Professional Documents
Culture Documents
on Dielectric Response
1
Dielectric Frequency Response
2
Traditional Tan Delta Testing
Dissipation
factor
Frequency
1 mHz 50 Hz 1kHz
3
Dielectric Frequency Response
Dissipation
factor
Frequency
1 mHz 50 Hz 1kHz
4
Insulation testing - 100 years of history
1870’s; First systematic investigations of dielectric properties (Clausius and
Mosotti)
1885; The transformer is invented by Ottó Bláthy
1927; First Megger instrument for DC insulation testing is patented and released
1990; ABB presents first results on dielectric response measurements on
insulating materials (NORD-IS 1990)
1993; Development of the first field instrument for Dielectric Frequency Response
measurements is started by Dr. Peter Werelius
1995; First field instrument for DFR (IDA) is available
1995-2005; The interest in using DFR/FDS for investigating insulation properties
is rapidly growing and numerous papers on the method and technology are
presented at international conferences
2004; CIGRE report 254, ”Dielectric Response Methods for Diagnostics of Power
Transformers” is published
2006; Project REDIATOOL reported at CIGRE, recommending DFR as a
preferred method for moisture assessment of power transformers
2010; CIGRE report 414 “Dielectric response diagnoses for transformer windings”
is published
5
DFR Application Areas
Power transformers
Instrument transformers
Bushings
Motors and generators
Cables
Generic testing of any capacitance/insulation
system
6
Dielectric Frequency Response measurements
Hi
Lo
A
Ground CHL
8
What affects the response?
- Moisture +
- Oil Conductivity +
- Moisture +
- Temperature +
9
Typical DFR results for transfomers with various
moisture content
10
Bushing Diagnostics
11
C1 tan delta measurement setup
12
Typical power factor values for oil insulated
transformers and bushings (IEEE)
Power transformers,
0.2-0.4% 0.3-0.5% > 0.5%
oil insulated
IEEE 62-1995 states; “The power factors recorded for routine overall tests on
older apparatus provide information regarding the general condition of the
ground and inter-winding insulation of transformers and reactors. While the
power factors for most older transformers will also be <0.5% (20C), power
factors between 0.5% and 1.0% (20C) may be acceptable; however, power
factors >1.0% (20C) should be investigated.”
13
Traditional bushing diagnostics based on 50/60
Hz dissipation factor measurements
General guidelines for evaluating the C1 dissipation
factor:
Between nameplate tan delta and up to twice nameplate tan
delta - bushing acceptable
Between twice nameplate tan delta and up to 3 times
nameplate tan delta - monitor bushing closely (“questionable”)
Above 3 times nameplate tan delta - replace bushing
14
Bushings and dissipation factor
The dissipation factor is considered important for two main
reasons:
Dielectric losses generate heat, which could result in premature
ageing of the insulation if the bushing is not properly designed,
or even worse, could lead to a thermal breakdown (thermal
runaway).
Quality check of the production process.
The aim is to have a dissipation factor that:
Shows just a small variation with temperature. Increasing
dissipation factor with temperature indicates a moisture level in
the main insulation above 1 %.
Remains stable during the bushing’s entire service life.
Increasing dissipation factor indicates moisture ingress and/or
ageing of the insulation.
Source: ABB
15
Tan delta (%, 50 Hz) for bushings with different
moisture contents
10.00
4 % moisture
1.00 1% moisture
0,4 - 0,5% moisture
0.1 - 0.3% moisture
0.10
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Source: ABB
16
Power factor (%, 60 Hz) for ”good” and ”bad”
bushings
100
10
Bushing "Good"
Bushing "Bad"
Source: Doble
0.1
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
17
Typical power factor temperature correction
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
Typical temp correction, Power
Transformers (IEEE C57.12.90)
Typical temp correction, Bushings
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
18
Temperature correction data for bushings...
1.8
5_O_C
1.6 7_GO_25_765
9_CTF_20_60
1.4
11_CT_KF_85_330
13_B
1.2
15_F
1 17_L_LC_LI_LM
19_OF_OFI_OFM
0.8
21_S_SI_SIM
23_T_U
0.6
25_COT_COS_SOT
0.4 27_ERC
29_PRC
0.2
31_POC
0 33_P_PA_PB
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60
19
Traditional temperature correction
20
Temp dependence – Conclusions from a project
Power factor values are affected by variation of temperature. In most cases (but not all),
tan delta value increases with increase in temperature. Rate of change is different for
different makes of the transformers and bushings
The temperature correction factors (for correcting measured power factor to 20°C) are
different for different makes. Hence temperature correction factors as given in
IEEE/C57.12.90 can not be applied to these components
“Application of Temperature Correction
Factors for Dissipation Factor Measurements
for Power Transformers – A Case Study”
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
21
DFR and temperature dependence
22
DFR data acquisition is pending insulation
temperature
Measured insulation
properties are the
same @ 2 mHz, 25 °C
as @ 1 mHz, 18 °C
Frequency, mHz
23
DFR measurements – oil impregnated Kraft
paper, moisture content < 0.5%
24
Kraft paper – Tan Delta vs temperature
25
Temperature correction of transformers using
converted DFR data
12.00
10.00
Pauwels 20 MVA, 2000, new
0.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
26
DFR measurements on GE type U bushings
27
Tan delta measurements on GE type U bushings
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2 ”High”/”Replace”
Series1
0.8
”Monitor”
0.6
”OK”
0.4
Nameplate
0.2
0
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6
28
DFR on 115 kV GE Type U bushings
”Bad condition”
”Good condition”
29
Individual temperature dependence from DFR data
6 "Typical"
"As new"
5 #1
#2
4 #3
#4
3
#5
#6
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Temperature
30
Temperature test of bushing #1
~ 65°C
~ 50°C
~ 20°C
31
Temperature test of bushing #5
~ 65°C
~ 20°C
~ 50°C
32
Tan delta @ 1 and 60 Hz
Bushing #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Nom
33
Tip-up test on bushing #5
0.13 kV
Slight ”tip-down”
at low frequencies
6 kV No tip-up at 60 Hz
12 kV
34
Tip-up test on bushing #3
0.13 kV
6 kV
12 kV
”Tip-down” at low
frequencies
No tip-up at 60 Hz
35
DFR on 220 kV GE Type U bushings (10°C)
36
DFR on 26 kV GE Type T bushings (10°C)
37
Temperature dependence for LV bushings
X1 “as new”
X2 “normal/OK”
X3 “bad”, 60 Hz > 2x nameplate and strong temperature dependence
38
Factory testing example – Bushing insulation
6 bushings similar
One rejected and returned for inspection. Manufacturing defect was found
39
Summary and conclusions
40
The doctor is in...
41