“Seismic Analysis and Design of Steel Storage Tank”

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by

AMAN SINGH
JIGAR CHANDEGARA
KETAN GANGADIYA
URJIT HIRANI

In fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science, Rajkot

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad

September, 2017
 Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science

Rajkot

CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Seismic Analysis and design of Steel Storage
Tank has been carried out by AMAN SINGH (140030119502) under my guidance in
fulfilment of the degree of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (7th
Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2017.

Guide:
PROF . J . G . PANDYA

PROF . P . S . PURANIK
(Head of the department)
 Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science

Rajkot

CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Seismic Analysis and design of Steel Storage
Tank has been carried out by URJIT HIRANI (140030119543) under my guidance in
fulfilment of the degree of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (7th
Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2017.

Guide:
PROF . J . G . PANDYA

PROF . P . S . PURANIK
(Head of the department)
 Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science

Rajkot

CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Seismic Analysis and design of Steel Storage
Tank has been carried out by KETAN GANGADIYA (140030119531) under my guidance in
fulfilment of the degree of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (7th
Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2017.

Guide:
PROF . J . G . PANDYA

PROF . P . S . PURANIK
(Head of the department)
 Atmiya Institute of Technology & Science

Rajkot

CERTIFICATE
Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Seismic Analysis and design of Steel Storage
Tank has been carried out by JIGAR CHANDEGARA (140030119516) under my guidance in
fulfilment of the degree of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering (7th
Semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during the academic year 2017.

Guide:
PROF . J . G . PANDYA

PROF . P . S . PURANIK
(Head of the department)
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work would not have been possible without the kind support of many people. We take
this opportunity to acknowledge the people who have been great sense of support and
inspiration for my research work. Our first gratitude goes to our Head of the Mechanical
Department Prof. P.S. PURANIK, for his guidance, encouragement and support during our
semester. Despite his busy schedule, he is always available to give us advice, support and
guidance during the entire period of our semester. His insight and creative ideas are always
the inspiration for me during the research. We are very grateful to our project guide Prof. J. G.
PANDYA whose constant guidance in the right direction and support helped us to complete
our research work in time. Last, but not the least our special thanks go to our institute, Atmiya
Institute of Technology and Science, for giving us this opportunity to work in the great
environment.
 ABSTRACT

The use of liquid storage tanks in industries has been increased day by day. A adequate safety
and reasonable economy has always been a major use for industries. Ensuring safety of such
tanks against seismic load should be emphasized. This project is about strong seismic loads on
important use regarding strong seismic performance of structural liquid storage tanks and very
important their seismic design according to national and international code with FEM analysis.
 LIST OF TABLES

Table no. Particulars Page no.

1. List of Figure 8

2. List of Nomenclature 9

3. Table of Content 12

4. Fixed parameters 28

5. Variable Parameters 28

6. Output Parameters 28
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figures no. Name of the figure Page no.

1. Horizontal storage tank 13

2. Structural steel plate 14

3. Structural steel plate 15

4. Horizontal storage tank 17

5. Elevated storage tank 18

6. Failure of vertical tank 19

7. Failure due to corrosion 19

8. AEIOU Canvas 20

9. Empathy Mapping Canvas 20

10. Ideation Canvas 21

11. Product Development Canvas 21

12. Pressure variation on wall 27

13. Total Deformation Analysis 29

14. Directional Deformation Analysis 29

15. Normal Elastic Strain 30

16. Elastic Stress 30

17. Random Vibration VS PSD Acceleration 31

18. Mode Frequency 31

 LIST OF NOMENCLATURE

SR.NO PARTICULAR SYMBOL

1 Design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah
2 Design horizontal seismic coefficient for convective (Ah)c
mode
3 Design horizontal seismic coefficient for impulsive (Ah)i
mode
4 Coefficient of time period for convective mode Cc
5 Coefficient of time period for impulsive mode Ci
6 Height of convective mass above bottom of tank wall Hc
(without Considering base pressure)
7 Height of impulsive mass above bottom of tank wall Hi
(without considering Base pressure)
8 Height of center of gravity of roof mass above bottom of ht
tank wall
9 Height of center of gravity of wall mass above bottom of hw
tank
10 Height of convective mass above bottom of tank wall hc*
(considering base Pressure)
11 Height of impulsive mass above bottom of tank wall hi*
(considering base Pressure)
12 Importance factor I
13 Spring stiffness of convective mode Kc
14 Lateral stiffness of elevated tank Staging Ks
15 Total bending moment at the bottom of tank wall M
16 Total overturning moment at base M*
17 Bending moment in convective mode at the bottom of Mc
tank wall
18 Overturning moment in convective mode at the base Mc*
19 Bending moment in impulsive mode at the bottom of Mi
tank wall
20 Overturning moment in impulsive mode at the base Mi*
21 Maximum hydrodynamic pressure on wall Mi

