how they intertwine with neighbourhood and community relations.
https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ppbkEJAEVCIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq
=kinship+and+informal+economy&ots=_6209yf7VD&sig=CMP6ehSBTkeRk267Mwtv
N8rEP6Y#v=onepage&q=kinship%20and%20informal%20economy&f=false

12) KINSHIP, RECIPROCITY AND VULNERABILITY: SOCIAL


RELATIONS IN THE INFORMAL ECONOMY
Patricia Short , First published: May 1996
This paper examines the notion that informal interhousehold transfers of goods and
services in the communal economy are based upon reciprocity. Patterns of
interhousehold transfer of goods and services are described, and the significance of
kinship (or familial obligations) in shaping patterns of informal exchange are
discussed. Data from a 1990 survey of household and residential organisation in
Brisbane are used. Differences in income, labour force participation and the density
and character of householders' social networks are considered as factors shaping
contemporary interhousehold economic activity. Implications for our understanding
of people's economic vulnerability are drawn from the observations.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1839-4655.1996.tb01045.
13. Feminist And Gendered Approaches To Kinship
BY-Janet Carsten, First published: Jul 20, 1998
From the 1960s onward the feminist movement and the scholarship it inspired have had a very
obvious impact on kinship studies. This resulted first in a number of important works that
documented the lives of women, which had previously been omitted from ethnographic
accounts. Women’s involvement in households and domestic arrangements, trade, exchange,
labour, religion, and economic life was rendered in detail, making the gaps in previous cross-
cultural studies all too visible.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/kinship/Feminist-and-gendered-approaches-to-kinship

14. UNDERSTANDING GENDER INEQUALITIES IN WAGES AND


INCOMES IN INDIA
By Preet Rustagi, First Published- 2005 in The Indian Journal of Labour Economics

This paper highlights the weak potential of economic growth and increasing women’s economic
participation towards eliminating gender inequalities in incomes and wages, unless supported
by concerted efforts at altering attitudes towards women’s roles and contribution that are
harboured by different agents within the labour markets. The discrimination and biases against
women witnessed in social spheres gets mirrored on to economic spaces not only through
direct, legitimate routes but also via the resilience in perceptions and mindsets among the
agents of the labour markets that reconfigure to retain elements of gender imbalances. The
space for unbiased consideration and gender based comparison is not only constricted by data
inadequacies but is nullified due to the perceptions derived from the patriarchal role
stereotyping that precedes any deliberation on women’s contribution to the economy,
necessitating the recognition of these elements as precursors to such analysis on gender
inequalities.

http://www.isleijle.org/ijle/IssuePdf/6d6c974d-9da9-4a33-a6d0-1a2e193d58e0.pdf

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