Scientific Paper Compilation

A compendium of scientific papers prepared by Grade 12 Science, Technology, Engineering

and Mathematics (STEM) students as a requirement for Physics course.

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Table of Contents
Papers are segregated by section.

I. Pope Francis
a. Ash-Tec Marker Ink: Rice Hull Ash as Alternative Raw Material in Making
Ink (pages 4 – 13)
b. Robunox+: An Automated Floor Polishing Tool as an Alternative Cleaning
Machine for all types of Floors. (pages 14 – 24)
c. Pasig Catholic College Digital Library: An Online Database of Local
Research as a Solution to the Inaccessibility of Theses after Completion.
(pages 25 – 39)
d. Radio Frequency Identification Technology as an Alternative Attendance
Checking for Grade 12 Students of Pasig Catholic College in S.Y. 2019 -
2020: A Proposal (pages 40 – 56)

II. Pope Benedict XVI

e. The Eco-friendly product: H2OME (pages 57 – 63)
f. Insulite: A Heat and Fire-resistant Roof Insulator (pages 64 – 70)
g. Health-T: A Medical Assistance Robot (pages 71 – 84)

III. Paul VI
h. Corn Husk as a Raw Material in Producing a Flame-proof Lampshade
(pages 85 – 96)
i. E-Breeze: A Windmill Energized Power Bank (pages 97 – 108)

IV. Pope John XIV

j. e-RACE (pages 109 – 117)
k. Soquaponics: Solar Panel Innovation for a Self-Sustaining Energy
Conservation Model (pages 118 – 126)
l. Actions to Improve School Disaster Response Capabilities : A Proposal for
Recotek (pages 127 – 133)

V. Pope Pius IX
m. Broccoli Extract-based Lip Balm; An Alternative Organic Lip Care
(pages 134 – 154)
n. P-Wrap: An Alternative Pastry Wrapper (pages 155 – 165)

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 o. PENOUXIDE: Rust as an Alternative Ink (pages 166 – 175)
p. SnapIX Hydroponics: Utilizing Divergent Approach in Germinating Different
Kinds of Plants (pages 176– 189)

VI. Pope Innocent III

q. Hybrid Street Light (pages 190 – 202)
r. Anculmes: A Perfume with Citronella Oil (pages 203 – 208)
s. SaniStain (pages 209 – 216)
t. Si-Port (pages 217 – 228)

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 Ash-Tec Marker Ink: Rice Hull Ash as Alternative Raw Material in Making Ink

Jan Joshua Cruz, Geena Celis, Vincent John Ancermo, Leigh Ann Capulong, Ma.
Junelyn Clave, Kate Yasmin Crisostomo, Danela Louise Guilab, Aldryn Madronero,
Meljean Moroña, Russel Ramos

Abstract

The researchers aimed to produce quality ink using rice hulls as the alternative
key ingredient. Through mixing rice hull ash, hot water, gum arabic, polysorbate
20, and other substances, the researchers were able to produce ink. On the first
trial, the ink worked for the pen but due to its nib blocking the flow, they failed on
their succeeding trials. With this, the researchers thought of using their ink on
permanent markers instead. This study proves that ash made from rice hulls can
serve as an effective main ingredient in producing pen and marker ink. Through
rice hulls, good quality ink can be made at a low cost.

Introduction

Writing instruments such as pen and markers are important in one’s

everyday life. Not a day goes by that people do not use nor hold a writing
material. Essentially, it can be used to take down notes, fill out forms, and
accomplish daily tasks in general. Although technology has taken over our
modern world, these tools are still necessary to comply with our particular needs.
Taking these into consideration, the researchers have come up with a possible

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solution. They thought of creating an alternative ink having rice hull(s) as the
main ingredient in the production of ink. Ash-tec is an affordable and eco-friendly
product from ash to ink. It caters to both students and teachers alike offering a
cheap and efficient writing material. This product will significantly benefit the
school community providing an innovative way of producing ink.

The researchers encountered a few problems during the whole production

of the ink. To begin with, completely dissolving the rice hull ash is the first
obstacle. Although water is the universal solvent and can dissolve several
substances, it is not the case for the rice hull ash. Another problem is ensuring
that the black pigment sticks onto the writing surface. Part of the mixture will
evaporate upon contact on the writing surface, but the pigment must remain.
Lastly, the ink inside the marker needs to remain in liquid form. A wetting agent is
needed to prevent the ink from immediately drying before being used to write.

Solubility is the ability of an object to be dissolved in a solution. As a rule

of thumb, “like dissolves like”, meaning substances of the same polarity are
miscible. Specifically, polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar
solutes only dissolve in nonpolar solvents. There are other ways, however, to mix
polar and nonpolar substances together, although they require an external force
such as adding pressure in carbonated drinks or adding another substance such
as soap to “mix” water and oil.

Majority of the rice hull ash is composed of organic materials such as

cellulose (50%) and lignin (25%-30%), while the remaining 15%-20% is inorganic
silica. While cellulose is a polar substance, lignin and silica are insoluble in water.
Hence, the researchers thought of using another solvent to dissolve the rice hull
ash, which is ethanol. The structure of ethanol makes it miscible with both polar
and nonpolar substances, since the hydroxyl group causes the high
electronegativity difference between H and O, making one end polar while the

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ethyl group causes very low electronegativity differences, making the other end
nonpolar. Considering the constituents of rice hull ash, it has both polar and
nonpolar substances. Thus, ethanol, having a polar and nonpolar end, can
dissolve all the components of rice husk ash.

Gum arabic is the binding agent that makes the pigment remain intact on
paper. Upon evaporation of the other components of the ink, the pigment stays in
the manner on how and what we write. Without the gum arabic, the purpose of
creating the ink is essentially defeated.

Polysorbate 20 is the emulsifier that prevents the ink from drying as early
as it is in the container. In addition to the adhesive forces from the combination
of alcohol and rice husk ash, it strengthens the adhesive forces and helps
maintain the solution liquid for a long period of time.

Statement of the Problem

This research ought to answer the following questions:

● Can rice hull ash be an effective alternative for producing ink?
● What can this project contribute to the community?

Hypothesis

● Rice hulls are an effective alternative in producing ink.

Methodology

The researchers had a total of six (6) trials before they successfully made
the product. The first four trials were done for pen ink. It was composed of
lampblack (burnt ground rice hulls), gum arabic, polysorbate 20 (the mixture’s

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emulsifier), and hot distilled water. Pigments formed near the nib of the pen
when the researchers injected it in the pen sample. The pen, therefore, did not
work out as planned.

The researchers then found an alternative which is to convert the pen ink to
marker ink. The mixture contained lampblack, gum arabic, polysorbate 20, and a
mixture of ethyl alcohol and tap water. The first trial for the marker ink only
included hot tap water, while the other had ethyl alcohol mixed in it. On the first
trial, the ink left small streaks on the paper the researchers provided. The second
trial was done successful, but it needed a little more improvement. The last trial
was the most successful one, therefore it being the best sample for the
alternative product.

Results
Overall, the researchers had six (6) number of trials to finish the product.

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 Figure 1: Trial one result

Based from the result, trial one did not result according to desire. The ink
was too watery more than expected.

Figure 2: Trial two result

On the second trial, with the same ingredients minus the egg yolk the
researchers produced another batch of ink with a pinch of activated charcoal. At
first, it worked but eventually the ink had a hard time to made it way to the nib the
consistency was a bit problematic.

Figure 3: Ink making on third trial

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 For the third trial, the researchers tried to make new set of ink without the
activated charcoal. Unfortunately, the researchers failed to acquired consistency
of the ink. The plan did not go well.

Figure 4: Ink blots from trial four while cleaning the pen cartridge.