22 Convective hydrodynamic pressure on tank base Mi*

23 Convective hydrodynamic pressure on tank wall p

24 Impulsive hydrodynamic pressure on tank base pcb

25 Impulsive hydrodynamic pressure on tank wall pib

26 Hydrodynamic pressure on tank wall due to vertical pv

ground acceleration
27 Coefficient of impulsive pressure on tank base Qib

28 Coefficient of impulsive pressure on tank wall Qiw

29 Response reduction factor R

30 Thickness of tank wall t

31 Thickness of base slab tb

32 Time period of convective mode Tc

33 Time period of impulsive mode Ti

34 Total base shear V

35 Base shear in convective mode Vc

36 Base shear in impulsive mode Vi

37 Seismic zone factor Z

38 Mass density of liquid ρ

39 Mass density of tank wall ρ

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR.NO. CONTENT PAGE.NO.

1 1
Title page

2 Certificate 2,3,4,5

3 6
Acknowledgment

4 Abstract 7

5 8
List of tables

6 9
Lest if figures

7 10
List of nomenclature
CH-1 INTORDUCTION :
8 1.1 Intorduction to steelstroage tank
1.2 Structural steel 13,14,15,16
1.3 Benefits of structural steel
1.4 Applications
CH-2 BRIEF HISTORY OF WORK:
9 2.1 History of storage tank
2.2 Refinement of canvases
2.2.1 AEIOU Canvas 17,18,19,20,21
2.2.2 Empathy Canvas
2.2.3 Ideation Canvas
2.2.4 Product Development Canvas
10 CH-3 Literature Review
21,22,23
11 CH-4 Analytical Design and Modeling
25,26,27,28,29,30,31
12 CH-5 Future Scope
32
 Chapter – 1
INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

1.1 Introduction of storage tank :

For Liquid storage tanks have been constructed over centuries and are very extensively
used to store a variety of liquids such as water for drinking, firefighting purposes,
chemical presses and liquefied natural gas.

Nowadays they are become a major topic in seismic engineering world.In earthquake
engineering, these structures are designed to sustain only against simplified
representation of the ground motion of strong earthquakes in terms of its three
translational components, which could only be measured directly.

Most storage tanks are used for storing liquids during transportation are designed to resist
varying degrees of pressure used range from domestic to industries.

Fig.1 Horizontal storage tank

This project is about design of ground supported tanks and their effects. These provisions are
only for elevated tanks and ground supported tanks are not considered.

Even for elevated tanks, effect of sloshing mode of vibration is not included in IS 1893:1984.

Seismic waves caused various failure in the storage tanks such as Buckling of shear, base shear,
wind load, high pressure, overturning moment, inertia, sloshing and so on.

Here in this project is worked in some of parameter of steel storage tank like total deformation,
directional deformation, sloshing motion, Base shear, Random Vibration, harmonic response
e.t.c.

1.2 Introduction to structural steel :

Many types of material is used in storage tank. Out of that widely well-known structural steel is
used in form of thin plate in manufacturing of steel storage tank.

Its strength and corrosion resistance properties gives better result compared to other material.

Various size of structural steel plate are available, which are used in manufacturing of storage
tank as per requirement.

Some of the pictures of structural steel plate are as shown below:

Fig.2 structural steel plate

 Fig.3 structural steel plate

1.3 Benefits of structural steel in storage tank :

Steel is the material of choice at above ground level Tank because of its many advantages. As a
construction material, steel is strong, affordable, reliable and environmentally friendly.

Steel has many unique combination of properties and characteristics enable it to achieve
performance levels required in today's storage tanks.

Steel structural have integrity can withstand extreme weather conditions and natural disasters.
State of the art fabrication technology, welding, linings and coatings reinforce the durability of
Highland mild carbon and stainless steel as well as structural steel products.

Structural steel also have many benefits on environmental condition such as 100% recyclable
and also have highest recycling rate of durable material.

While concrete, polyethylene, and bolted steel tanks have their own benefits and welded steel
tanks are the best overall choice.
1.4 Application :
Steel storage tank are used in many of the field are as follows:

● Industrial process and storage

● Agricultural biogas production

● Mining

● Biofuels

● Chemical processes

● Transportation purpose articulated lorry trailer

● Petroleum refinery

● Pressure vessel

● Underground fuel storage tank

● Irrigation tank

● Scuba tank

● Stock tank
 CHAPTER - 2
BRIEF HISTORY OF WORK

2.1 History of storage tank :

Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases (gas tank; or in U.S.A pressure
vessel, which is not typically labelled or regulated as a storage tank) or mediums used for the
short- or long-term storage of heat or cold.

