Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Solubility
1.Insoluble 1.Absence of Ammonium salts
a.Water
3 2.Soluble 2.Presence of Ammonium salt
b.Dil.HCl Completely soluble Absence of group I
c.Dil.Nitric acid Soluble and a ppt is formed with dil.HCl Presence of group I
1.Pale green 1.Presence of Ba
FLAME TEST: A little of the salt is made a paste with a few drops 2.Brick red 2.Presence of Ca
4 of conc.HCl and a part of the paste is shown into non luminous 3.Crimson 3.Presence of Sr
flame. 4.No characteristic colour 4.Absence of Ba,Ca,Sr
1.Blue ash
2.Green ash 1.Presence of Aluminium
Ash Test: Boil a little of the salt
3.Pink ash 2.Presence of Zinc
with conc. Nitric acid and a few
5 4.No characteristic coloured ash 3.Presence of Magnesium
drops of cobalt nitrate solution. 4.Absence of Aluminium, Zinc and
A filter paper is dipped in it is burned to ash Magnesium
CHLORIDE: Treat the salt solutin with white curdy precipitate soluble in
8 Presence of chloride confirmed
silver nitrate solution. excess ammonium hydroxide solution
BROMIDE:Treat the salt solution with pale yellow precipitate sparingly soluble in
9 Presence of bromide confirmed
siver nitrate solution ammonium hydroxide solution
10 IODIDE:Treat the salt solution with curdy yellow precipitate insoluble in Presence of iodide confirmed
siver nitrate solution ammonium hydroxide solution
11 PHOSPHATE: Treat the salt solution with silver nitrate solution yellow ppt soluble in dil.nitric acid Presence of phosphate confirmed
12 OXALATE: Warm the salt solution with dil.sulphuric acid and add decolourisation of potassium permanganate Presence of oxalate confirmed.
a drop of potassium permanganate solution. solution
III SYSTEMATIC TESTS FOR THE BASIC RADICALS (CATIONS)
TEST FOR AMMONIUM ION
Smell of ammonia gas. Dense white fumes are produced
Heat the salt with concentrated NaOH when a glass rod dipped in conc.HCl is shown to the Presence of ammonium
solution in a dry test tube mouth of the test tube.
Confirmatory test for ammonium
Heat a little of the salt with a conc.NaOH solution in a dry test
tube and show a filter paper dipped in Nessler's reagent at the Appearance of brown colour on the filter paper Presence of ammonium confirmed
mouth or the test tube
I TEST FOR GROUP I CATIONS
1.A white precipitate 1.Presece of group I cations (lead)
Add a little dil.HCl into the salt solution. 2.No white precipitate 2.Absence of group I cations
Perform the following test only if the above test is positive
Treat a little of the salt solution with KI appearance of yellow precipitate which dissolves on
1 Presence of lead (II) ion confirmed
solution boiling and re apperas as golden spangles on cooling
1 Treat a little salt solution with potassium ferrocyanide solution reddish brown ppt. Presence of copper (II) ion confimed
3 Add potassium ferrocyanide solution into the salt solution White ppt. soluble in excess NaOH solution. Presence of Zn (II) ion confirmed
4 Perform ash test Green ash Presence of Zn (II) ion confirmed
A pink ppt. is formed which changes to brownish
5 Treat the salt solution with NaOH solution. Presence of Co (II) ion confirmed
black on adding two drops of hydrogen peroxide.
V TEST FOR GROUP V CATIONS
To a little of the salt solution, add solid ammonium chloride, 1. White precipitate 1. Presence of group V cations
dissove it, add excess ammonium hydroxide solution 2. No white precipitate 2. Absence of group V cations
and ammonium carbonate solution.
Perform the following test only if the above test is positive
1. yellow ppt. insoluble in water and dil.acetic acid 1. Presence of Ba (II) ion confirmed
Add potassium chromate solution to the
1 2. yellow ppt. soluble in dil.acetic acid 2. Presence of Sr (II) ion confirmed
salt solution 3. No. ppt. is formed 3. Presence of Ca (II) ion confirmed
1. pale green colour imparted to the flame. 1. Presence of Ba (II) ion confirmed
2 Perform flame test 2. crimson colour imparted to the flame. 2. Presence of Sr (II) ion confirmed
3. Brick red colour imparted to the flame. 3. Presence of Ca (II) ion confirmed
3 Add ammonium oxalate solution to the salt solution white ppt. insolutble in water Presence of Ca (II) ion confirmed
VI TEST FOR GROUP VI CATIONS
To a little of the salt solution, add di sodium hydrogen phosphate A white flocculant ppt. Presence of Mg (II) ion confirmed
solution.
To a little of the salt solution add NaOH solution followed by A blue ppt. Presence of Mg (II) ion confirmed
Magneson reagent