Figure 5: Burning of rice hulls

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 The researchers considered to have an alternative product which is
permanent marker ink refill since it did not work with the ballpen point. They were
able to make a functioning marker ink refill.

Figure 6: Final trial with its result

The researchers came up with an alternative product and it worked well.

The researchers found out that the ink is effective as quality permanent ink and
works best for ballpoint pens if it is dissolved well and will not block the way to
the nib.

Conclusion
This paper aims to answer the following questions: 1) Can rice hull ash be
an effective alternative for producing ink? 2) What can this project contribute to
the community?

The researchers were able to answer the questions and prove that rice
hull ash can be an effective alternative to produce ink. Aside from being
beneficial to the students and teachers, Ash-Tec will also benefit the farmers by

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further promoting them and providing them extra source of income. This shows
that innovation brings benefits to both consumers and producers.

The hypothesis states that rice hulls are an effective alternative to

produce ink. In the basis of the findings, the hypothesis is accepted and rice hulls
are proven to be effective in producing ink.

After conducting six trials, the researchers were able to produce a

functioning ink. However, when tried on a pen, the nib blocked the ink resulting to
its failure. Hence, the researchers came up with an alternative of using marker
instead of pen for its nib is thicker which allows the smooth flow of the ink.

The researchers encountered several difficulties during the whole

process. Initially, it was hard to find sources for the raw materials. Most of the
materials had to be delivered therefore, the researchers had to allot ample time.
Second, the consistency of the lampblack (burned rice hull) varied. It greatly
affected the fluidity of the ink to the extent that it had trouble passing through the
nib. Having that said, the ink had a tough time sustaining itself. This lead the
researchers to seek improvements. Instead of solely using the main ingredients,
a mix of ethyl alcohol was added. This was to ensure that the ash particles were
completely dissolved during the filtration process.
For the future researchers, the researchers recommend that they come up
with an effective method of dissolving the ash particles by using other
substances or an equipment that can thoroughly pulverize the ashes.

Appendix

Procedures:
1. Prepare all the necessary materials and tools needed for the ink-making
process. Observe safety procedures while making the ink.

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 2. Burn the ground rice hulls. Ensure that all hulls are completely burned.
That being said, every single hull should be black.
3. Sift the burned rice hulls into a bowl. Use a strainer to achieve the best
result. Be careful not to include large ash particles into the bowl.
4. Boil the distilled water.
5. Slowly add boiled distilled water to ½ teaspoon of lampblack (burned rice
hull) until an inky black consistency is achieved.
6. Put the mixture on a paper towel, then filter it. This way, the ‘solidified’ ash
particles would be filtered out. Further squeeze the paper towel to extract
more ink.
7. Put a teaspoon of gum arabic in the mixture, then dissolve it.
8. Pour drops of polysorbate 20 until the mixture becomes clear.
9. Using the dropper and/or syringe, fill the empty pen’s barrel with the ink.
10. On a paper, test if the pen will write clearly. Otherwise, steps 5-9 may be
altered to achieve the desired writing capability.

References

Fats and oils: Emulsification. (2018, June 25). Retrieved from

https://www.ifst.org/lovefoodlovescience/resources/fats-and-oils-
emulsification

Flournoy, B. (2018, April 26). What is Ballpoint Pen Ink Made of?. Retrieved from
https://sciencing.com/ballpoint-pen-ink-made-of-10036405.html

Helmenstine, A. (2018, May 4). Easy Recipes for Homemade Ink. Retrieved
from https://www.thoughtco.com/easy-ink-recipes-3975972

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Korotkova, T., Ksandopulo, S., Donenko, A. and Danilchenko, A. (2019). Physical
Properties and Chemical Composition of the Rice Husk and Dust. Retrieved
from: http://www.orientjchem.org/vol32no6/physical-properties-and-
chemical-composition-of-the-rice-husk-and-dust/ [Accessed 20 Feb.
2019].

Preparation of Ink. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering -
Projects/Chemistry/Preparation-of-Ink.php

Production of Materials - Ethanol as a Solvent. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://easychem.com.au/production-of-materials/renewable-
ethanol/ethanol-as-a-solvent/

Rice Husk -- A Useful By-Product for Rice Growing Countries. (2016, February).
Retrieved from http://www.myanmarinsider.com\/rice-husk-a-useful-by-
product-for-rice-growing-countries/

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 Robunox+: An Automated Floor Polishing Tool as An Alternative Cleaning
Machine for All Types of Floors

Kyle Ramos, Josh Malanay, Kent Boston, Kidd Panganiban, Kurt Peralta, Mark Sumulong,
Maui Dizon, Julieanne Espos, Stephanie Sarmiento,
Daniella Tiquio, Graciela Villarete

Introduction
Cleanliness is vital for an individual’s well-being and practices. Within an
area, the floor is one of the most essential parts that must be cleaned and
polished since it is very prone to dust and dirt. Cleaning of floor is achieved by
using different techniques which might be of different kinds because various
distinct types of floors need their own unique type of treatment.
The fast-phase growing of technology in today's world has been one of the
most inevitable thing everyone can notice. Immersing technology in everything a
man can encounter is no longer impossible. Truly, technology controls almost
everything. Most of the things done traditionally have been enhanced and
innovated to make things convenient for everyone. Technology is the sole agent
in this major ascent. Hence, it does not only transform tradition but it actually
preserves it and the culture itself.
The researchers considered a dilemma that students have encountered
and thought of possible solutions that might somehow lessen the problem. The
researchers came up with the particular observation of the difficulty in cleaning
the floors manually. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + , the upgraded "bunot" or the coconut husk, and
mop head, is the solution for more convenient use of polishing and cleaning
different types of floors.
The main materials of 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + which is the coconut husk and mop head
is usual within a community and can be easily acquired. According to a study
conducted by Bioenergy Consult last 2016, coconut productions are very
rampant in agriculture in which there are 92 countries worldwide that primarily

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supply coconuts. Mostly it is used for crops and cleaning stuff. Husk contains
30% of fiber which makes the bond stronger that is essential in cleaning
surfaces. Mop heads’ availability, on the other hand, is very common as it can be
seen everywhere – in the marketplace, stores nearby, and equipment shops.
According to the National Safety Council (NSC), as most establishment used
tiled floors; approximately 25,000 slip, trip, and fall injuries occur daily. Tiled
floors are usually cleaned using a mop, a cleaning tool made from cotton fibers
that are great for cleaning and highly absorbent; and mop is commonly used in
household and other establishments. The practice of polishing the floor using
“bunot” or coconut husk is slowly fading and “bunot” seems to vanish in the
market due to emergence of electric floor polishers. Most mops, electric or not,
are bulky and heavy. Moreover, people who use those cleaning tools experience
exhaustion due to excessive force needed to perform the routine.
According to NAEYC Accreditation of Early Learning Program, floor
cleaning is a repetitive task carried out by people as it should be done daily.
Nowadays, people are almost bombarded by different innovative tools, hence
there is a need for creating something new, fresh, and unique.
Thus, the researchers aim to rectify the situation and through this study
produce a product that promotes cleaning, love for innovation, and provide
convenience and comfort to all. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + , the upgraded "bunot" or coconut husk
and mop, an automated floor cleaning robot that will be used as the most recent
support and alternative solution for cleaning and polishing floors.
There is a tremendous need for coordinated and convenient ways of
cleaning and polishing floors. Through experiences and observations inside
Pasig Catholic College, there were difficulties in cleaning of floors manually.
Students find cleaning and polishing floors as something tedious which leads to
disregarding cleaning tasks and failure to do one’s duties and responsibilities.
Students and cleaning personnel experience pain and exhaustion. Janitors
usually clean and polish the floors of the corridors, but due to their limited
number and time, they would not be able to do the same in the classrooms.

