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851
852 T. M. ADAMS et al.
NOMENCLATURE
etical model for a microelectronic heat sink, Nayak et perature, velocity and microchannel size all strongly
al. [6] employed rectangular flow channels with 1000 affected the heat transfer behavior.
pm gaps corresponding to hydraulic diameters of 1.7 Peng and Peterson [lo] studied the effect of
mm. The theoretical model was developed by Hwang geometry on single-phase forced convective heat
et al. [7] and incorporated standard correlations for transfer of water in rectangular microchannel grooves
both the friction factor and heat transfer coefficient. on flat plates. The hydraulic diameters of the micro-
Nayak found lower temperatures and much higher channels varied from 0.311 to 0.367 mm. The fric-
pressures than predicted by the model. The lower tem- tional pressure drop was generally smaller than would
perature rises could be partially explained by the mod- be predicted by traditional friction factor relation-
el’s assumption of negligible conduction effects, how- ships. The Reynolds number for transition to tur-
ever, the reason for the large discrepancy in pressure bulent flow was also smaller than for ordinary chan-
drops was not clear. nels, in agreement with Wang and Peng [9].
Other microelectronic heat sink studies have uti- Recognizing the apparent lack of systematic
lized turbulent convection in small rectangular chan- research on heat and momentum transport in mic-
nels ; both theoretical models and experimental inves- rechannels, Yu et al. [ 1l] recently studied the fluid
tigations have been reported. The experimental works flow and heat transfer characteristics of dry nitrogen
are usually aimed at verifying the theoretical models. gas and water in circular tubes of diameters of 19, 52
For manufacturing ease, however, most of these and 102 micrometers. Both the laminar and turbulent
experiments used large scale test sections rather than regimes were studied with Reynolds numbers ranging
actual scale models. (Nayak et al. is a notable excep- from 250 to nearly 2 x IO4 and Prandtl numbers of
tion.) Furthermore, the standard heat transfer cor- 0.7-5.0. Friction factors were slightly lower than the
relations used in the models were often cited as one of Moody chart values for both the laminar and tur-
the main sources of error between experiment and bulent regimes. Nusselt numbers for the cooling of
theory. In an excellent review of this work, Phillips [S] water in the turbulent regime, however, were con-
calls for improved turbulent heat transfer correlations siderably higher than would be predicted for larger
for microchannels, especially for lower Reynolds tubes, suggesting that the Reynolds analogy does not
numbers. hold for microchannel flow. The heat transfer exper-
Wang and Peng [9] investigated single-phase forced iments were performed with water only.
convection of water and methanol in rectangular In the above cited literature, there is considerable
microchannels with hydraulic diameters ranging from disagreement as to the effect of small channel size on
0.311 to 0.747 mm. They found that the transition to turbulent convection. Most of the studies involved
turbulent flow was initiated at Reynolds numbers of rectangular channels and did not isolate the possible
1000-l 500. They also reported that their heat transfer additional effect of aspect ratio. Furthermore, though
data could be well predicted by a modification of the gap sizes in these studies were often small fractions of
Dittus-Boelter equation in which the constant has a millimeter, the widths of the flow passages were often
been changed from 0.023 to 0.00805. Liquid tem- much larger. In some cases, the hydraulic diameters
Single-phase forced convection in microchannels 853
Bypass valve
Differential
pressure
1,
transducer
Pressure gage
the exit of the test section to measure the inlet and Table 1. Range of experimental parameters
exit fluid temperatures. All thermocouples are con-
Diameter 0.76 and 1.09 mm
nected to an EXP-16 multiplexer board which is in Velocity up to 18.9 m SC’
turn connected to a DAS-8 data acquisition board Reynolds number 3.2 x IO’-2.3 x IO4
installed in a personal computer. Both boards are Prandtl number 3.7-6.43
manufactured by Keithly-Metrabyte. Heat flux up to 3.0 MW mm’
Nu = (4)
K+ 12.7(f/8)“2(Pr2’3 - 1)
where
3.18 mm
‘t elinski [14] modified the Petukhov correlation to
extend the Reynolds number range down to 2300. The
Gnielinski correlation is given by
9.53 mm
Nu = ~__ UFW- 1OWf’~
(6)
Microchannel 1+ 12.7(f/8)“2(Pr2’3 - 1)
(not to scale)
% The friction factor in equation (6) is calculated using
Fig. 3. Dimensions of the 1.09 mm test section. the Filonenko [ 151 correlation :
Single-phase forced convection in microchannels 855
3 I
I
1Ei 1 0.5 j J-. ~~-- _,._l_ ~~~1 ,_ / _
lE3
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Reynolds Number
- o-079mm 0 D=l.O9mm
1. DiTlG-mmT-
D’~0.76
mm ’ D=1.09mm
Gnieknskl, PF~ 21 - Gnielinskl. Pr=6
Fig. 6. Reynolds number dependence of the enhancement
Fig. 4. Comparison of experimental Nusselt numbers to the ratio. The data for D = 0.102 mm were provided by Yu et
Gnielinski correlation. al. [I I].
856 T. M. ADAMS et al.
F= C&(1-($).
REFERENCES
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A least-squares fit of all three sets of data gives Phase Convective Heat Transfer. Wiley, New York, 1987.
C = 7.6 x lo-’ and D, = 1.164 mm. With the cor- 2. Levy, S., Fuller, R. and Niemi, R., Heat transfer to water
relation cast in this form, D, represents the diameter in thin rectangular channels. Journal qf Heat Transfer,
1959,1, 129-143.
for which equations (8) and (9) predict no enhance-
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1985,31,473-482.
selt numbers to values of Nusselt number predicted
6. Nayak, D.. Hwang, L., Turlik, I. and Reisman, A., A
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2.6 x 10’ < Re < 2.3 x 104, 1.53 < Pr < 6.43, and A. Bar-Cohen and A. Kraus. ASME Press, New York,
1990, Chapter 3.
0.102mm<D< 1.09mm.
9. Wang, B. and Peng, X., Experimental investigation on
liquid forced-convection heat transfer through mic-
CONCLUSION rechannels. International Journal of Heat and Mass
Transfer, 1994, 31,73-82.
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characteristics of microchannels was performed. Heat flow friction for water flow in microchannel structures.
Single-phase forced convection in microchannels 857
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