Storage tanks are often cylindrical or rectangle or conical or spherical in shape, perpendicular to
the ground with flat bottoms, and a fixed frangible or floating roof. There are usually many
environmental regulations used to the design and operation of storage tanks, often depending on
the nature of the fluid contained within.

Fig.4 Horizontal storage tank

Above the ground storage tanks differ from underground storage tanks in the kinds of
regulations that are used . Most of the water tank are commonly used in urban or developed
area.
Storage tanks are available in many shapes: vertical and horizontal cylindrical; open top and
closed top; flat bottom, cone bottom, slope bottom.
Huge tanks tend to be vertical cylindrical, or to have rounded corners transition from vertical
wall to bottom profile, to easier withstand hydraulic hydrostatically produce pressure of
contained liquid.

Fig.5 Elevated storage tank

Materials of construction:
While steel and concrete remain one of the most popular choices for tanks, glass-reinforced
plastic, thermoplastic and polyethylene tanks are increasing in popularity. They offer lower
build costs and greater chemical resistance, especially for storage of speciality chemicals.

There are several relevant standards, such as British Standard 4994 (1989), DVS (German
Welding Institute) 2205, and ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) RTP-1 [5]
which give advice on wall thickness, quality control procedures, testing procedures,
accreditation, fabrication and design criteria of final product.

By these way steel material used in the sector of storage tank manufacturing. Due to which
small or large scale industries are using these type of storage tank to storage large amount of
water or any type of fluid , so it is become too easy to use in various operation.
 Fig.6 Failure of vertical tank

As the day passes many types of storage tanks are introduces due to up gradation of technology
made up of various material. But when earthquake occurs there were many chances for the
failure of the above ground storage tank.
So to overcome this problem suitable height should be keep and also diameter of the tank are
taken under consideration will designing and also it can withstand during the earthquake occur.

Due to its light in weight and strength they are being widely used for various above ground
level application in storage of water and for other types of chemical process or distribution
purpose.

Fig.7 Failure due to corrosion

2.1 Refinement of canvases :
2.2.1 AEIOU Canvas :

Fig. 8
2.2.2 Empathy Mapping Canvas :

Fig. 9
2.2.3 Ideation Canvas

Fig. 10
2.2.4 Product Development Canvas :

Fig. 11
 CHAPTER – 3
Literature Review

● Seismic response of RCC storage tank in high risk seismic zones:

This is a sort of literature review of given paper that the elevated reservoir that are supported on
cylindrical shaft are work like inverted pendulum because of whole lateral force which occur by
any external means are resist by flexural strength and stiffness of circular shaft . There is a high
chance of flexural failure at one - third of portion of circular shaft at above the ground level and
also there is a failure at location between junctions of storage reservoir.
Above problem can be reduced by frame type staging which is superior than shaft type it
provide large redundancy and greater capacity more capacity to absorb seismic force in elastic
action.

● Basis of seismic design Provision for welded steel oil storage tank:

Overturning of flat bottom tanks is possible due to heavy seismic loads. The lateral loads of
secondary waves can be reduced by providing Anchored in tanks shells by keeping the
maximum lateral compression force.

The bottom Annular ring which lift of the foundation the anchored shell design depends on
bottom annular ring and also the weight of contents which utilised to resist overturning.

● Seismic Analysis of Steel Fuel Storage Tanks:

The seismic behaviour of steel tanks will vary as there is a variation in filling level of a tank as
the overturning moment and base shear induced by the seismic load. Overturning moment will
lead to uplift of base plate and base shear can lead to displacement between base plate and
foundation.
Using ANSYS software response spectrum analysis was carried out on fluid filling level of
tank. It is estimated that the normal stresses is effected by filling level thee analysis is done on 4
tank which are filled at a level of 25%,50%,75%,100% .
The maximum deformation is seen in tank 1 at 25% and minimum deformation is seen in tank 4
at 100%.The tank which is safe under seismic effect is tank 3 which is filled up to 75%.
The study also showed that the impulsive period of vibration , base shear force and overturning
moments increase almost linearly with the increase of the ratio h/D , whereas the convective
period of vibrations is practically a constant value for the h/D>1.5.