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School janitors use electric polisher. However, it is heavy and bulk that requires
extra physical force. With these situations, the researchers came up with a
product that will minimize and help cleaning personnel and students to clean and
polish the floors − the 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + . The 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is a floor cleaning robot that is
designed to clean and polish all types of floors. The users simply have to control
the movement of the 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + using a remote control robot that can clean and
polish different kinds of floors with its interchangeable mop head or “bunot”.
𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + includes a refillable container for liquid floor wax and water with liquid
detergent attached to the robot. It can easily absorb liquid. Mop head or “bunot”
can be easily replaced when getting outdated. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is a high quality robot
that can perform workloads. It also has 12-volts battery and high torque motor to
operate the “bunot” and mop head. Consumers love a product that is lightweight,
convenient, and easy to assemble. Consumers like a product that is user-friendly,
does not require much physical force and prevents back and muscular pain.
Moreover, 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + has the features that the school should need because of its
quality and endurance that will help and fasten the cleaning and polishing tasks.
Moreover, 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + has the features that the school should need
because of its quality and endurance that will help and fasten the cleaning and
polishing tasks.
H0: 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is expected to perform with precision. It will be effective for
all types of floor. It will lessen the time and workloads of the doer.
H1: 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is not effective tool for cleaning and polishing floors.

Methodology
The study used an Experimental Research Design. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + can
be applied in all types of floors. The process of the product takes place in to
different shops around Pateros; researchers were tasked to canvas the needed
tools and materials, and go with the cheapest price without sacrificing the
quality. The researchers modified the remote control car, removed its housing,

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then built the very base of the robot. The researchers used metal saw to cut the
aluminum bars according to its designated measurements and connected each
end using a bolt and nut. The motor was put at the tip of the bar locked by
another bolt and nut. After that, the researchers precisely did the wirings
connecting the motor to the 12V battery. A 12V battery connected to the motor
can be easily switched on and off using the push-button switch placed in top of
the aluminum bar. The researchers tested the effectivity and durability of the
𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + after it was fully assembled and constructed.
The operation of 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is not that complicated as it looks like and can
be classified as a user-friendly robot. The procedures of operating the said robot
are as follows: First, turn on the switch of the remote-control car located beneath
it and its controller. Second, adjust the tightness of the tubes to control and allow
the flow of liquid floor wax or cleaning detergent contained inside a canister
mounted at the rear part of the robot. Third, press the button of high-torque
motor located in the upper-most part of the robot to turn on the power that will
flow through the motor connected to the coconut husk or mop head. Lastly,
maneuver the robot using the remote controller and place it to the area you want
the robot to work on.
Our proposed system was able to do the whole floor cleaning process
conveniently. Two homes in Greenwoods Executive Village, and classrooms in
Pasig Catholic College were involved in this study. Homes and classrooms used
in this study were made of hard floor surfaces, including wood, tiles, laminated
and vinyl floors. Floor cleaning and polishing were conducted twice in different
types of floors to determine whether the 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is applicable and effective in
all types of hard floor surfaces. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + with “bunot” or coconut husk as the
main tool together with liquid floor wax as its solution is tested in wooden floors
while 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + with mop head and liquid with detergent is tested in tiles and
slate floors. The researchers also made an acceptability test which tackles the
features of the product and is to be judged by the random teachers and janitors.

17
The researchers used Likert Scale as a way of measuring how productive and
acceptable their product is.

Costing

Group Expenses
Raw Materials Price

Remote Control Car P 1,425

Motor P 700

Battery S

Coconut husk or Bunot P 150

Aluminum Steel/Screw P350

Floor wax P115

Transparent Plastic Tube P60

Mop S

Canister P20

Push button switch/wires P 80

Total of Raw Material P 2,900

Expenses

Operating expenses

Utility Expenses Sponsored(S)

Labor S

Fare S

Total Operating Expenses P0

TOTAL EXPENSES P2,900

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 MSRP

Raw Materials Price

Remote Control Car P 2,000
Motor P 700
Battery P 440
Coconut husk or Bunot P 150
Aluminum Steel/Screw P350
Floor wax P115
Dextrose P60
Mop P160
Canister P20
Push button switch/wires P 80
Total of Raw Material P 4075
Expenses
Operating expenses
Utility Expenses P 50
Labor P0
Fare P 100
Total Operating Expenses P 150
TOTAL EXPENSES P 4225

Total expense ÷ Number of output = COST

(COST × Mark-up) + COST = SRP
(P4,225 × 15%) +P 4,225 = SRP
(P633.75) + P4,225 = P4,858.75
SRP = 115% = P4,858.75

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Results
Through the years, Pasig Catholic College uses coconut husk as a
cleaning tool before the major ascend of electronic floor polishers. The
institution saw how effective the use of husk was. Its advantages helped the
school maintain its neatness for years. Having that said, coconut husk forms a
strong bond because it consist of 70% fiber (Safar, 2018), husk consistently
cleans the floor in spite long duration of work. Through the immersion of
technology and husk, 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + enables the user to make the work faster to save
time and prevent fatigue. In addition, 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + has a cheaper price compared to
the actual electric polisher which ranges between 17,000-35,000 pesos which is
700% higher. Since, the product is remote-controlled, it requires no wire to
process commands of the user. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + has also the features that is
interchangeable. A “bunot” with liquid floor wax can be replaced by a mop head
with liquid detergent which is very pertinent on various types of floors.
The researchers admitted that the 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + , even with its highly-modified
features, has its own limitations and disadvantages like the other products. Since
the product is battery powered (wireless), the battery charge is limited only
unlike the wired-ones which can perform work as long as it is connected in a
power outlet. The physical structure of 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + has also its disadvantages,
since one of its features are its limbs which hold the husk rotates in a circular
motion; the husk hardly reaches the corners and sides.
The researchers conducted an acceptability test to support and ensure
that the product will be conventional. Five teachers from different departments
and two utility personnel were invited to test the product. The participants were
asked to answer the set of questionnaires and tried to rate the Robunox+ using
their own perspectives. To assess if the 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + performed a high-quality
endurance for a certain duration of time, it was conducted using the Likert scale
and yields a mean score of 4.15 with an interpretation of “Agree”. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 +
showed the innovation behind the process without sacrificing the culture related
matters yields a mean score of 5 with an interpretation of “Strongly Agree”.

20
𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + performed neatly and comfortably yields a mean score of 4.3 with an
interpretation of “Agree”. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + output shined and worked with precision
yields a mean score of 4.16 with an interpretation of “Agree”. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + parts
were well-placed and functioned in accordance to the main scheme yields a
mean score of 4.5 with an interpretation of “Agree”. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + was able to
handle a load of cleaning activity considering the area and access of the floor to
be cleaned yields a mean score of 3.83 with an interpretation of “Agree”.
𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + was accessible and convenient to use in a classroom setting yields a
mean score of 4.5 with an interpretation of “Agree”. The Acceptability Test
conducted yields an average mean of 4.35 with an interpretation of “Agree”.
Through product testing, the researchers and respondents have seen that the
robot is able to polish the floor and its battery can last up to three hours, which
can finish two to three classrooms.

Photos:
Figure 1. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + with Coconut Husk and liquid floor wax was tested in
Laminated Floor.

21
Figure 2. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + with mop head and liquid detergent was tested in Tiled Floor.

Figure 3. 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + with Coconut Husk and liquid floor wax used in wooden
floor.

