Atomic Structure

Isotopes

Isotopes are the same element with the same atomic number but a different mass number
Isotopes have the same number of protons and the same number of electrons, but a different
number of neutrons

Mass Spectrometer

Ionisation
The sample is vaporised
It is bombarded with electrons using an electron gun
This knocks out an electron from each atom or molecule) of the sample
Positive ions (cations) are produced

Acceleration
The cations are accelerated
Acceleration is achieved by passing the cations through n electric field
The ions move towards a negative plate
The ions are focused into a beam by slits

Deflection
The ions are deflected
Deflection is achieved by passing the cations through an electric field
Deflection depends on the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z)
The smaller the m/z ratio, the greater the deflection

Detection
The ions hit a detector
Current is produced
Information is fed to a computer or displayed on a chart
Varying either the electric field or magnetic field collects ions of different masses

Electron Arrangements

s, p, d and f orbital [each orbital contains 2 electrons]

s sub shell – 2 electrons

p sub shell – 6 ellectron
d sub shell – 10 electrons
f sub shell- 14 electrons