● Finite Element Analysis of Steel Storage Tank under Seismic Load:

This paper is to study Finite element Modelling (FEM) strategy which used to simulate dynamic
response of a liquid tank and study of vertical cylindrical ground supported tank with different
aspect ratio excited by series of earthquake acceleration which are unidirectional and
bidirectional excitation of earthquake acceleration.
After analysis it is found that sloshing wave height increase as height increase and after
reaching a maximum value sloshing wave eight decreases
With change in diameter sloshing wave height decreases with increase in diameter and also it
increase in liquid level.
By using finite element modelling software ANSYS it reduced the lengthy procedure of seismic
design.

● Seismic Response of Elevated Liquid Storage Tanks:

In this paper 2 different design procedures analysed for design and simulation of steel storage
tank in which one is 1-Foot-method (1FM). Which is based on “membrane theory” and second
one is variable design point method VDPM / variable design point method that is also based on
membrane theory.
It is found that VDPM is economical as compare to 1FM however VDPM became
uncounteracting in design, may be over stress. And VDPM is as limited to L/H ratio less than
1000/6.
The result shows that maximum deformation occurs due to hydrostatic pressure to reduce that
stiffness are added to the tank in various shape. Due to wind load maximum deformation occurs
at the top shell course of storage tank and sloshing analysis shows that the maximum pressure at
the bottom of the tank and deformation occurs at bottom of its self.
 CHAPTER – 4
ANALYTICAL DESIGN AND MODELLING
Design procedure :
● Weight of tank wall
W=density × volume
=78.53 × [ 4/3pi × (ro^3 – ri^3) + pi (ro^2 – ri^2)h ]
=359.89KN

● Mass of tank wall

Mw = weight of tank wall×1000/9.81
= 36686.4608 Kg

● Base shear
Vi = (Ah)i (mi + mw + mt) g
= .38 × 36686.4608 × 9.81
= 136.759 KN
Vc = (Ah) c mc g
=0
Total base shear at the bottom of wall,

= 136,759 KN

horizontal seismic coefficient for impulsive mode

= .38
horizontal seismic coefficient for convective mode

= .o5
[z = 0.36 , I = 1.5 , R= 2.5]
Bending moment at the bottom of wall in impulsive mode

= 241.039 KN.m
Bending moment in convective mode

=0
Total bending moment at bottom of wall

= 241.039 KN.m
● Overturning Moment
Overturning moment at the bottom of base plate in impulsive mode

= 241.039 KN.m
Similarly, overturning moment in convective Mode

=0
Total overturning moment at the bottom of base Plate

= 241.039 KN.m
● Anchorage Requirement

1.30

2.63
As

No anchored is required

Fig.12 Pressure variation on wall

INPUT PARAMETERS:
FIXED PARAMETERS:

Particular Nomenclature Value

Working pressure P 1.103 MPa
Transient pressure 𝑃𝑡 1.516 MPa
Allowable stress of supported tank σ 𝑎𝑙𝑙 290 N/𝑚𝑚2

Density of water 𝜌w 1000kg/m3

Seismic zone factor Z 0.36
Modulus of elasticity of steel 𝐸𝑠𝑡 206.842 x103 N/𝑚𝑚2

Specific weight of water w 9.81x10−12 N/𝑚𝑚3

Height of water h H
Importance factor I 1.5
Response reduction factor R 2.55

VARIABLE PARAMETER
Particular Nomenclature Value
Outer diameter of tank Do 2.73
Height of tank H 3.525
Inner diameter of tank Di 2.7

OUTPUT PARAMETER
Particulars Nomenclature Value
Moment of bottom tank wall M 241.039 KN.m
Overturning moment M* 241.039 KN.m
Base shear B 136.759 KN/m2
Mass of tank wall mw 36686.4608 Kg
Weight of tank wall W 359.89KN
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF HORIZONTAL STORAGE TANK :
● Total deformation:

Fig. 12
● Directional Deformation analysis :

Fig. 13
● Normal elastic strain :

Fig. 14
● Elastic strain :

Fig. 15
● Random Vibration VS PSD Acceleration :

Fig. 16

● Mode Frequency:

Fig. 17
● Results :

In analysis of ground supported steel capsule tank with saddle theoretical analysis says that no
Anchored is required and further tank should be design in such a way that it can sustain heavy
seismic excitation.
 CHAPTER – 5
FUTURE SCOPE

In this semester ground supported capsule tank is analysed under heavy excitation of earthquake
with five different moment magnitudes under which design is being predicted for safer side , In
next semester vertical steel storage tank is analysed with frame staging of different sizes and
different seismic loads.