Conclusion
𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + ′ primary concern is the time constraint and lack of accuracy in
cleaning different types of floors. Another problem that needs to be considered is
the costly amount of buying electronic floor polishers. There may be an
alternative machine that is cheaper while not sacrificing the quality work of
cleaning the surface, and that is 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + . In addition, the dissolution of the use

22
of coconut husk in cleaning has rapidly arouse having said that there are lots of
innovative machines that develops through technological ascend.

H0: 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is expected to perform with precision. It will be effective for

all types of floor. It will lessen the time and workloads of the doer.
H1: 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is not effective tool for cleaning and polishing floors.
The scientific paper talks about whether 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + works efficiently and
precisely. After series of tests, the researchers therefore conclude that the
𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + is effective in cleaning different kinds of floors. Hence, the null
hypothesis is acceptable.

PROBLEMS AND ERRORS OUTCOME IF PROBLEMS AND ERRORS

EXPERIENCED DID NOT OCCUR
12v Motor cannot operate with too Motor can carry more weight and load
much load or weight (Surplus)

The battery has a time span of 30 𝑅𝑜𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑥 + can operate for at least 60
minutes only (Surplus) minutes up to 2 hours

Not all floors are balanced and flat The coconut husk and mop head is
exactly fit touching the surface

Recommendation:
-Replace motor with gear box for higher torque
-Install variable motor speed controller for low, medium, and high rotation
-Install spring and shock mounting for flexibility on unbalance or non-flat
surfaces
-Install shock and rubber bushing to minimize vibration

23
-Install distance sensor to avoid machine from bumping to nearby surfaces and
walls
-Install 12 volts portable battery charger

References:
(n.d.). Retrieved from https://drive.wps.com/docs/NtrGtvVx

Butler, D., & Browning, H. (2018, May 21). Floor Cleaning Procedures for Slip, Trip,
And Fall Prevention. Retrieved May 21, 2018, from
https://www.cmmonline.com/articles/floor-cleaning-procedures-for-slip-
trip-and-fall-prevention

Cleaning, Sanitizing, and Disinfection Frequency Table. (2016). Retrieved from

https://www.naeyc.org/sites/default/files/globally-
shared/downloads/PDFs/accreditation/early-learning/Clean, Sanitize,
Disinfect Table_Oct 2016_1.pdf

Hussain, J. (2017). IJPAM - HOME: International Journal of Pure and Applied.

Retrieved from https://ijpam.eu/

Safar, Z. (2018, July 08). Energy Potential of Coconut Biomass. Retrieved from
https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/coconut-biomass/

Shin,D. H., & Kim, H. J. (n.d.). Twin Brush Floor Polishing Robot. Retrieved from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1008157827767

24
 Pasig Catholic College Digital Library (P.C.C.D.L.): An Online
Database of Local Research as a Solution to the Inaccessibility of
Theses After Completion

Tedrick Hernandez, Nathalie Almonte, Juan Albano, Patricia Capistrano, Robizen

Cruz, Cherry Domingo, Aubrey Espinosa, Roli Manuel
Jasper Mapa, Julia Torres

Abstract

The Pasig Catholic College Digital Library (P.C.C.D.L.) was created and
designed to elevate the research environment of the school by acting as a
centralized database of local academic work. It is the proposed solution to the
unnecessarily passive state of theses after their completion. The P.C.C.D.L. was
constructed on a two-body framework: the database, which serves as a digital
bank of files; and the website front, which serves as the navigational face users
can use to access the database’s content. The library (and its concept) was
evaluated through the perceptions of purposively-sampled respondents through
three distinct questionnaires tied to the Likert scale. The means of the first
(concept evaluation) and second (product evaluation) questionnaires were 4.68
and 4.74 respectively, both strongly in favor of the library. The third
questionnaire’s results were mostly positive, and the respondents recommended
various features the researchers overlooked. After thorough discussions, the
researchers highly recommend the implementation of the system—regardless of
the exactness of the specifics of the aforementioned.

25
Introduction

A research can only have its movement realized after it is completed.

Therefore, the manner by which research is collected, preserved, and organized
must allow it to be: accessed with minimal difficulty in navigation; displayed in an
open environment with minimal or no obstructions of any kind; preserved to the
maximum threshold of its resistance against defects; and all other
considerations overlooked. Today’s technology has pushed various smart
solutions to the comfort of these points, one notable example being the modern
digital library.

A digital library is a website that mostly acts as a centralized bank of

information and files stationed at an internet domain. Since its original
conception in 1895, it has become a quality standard for research schools and
institutions all over the world to establish a library of their own to cater to their
growing research influences. Notable examples include ERIC, Google Scholar,
University of the Philippine’s online library, and De La Salle University’s online
library.

While Pasig Catholic College has continuously pushed its research

environment forward, its collection and preservation efforts of finished work fall
short of the points mentioned above, as observed by students and faculty
members alike. This is alarming, especially because the school makes sure to
give major strides in the upholding of its research content.

With all of this in text, the researchers decided that the creation of a digital
library for the school is highly necessary to undermine this issue. As an added
bonus, they also acknowledged the potential glare this idea has in the
marketability of the school’s quality and educational priorities.

The research aims to address the following questions:

26
1. What is the significance of an online repository of locally-conducted theses
and similar academic resources to the research environment of Pasig Catholic
College in terms of user perception, satisfaction, and proposed research
collection and preservation?

2. How will an online thesis repository affect the collection, preservation, and
availability of accomplished theses and similar academic resources in Pasig
Catholic College?

The researchers hypothesize that the installation of the Pasig Catholic College
Digital Library will have no significant effects on the research environment of the
school in terms of user satisfaction and proposed research collection and
preservation.

Methodology

The researchers aimed to create a digital library that follows the principles
of object-oriented programming in order to maximize flexibility and edit-potential.
In order to do this, the website was split into two bodies: the database backend,
which contains all of the digital copies of the theses; and the website frontend,
which contains the interface, the navigational features, and the administrative
tools. This way, should there be warranted modifications to the website side of
the library, the database will remain intact and accessible.

In order to create a working model, the researchers needed content. To

start, they headed to the high school library and the Senior High School
principal’s office in order to get curriculum vitae information from all of the
theses finished by students in previous semesters and school years. Using their
contact details, they contacted the authors and asked for their permission to
include their theses in the library. A number of people agreed, while some did not.

27
The researchers asked the assenting people for the digital copies of their work.
With all of their content at had, they began to work on the library itself.

First, the researchers opted for Google Drive for the database thanks to its
free, reliable 15GB storage plan. They uploaded the files there individually and
sorted them by department and school year. The requisition took several weeks.
Afterwards, they set up a database website with the help of Wikia (or Fandom), a
free third-party website engine server that allocates webpages to the World Wide
Web. They coded the interface and the informational sections of the library for
several days.

After the preliminary website developments, the researchers began

creating individual webpages for each thesis. They benchmarked the interface
and the layout of the pages from ERIC.

As a working model of the library got finished, they sought out

respondents purposively. They chose six (6) Senior High School students and
four (4) Senior High School faculty members to evaluate their website. They were
asked to check the website however they wish and check at least 10 different
theses. The researchers also asked for their comments and recommendations.

The researchers gathered the data and synthesized conclusions out of them.
Then, they formed one definitive conclusion.

28
Results

Questionnaire A

Table 1

Indicator Mean Interpretation

1. It is important for a research school or

institution to establish an online digital library for
4.9 Strongly
storing its original research work, e.g. ERIC,
Agree
Google Scholar, UP Online Library, and DLSU
Online Library.

2. Using an online digital library for storing

original research work provides ease and
4.7 Strongly
convenience to researchers searching for
Agree
additional materials for whatever reasons,
including RRLs and personal research.

3. Using an online digital library for storing

original research work elevates the research
4.7 Strongly
environment in question by integrating research
Agree
in more convenient and long-lasting means of
storage, such as cloud database, furthering
research longevity.

29
 4. Using an online digital library for storing
original research work improves a school or
4.5 Strongly
institution’s research identity by giving
importance to easier distribution of research Agree
information (and files, if permitted).

5. Given that the effects of a research can

only be truly realized after its completion, using
4.6 Strongly
an online digital library for storing original work
Agree
upholds whatever movement or propositions
research present in more effective means than
storing them conventionally in physical spaces.

AVERAGE MEAN: 4.68 Strongly

Agree

The analysis is based from six (6) students and four (4) teachers who
completed the survey questionnaires with a total of ten (10) respondents. To
recapitulate the answers of the respondents, the tables show the mean and
interpretation of the data and its findings.

In table 1, respondents were asked to answer a pre-survey questionnaire

about an online digital library. Among the five statements the first one got the
highest mean of 4.9 while the fourth statement got the lowest mean of 4.5,
however all of them interprets as strongly agree. All the respondents agreed that
it is important to establish a digital library in schools or institution which it
provides ease and convenience to the researchers with a total average mean of
4.68 and an interpretation of Strongly Agreed.

30
Questionnaire B

Indicator Mean Interpretation

1. The digital library generally provides a more

convenient way of navigating through academic
4.8 Strongly Agree
material as opposed to the current conventional
way of storage by Pasig Catholic College.

2. The digital library’s features on categories Strongly Agree

and searching allow users to find research fitting
4.6
their criteria and subjects easier and quicker.

3. The digital library allows users to view Strongly Agree

specific vital research information (title, abstract,
4.9
authors, cate of completion) easier and quicker.

4. The digital library increases research Strongly Agree

longevity and presence by storing them on a
4.8
cloud database, which saves them from potential
physical defects.

5. The digital library is easily accessible from 4.8 Strongly Agree

any network connected to the World Wide Web.

31
 6. The digital library is protected by a Strongly Agree
significant amount of administrative security
4.6
through the disallowance of editing, commenting,
and non-permitted uploading.

7. The digital library promotes a fitting visual 4.7 Strongly Agree

environment the promote ease of us and
academic integrity.

AVERAGE MEAN: 4.74 Strongly Agree

Table 2

In Table 2, the respondents answered the survey questionnaire after

viewing and analyzing the features of the digital library. The various indicators in
this table ranged between 4.9 and 4.6 which interprets as strongly agree. It
indicates that the digital library provides a more convenient way of navigating
through academic material and it allows user to view specific vital research
information. This table shows that the respondents strongly agreed that its
features promote ease and academic integrity with an average mean of 4.74
(Strongly Agree).

The respondents recommend some factors that they would like to be on

the website. It was suggested that it is better if the graphic design will improve to
effectively communicate to the viewers and make it look lively. They would also
like to suggest if downloadable books can also be offered and as well as the user
interactions such as comment or suggestion box. For the improvement of the
digital library, the logo and some features include adding tags or it is categorized
by its topic and subject are also considered by the researchers. In describing the
experience of navigating through the academic material and visiting a traditional

32
physical library, the respondents answered that it is indeed, user friendly and
commendable. With the use of digital library, it offers convenience, accessibility
and a lot more efficient than going to the library. The digital library is easier to
use than other websites and it is very beneficial to the students, teachers and
researchers who are looking for an academic information or paper.

Discussion

There was a problem with the proper storage of the hard copies of the
theses hence it shows that somehow there is no emphasis on the importance of
the efforts made by researchers. Using the traditional process were students
need to go to the library is a lot of trouble especially nowadays that it almost
takes a twenty-four-hour commitment to make a feasible and concise study.
Having to go to a physical library in the middle of the night is almost close to
impossible given that libraries have closing time. It is better to have a digital
library which is more accessible and easier to use.

The installation of the Pasig Catholic College Digital Library has significant
effects on the research environment of the school in terms of user satisfaction
and proposed research collection and longevity.

Chen (2015) stated that all school materials can be designed for easy
access and much of the digitization work has already been done. The digital
online resources and repositories can be seamlessly searched and accessed
from a single point which also helps the scientific society since it act as the
reservoir for the storage of data and information. Upon noticing that the finished
theses are stored passively and remain disregarded, it is indeed helpful that with
the use of Digital Online Library the researchers and the school or the institution
can give importance on collating and making the finished outputs available for
publicity.

33
 According to Zhao (1994), electronic library is a well-integrated, fully
functioning system implemented. The system presents the various aspects of
the electronic library system including its database, browsing, searching, printing,
collating document, managing, and the user aspect. Through the use of
technology, school related stuffs can be done easier and accessible seeing that
the advancement and discoveries of technology are being used to take the
opportunity of gathering data and letting the public navigate the system. Since
Digital Libraries combines both technology and information resources it serves
as a remote access t educational content.

By means of using the programs and professional services of the digital

library, the system seeks to help in the transformation of information into
knowledge in support of utilizing appropriate data and automation technology
that advantageous in sharing of resources (Dizon, 2010). Digital online library
facilitate speedy and systematic access to useful information that acquires and
preserving the available up-to-date resources or academic material needed for
research and any academic purposes. Students are mostly the reason for
libraries’ existence which is essential to also listen and learn from their works.

The findings of the survey questionnaires and the testing of the website to
ten respondents gave a positive outcome. Questionnaire A which manifests that
a digital library is important and needed acquired an average mean of 4.68.
Questionnaire B concerning the features of the PCC Digital Library also obtained
a high average of 4.74. It shows that such technology should be implemented.

Problems are inevitable especially research but that is why the

researchers must be critical in all aspects of the research topic. These are the
problems we encountered during the process of developing the Digital Library:

34
Problems Effects of the problem Results if the problems
are not encountered

Unresponsive research Few theses collected Plenty of theses have

owners been collected

Third party domain Unable to manipulate the The website will be more
displays of the website customized and be
accord to the visual
preferences of the
researchers.

Time constraint Unable to collect theses Plenty of theses to

from the other showcase including the
departments. researches from
undergraduate and
postgraduate degrees.

For the people that will be using the digital library it should be promoted
through social media platforms such as the school’s Facebook page so that they
can explore it. It would also help as a marketing strategy to encourage students
to enroll in this institution. Some problems that need immediate attending to are
the site’s user interface, e.g. its overall layout, the addition of a logo among
others. A new domain name or server is also preferable to avoid the third-party
ads and to ultimately make the website and its URL look professional. The

35
compulsory submission of the student’s digitized theses among approval is also
proposed to fully take advantage of the digital library’s features.

Technology is valuable but its value can only be beneficial if people utilize
it. Using a digital library is a great way to maximize it. Physical libraries can be
very taxing and it is not accessible at all time. A website which anyone can
access is more likely to be conducive. Not only with the institution but also for
different schools and even infrastructures, not only theses but different bodies of
knowledge can be stored in a digital library where anyone can view anytime and
anywhere.

Index

Materials

(Laptop) (Internet Modem)

36
Procedure

Website Making

37
Data Gathering

38
Final Product

References

Chen, L. (2015). ASEAN Digital Library – A Regional Project on Digital Resource

Sharing. Retrieved from: http://docplayer.net/12428768-Asean-digital-
library-a-regional-project-on-digital-resource-sharing.html

Dizon, F. (2015). Digital Library Initiatives in Philippine Academic Libraries: the

Rizal Library Experience. Retrieved from:
http://rizal.lib.admu.edu.ph/2010conf/dizon.html

Zhao, D. (1994). The ELINOR Electronic Library System. Retrieved from:

https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/eb045306

39
 Radio-Frequency Identification Technology as an Alternative Attendance
Checking for Grade 12 Students of Pasig Catholic College in S.Y. 2019-2020: A
Proposal

Matthew Anthony Bejasa, Ckyle Joshua G. Casumpang, Stephen Rae S. Lazaro,

Lorenzo C. Raymundo, Maria Lorraine R. Acena, Alyssa Beatrice N. Andrade,
Charish Apple C. Arellon, Millen Marie V. Hagonia,
Mariah Erika Jove D. Tolentino

Abstract

In Pasig Catholic College, they use the traditional way of checking the
attendance of the students and that is by using pen and paper. The researchers
have observed that the said process is too tedious and inefficient in checking
attendance. In light of this, the researchers have proposed to replace such
attendance checking system to an automated one by the use of RFID Technology
system. The study aims to identify which process would take lesser time to
record attendance. The researchers conceptualized how the program will work,
and asked help from a computer programmer to attain the features they want.
They conducted a pre-survey, a three-day dry run, and a post-survey to gather
primary data and used evaluation sheets for the secondary data. The three-day
dry run was successful and the post-survey received 100% “No” answers when
asked if they experienced problems with the system. The results of the linearity
test that was used in order to test the credibility of the program was shown to
have a P-value of 0.087252 which rejects the researcher’s null hypothesis, and
therefore is shown to be significant. Based from the results, the researchers have
concluded that using RFID is faster than the traditional way.

40
Introduction

As every school encounters tardiness, each have their own systems and
procedures when it comes to monitoring the attendance and tardiness of each
student. In the context of Pasig Catholic College, the school uses systematic and
process-oriented procedures that students will have to go through in order to
record their tardiness in school. The problem is, due to the detailed process and
large quantity of students who come to school late, the time needed to record the
tardiness of every student is longer than what is expected. As the world is
entering the modern era, technology has already become a vital part in our
society. It comes to the point that it aids people in making things easier and
more efficient. There are many ways to record attendance in school, one of those
is with the use of RFID technology which is proposed to be implemented in Pasig
Catholic College. According to Fedena (2018), the use of such system can
maintain a quick and accurate record of the student attendance and provide
timely summaries and records when needed. This can maintain the accuracy of
the recording of attendance and can also speed up the process of creating the
report of the students.
There are many advantages that an automated attendance record system
has. One of those advantages is that it is quick and efficient (Fedena, 2018).
Students can come in with just one tap of their RFID card to the scanner and their
attendance is already recorded. In this way, it can also help the staff at OSAS and
the guards to help lessen their attention at attendance checking and do other
tasks at hand.

Radio Waves are commonly used to transmit information through different

non-conducting mediums without the use of wires. In the form of radar, radio is
also used in the transmission of data in coded form aside from its usual function
(Infoplease, 2019).

41
 According Donovan to (2017), “Radio is the transmission of signals by the
modulation of electromagnetic waves. For example, if you were at a radio studio,
sound or voice waves are picked up by a microphone that has electrical current
running through it”.

The goal of the paper is to address the issue on the traditional way of
checking the attendance since it takes a total of 17 minutes and 38 seconds just
to process 98 students who were late. The researchers would like to know the
answer to the question: Does the use of the RFID technology in attendance-
checking lessen the time it takes for the guards and OSAS to process the
tardiness of the students?

Ho: The RFID system does not lessen the time it takes to record attendance.

H1: The RFID system does lessen the time it takes to record attendance.

Methodology

The researchers conceptualized the basic functions of the automated

attendance system while incorporating the RFID technology. The rights and
ownership of the program were transferred to the researchers via Transfer of
Rights contract between the programmer and the members of the research
group. The researchers conducted a field experiment wherein they used the
prototype of the setup for a three-day dry run to test if the recording of
attendance and tardiness using the automated attendance system is more
convenient compared to the traditional process.

Gathering the perspective of the Pasig Catholic College community about

automating the attendance system, the researchers conducted a pre-survey in
order to know if they are open about the changes that the researchers are
proposing. The population of the pre-survey are the guards, Office of the Student

42
Affairs and Services (OSAS) personnel, and Grade 12 students. Convenience
sampling was used upon determining the sample size. The sample size of the
pre-survey consists of two security guards, Ms. Ma Leonora Ramos (OSAS
secretary), five students from Grade 12- Pope Francis and three students from
Grade 12- Pope John XIV. In the post-survey, Simple Random Sampling was used
upon determining the students/parents who were involved in the said activity.
There were 10 students each from Pope Francis and Pope John XIV, with a total
of 20 participants/respondents together with their parents.

All the survey questionnaires and evaluation sheets were purely

researcher-made, validated by their research adviser. The primary data will be
gathered from all the surveys and parents’ evaluation, while the secondary data
will be coming from the evaluation of the IT experts for the features and
functionality of the program.

In the three-day dry-run period, the researchers chose 20 students that will
be using the RFID system while the rest will proceed with the traditional way of
checking the attendance to differentiate the two methods in terms of speed. The
researchers observed the process of the traditional method from 6:50 am – 7:30
am. The researchers then computed the time consumed when they process the
line in the main gate, and how long it takes to give a late slip to a student. After
gathering information, the researchers were then able to create figures that will
prove that the traditional way of checking the attendance consumes so much
time.

The researchers also gathered the class register of the advisers of the two
sections in order to get the average number of tardiness to create a simple figure
for the research’s background. The researchers also used evaluation sheets for
the parents and the IT expert in order to test the credibility of the program. The
evaluation sheets used a Likert’s scale in order to assign value to the answers of

43
the respondents. Upon gathering the frequency of each answer, it will then be
used for the linearity test which will further prove the efficiency of the program.

Prior to the development of the program, the researchers made a simple

questionnaire that served as their pre-survey. It also aims to be the basis for the
researcher’s outline in developing the program since the problems regarding
attendance checking will be raised by the respondents. The respondents of the
questionnaire would be the Office of Student Affairs secretary, the guards, and
random students.

As for the evaluations from the students, parents, and professionals, linearity test
(p-test) will be conducted to analyze if the claims from different respondents, i.e.
students, parents, and professionals, are related to each to other in order support
and strengthen the researchers’ hypothesis.

Results

The questions in the pre-survey were the first ones that were collated, and
the respondents in this survey are two security guards, eight students, and one
representative from OSAS.

44
 Figure 1.1
Percentage of the respondents’ answer on the question “Do you find it time
consuming to record the attendance and tardiness of the students with the use of
paper and pen (the traditional way)?”

In the first question, “Do you find it time consuming to record the
attendance and tardiness of the students with the use of paper and pen (the
traditional way)?” majority answered yes which has the percentage of 81.8%
while the rest answered no, which has a percentage of 18.2%.

Figure 1.2
Percentage of the respondents’ answer on the question “Do you agree with
upgrading the traditional way of recording attendance/tardiness into something
digital like using RFID for automatic attendance checking?”

45
 In the second question, “Do you agree with upgrading the traditional way
of recording attendance/tardiness into something digital like using RFID for
automatic attendance checking?” all of the respondents answered yes which has
a percentage of 100%.

Figure 1.3
Percentage of the respondents’ answer on the question “After the implementation
of the automatic attendance, do you think there would be more tasks you can
finish instead of just checking the attendance?”

In the third question, “After the implementation of the automatic

attendance, do you think there would be more tasks you can finish instead of just

46
checking the attendance?”, only one answered no with the percentage of 9.1%,
while the rest of the respondents answered yes with the percentage of 90.9%.

Figure 1.4
Percentage of the respondents’ answer on the question “After the implementation
of the automatic attendance, do you think that the recording of attendance would
be faster and more efficient rather that the traditional way?”

The last question asked in the pre-survey, “After the implementation of the
automatic attendance, do you think that the recording of attendance would be
faster and more efficient rather that the traditional way?” all of the respondents
answered yes which has a percentage of 100%.

The next set of findings that were collected by the researchers were the
number of tardiness and the time frame of each student while being given the
late slip. In the number of tardiness, they were collected based on the record
done by the class advisers of the two sections: Pope John XIV and Pope Francis.

Number of late students

Date
Pope John XIV Pope Francis

7 January 2019 0 No Classes

47
 8 January 2019 No Classes 0

9 January 2019 0 0

10 January 2019 0 5

11 January 2019 3 6

14 January 2019 4 No Classes

15 January 2019 No Classes 4

16 January 2019 0 1

17 January 2019 0 0

18 January 2019 0 0

21 January 2019 0 0

22 January 2019 Retreat Retreat

23 January 2019 Retreat Retreat

24 January 2019 15 0

25 January 2019 Personnel Day Personnel Day

28 January 2019 9 0

TOTAL 31 28

Average 3 late students/day 1 late student/day

Table 1
Number of late students in Pope John XIV and Pope Francis

For eleven days, 31 students were the total number of tardiness in Pope
John XIV while in Pope Francis, 28 is the total number.

48
 Per day, an average of 3 students were late in Pope John XIV while an
average of one student was late in Pope Francis.

Regarding the results with the time frame of the process of issuing late
slips, a video was taken by the researchers showing the long queue that lasted
for 21 minutes and 15 seconds with the inclusion of the seconds when the
guards were not issuing late slips.

Table 2
Observation Findings

49
Figure 2.1

The total time consumed in issuing the late slips for the students was
1043 seconds or 17.38 minutes for 98 students. The average time taken per
student is 10.64 seconds.
In the post-survey (report sheets) given to the parents, the first three
questions were a checklist wherein during the three-day dry run, they will check if

50
their child was late and check if they received an email. The last two questions
tackle about the effectiveness of the RFID system.

In the first question “Did you experience any problems regarding the email
system?”, all of the respondents answered “no”.

Figure 2.2
Percentage of the respondents’ answer on the question “Do you think the email
system is helpful?”

In the second question “Do you think the email system is helpful?”, 6
respondents answered “no” which is 30% while 14 respondents answered “yes”
which is 70%.

51
 A linearity test has also been conducted to see the credibility of the
program. Evaluation sheets were given to parents and students and after getting
their respective answers, the P-test showed a 39 degrees of freedom, an R-value
of 0.64, a T-stat of 1.76, and a P-value of 0.087252. The results rejected the null
hypothesis of the researchers therefore it shows significance.
Indicators dƒ R-value T-Stat P-value Decisio Interpretatio
n n

Parents and 39 0.64 1.76 0.08725 Reject Significant

Students' Product 2 Ho
Evaluation

After seeing the results, the researchers have inferred that there is really a
need for RFID technology in the school based from the pre-survey, post-survey
and the observation period results. This technology could help make the
checking of attendance efficient and more accurate. The only concern here by
the parents, as mentioned earlier, is the email messaging system since not all
parents actively use their emails.

Conclusion

This paper aims to answer the question: Does the use of the RFID
technology in attendance-checking lessen the time it takes for the guards and
OSAS to process the tardiness of the students?

The null hypothesis states that the RFID system does not lessen the time
it takes to record attendance. Based on the results of the linearity test, the null
hypothesis is rejected and is not supported, therefore shows significance.

In the pre-survey, majority of the respondents agree that modernizing the

checking of attendance by adapting RFID technology within the institution could
help lessen the time consumed than the traditional way. The respondents also

52
agreed that they could have done more things if they weren’t so focused on
checking the attendance.

The post-survey proved that the RFID system is helpful for the parents
since all of them answered yes but some of the parents didn’t approve of the
email since not all of them actively use their emails. One parent suggested to use
SMS instead of the email system.
Since the RFID system is wireless and uses radio waves, it proves the fact
that using radio waves is more efficient and is a quick transmitter of information.
The researchers saw the transmission of information through the radio waves
using electronic gadgets (i.e. RFID scanner, RFID cards, etc.).

With the use of this technology, it can be applied in schools who have not
adapted this yet. It will be useful for those schools who are having trouble in
keeping track of their student’s attendance because of their large quantity. In this
manner, schools can utilize the accuracy of the attendance checking and ensure
the safety of their students.

In terms of the problems that were encountered along creating the

program, the researchers encountered financial problems due to the fact that the
researchers have no stable income. The researchers also had problems
regarding the program itself since every program has its own shortcomings. The
cause of some of the problems were caused by the underdeveloped program
since it’s only a prototype and it’s bound to have lapses.

The researchers would like to recommended a set of additional features

such as an improved interface, a master card for students who left their RFID at
home and a replacement of electronic mail to SMS. For the future researchers,
the researchers recommend them to conduct a comparative study between the
use of RFID and Biometrics in order for them to find more efficient ways to
record attendance.

53
Documentation:

The researchers had a 3-day dry run last January 31 until February 2, 2019. The
pictures below show the materials they used including a laptop, an RFID Scanner,
and 20 RFID cards. The laptop is where the interface can be seen when the RFID
cards are being tapped by a student for attendance, then the RFID scanner will
gather the information regarding the time in of the students.

The next pictures compare the difference between using RFID technology and
the traditional way of checking attendance. It can be observed in those pictures
that it took a long time to check the attendance if they use the traditional way,
unlike in RFID technology, in just one tap, the students’ attendance can be easily
recorded even if you are late.

54
References

Arzamendia, K. et al.(January 2018). Forum Guide to Collecting and Using

Attendance Data. Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2017/NF
ES2017007.pdf.

Bishnoi, R., Mehlawat, L., Kumar, G., & Raut, R. B. (2014). A PROJECT REPORT
ON RFID BASED ATTENDANCE SYSTEM USING GSM. Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/7426832/A_PROJECT_REPORT_ON_RFID_BA
SED_ATTENDENCE_SYSTEM_USING_GSM.

Donovan, J. (2017). How Do Wireless Networks Transmit Data?. Retrieved

from https://blog.commscopetraining.com/h ow-do-wireless- networks-
transmit- data/.

55
Radio: Uses of Radio Waves (19 Feb 2019). Retrieved from
https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/engineering/electrical
/radio/uses-of-radio-waves.

Why Does Your Institute Need An Attendance Management System?. (2019).

Retrieved from https://fedena.com/blog/2018/06/why-does-your-institute-
need-an-attendance-management-system.html.

56
 The Eco-friendly product: “H20ME”

Darwin Catibog, Kit Carlos, Jan Adrian Ciriaco, James Dellosa, John Lloyd Kalata, Dan
Christian Manalili, John Miguel Morales, Gerald Narag, Juan Antonio Garcia, John Patrick
Pinili, Clyde Matthew Uy

Abstract

Today, bioplastic are becoming increasingly prominent to scarcity of oil,

increase in the cost of petroleum-based commodities, and growing
environmental concerns with the dumping of non-biodegradable plastics in
landfill.
The researchers are to create bioplastic as a tumbler/cup for a lesser
plastic waste consumption as the ingredients can mostly be found in every
household: water, vinegar, glycerine and cassava starch (or any other starch).
The goal of our project that we called “Eco-friendly H2OME” is to produce a
biodegradable plastic that is capable of decomposing in 6-12 months after
disposal by activity of microorganism to produce CO2 and H2O from our product
that wouldn’t cause any problems into the environment.
The researchers conducted the trials of the product through
experimentation, researchers discovered that it is possible to produce different
bioplastic products from starch like our H2OME which is safer to the environment
than petroleum and this would help our environment.

Introduction

The basic raw material for all the modern plastics is crude oil and natural
gas. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, environmentalists are campaigning
against their production and usage. In India, plastic wastes accounts for 1 to 4
percent by weight of the total of 80,000 metric tons of Municipal solid waste
generated daily. Plastics (polymers) can be degraded by three different
processes, either independently or in combination: Light or high Heat, and

57
Microbes. In response to increasing public concern over environmental hazard
caused by plastic, many countries are conducting various solid waste
management programs including plastic waste reduction by development of
biodegradable plastic material. There is an intense research for making the
biodegradable plastic material. Some biodegradable plastic materials under
development are: Polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHAs), Poly-lactides, Aliphatic
polyesters, Polysaccharides, and Co-polymers and/or blends of above (Kalia,
Raizada, & Neena. 2000). However, it is possible to produce biodegradable
plastics from bio-wastes with the help of a syntrophic population of microbes of
diverse origins. In today’s world, bioplastics are becoming increasingly prominent
owing mainly to scarcity of oil, increase in the cost of petroleum-based
commodities, and growing environmental concerns with the dumping of non-
biodegradable plastics in landfill. On the other hand bioplastics may require more
but renewable resources resulting in more costs and it may be prone to infection.
Creating a biodegradable water bottle will help to reduce waste management
problems and improve environment and further improving the product to avoid
any infections (Pilla 2011).

The goal of our Eco-Friendly H2OME project is to produce a biodegradable

plastic product that is capable of decomposing after disposal by the activity of
microorganisms to produce the final products CO2 and H2O (Tharanathan 2003)
and wouldn't cause any problems into our environment. Also this material could
be able to withstand very high temperature, up to 110 °C. This material is
biodegradable, this means that it biodegrades through the action of living
organism, incredibly it biodegrades between 6 to 12 months, bioplastic must be
recycled in appropriate facilities, as high temperatures are needed.

Starch biodegradable plastics can be processed using conventional

technologies such as injection molding, blow molding, blown film, extrusion and
thermo forming (Mohanty et al., 2000). The process changes the starch into

58
lactic acid monomers in the polymer chain called polylactide (PLA) or
polyglycolic (PGA). Both PLA and PGA are crystalline polymers, but PLA is more
hydrophobic than PGA. PLA is very brittle and stiff and requires plasticizers for
most applications. High gloss and clarity are other features of PLA plastic. PLA is
distinctive because it can be found in renewable sources such as starches
(Mohanty et al., 2000).

Methodology

The H2OME is an environment friendly product that can be easily made at

home. The researcher first prepared and get the materials needed in doing the
Bioplastic which is water, starch, vinegar, and glycerine. There are three certain
methods in making a bioplastic; The first method is using water, cassava
starch(or any other starch), vinegar and glycerin, the second method is using
gelatin or agar and the last method is molding the bioplastic.

In making H2OME, the researchers uses methods 1 and 3. On using

method 1 we put and mix water and cassava starch in a cooking pot, then added
the vinegar and glycerin while mixing the water with starch. Then turn on the
heat and stirring the mixture continuously, the mixture should turn from liquid
white mixture to a clear gel consistency and when it bubbles turn off the heat to
prevent it from burning. Now we’ll be using method 3 where the gel mixture will
be put into the mold then let it cool for an hour and remove the bubbles by using
sharp objects like toothpicks.Then, Let it cool for 24 hrs(It still depends on how
thick the mixture is on creating the cup/tumbler).

59
Results

Experiment 1: Bioplastic made of corn starch

Fig. 1: Visual appearance of the mixture made of Corn starch.

The researchers find that starch have the capacity to make a

bioplastic cup it was placed outside so it can naturally dry but
unfortunately it became brittle and had a crack at the side which marks it
as a failure.

Experiment 2: Bioplastic made of potato starch

Fig.2: Visual appearance of the mixture made of Potato starch (w/ green food coloring).

60
 The researchers tried to create another bioplastic container after the first
trial ended as a failure.

Fig. 3: sample of bio-plastic from the excess mixture of the potato starch.

Experiment 3: Bioplastic made cassava starch

Fig. 4: Visual appearance of the mixture made of Cassava starch

(w/ stainless steel & green food coloring).

The researchers tries to create another bioplastic container and it is much

faster to dry than the second trial that ended as another failure.

61
Conclusion

H2OME is a kind of bioplastic created from renewable plant resources that

gives a variety of options for making of plastics which is usually derived from
petroleum. It doesn’t have harmful chemicals like bisphenol, it makes lesser
carbon footprints and uses less energy than their conventional counter-parts. As
the researchers conducted the trials of the product through experimentation the
researchers discovered that it’s possible to make different bioplastic products
from starch like the H20ME can be produced which is safer to the environment
than petroleum and would also help diminish the environmental issues.

The weakness of the study is that there is a risk of contamination to the

solution due to the lack of procedures. The researchers suggest to gather more
effective procedures to improve the product to the point where it doesn’t need
the stainless steel as part of the tumbler.

References

Bandini, F. (2018, June 11). DIY Project: Create Your Own Biodegradable Plastic
Cups | Jupiter. Retrieved from
https://jupiterflatware.com/2018/06/19/diy-project-create-your-own-
biodegradable-plastic-
cups/?fbclid=IwAR3BCf2MsyDZIeb9pmtO0iq_9QI_ITM6PuCjYWnrLopYjZK
Hd3TsmexD8sk

Kalia, Raizada, & Neena. (2000, June 01). Bioplastics. Retrieved from
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/26582

Matas, M. N. (2015, April 20). The advantages of bioplastics. Retrieved from

http://www.theenergyofchange.com/advantages-bioplastics

62
Mohanty A. K., M. Misraa, G. Hinrichsen., 2000. ―Biofibres, biodegradable
polymers and biocomposites‖. Technical University of Berlin, Institute of
Nonmetallic Materials, Polymer Physics, Englische Str. 20, D10587 Berlin,
Germany (Received: September 27, 1999; revised: March 2, 2000)

Pilla, S. (2011). Engineering Applications of Bioplastics and Biocomposites — An

Overview. In Handbook of Bioplastics and Biocomposites Engineering
Applications, S. Pilla (Ed.). doi:10.1002/9781118203699.ch1

Tharanathan, R.N. (2003). Biodegradable films and composite coatings: Past,

present and future. Trends in Food Science & Technology,14(3), 71-78.
doi:10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00280-7

63
 Insulite: A Heat and Fire – Resistant Roof Insulator

Ron Christian Alarcon, Andrea Bautista, Helen Bless Capco, Eunica Coline Maralit, Charles
Mark Odavar, Mark Anthony Pagayon, Dan Edward Pahati, Clarence Sesma

Abstract

Every household is at risk of fire incidents especially in the Philippines

since it is a tropical country. This phenomenon led the researchers to make a
roof insulator named Insulite. Insulite, made out of components that can be
found in any household: baking soda, cornstarch, and white craft glue. When
these three are combined, it provides an effective roof insulator. It avoids the
extreme amount of heat to enter the household. When heat enters the Insulite,
the heat is pushed back through the carbon foam that is made possible by the
three components of the insulite. The researchers made three set-ups: the first
set – up is when the insulite was exposed in the blowtorch, then, the second and
third set – up is when the aluminum roof foil insulator and the Insulite was tested
under the same heat temperature from the sun. From the set-ups, it was
observed that there is less heat transfer when using Insulite than when using
aluminum roof foil insulator. The Insulite serves as a safe and reliable roof
insulator for every household.

Introduction

Insulite is an effective fire and heat resistant roof insulator that could be a
great help to a tropical country such as Philippines in stabilizing room
temperature and could help the people prevent any diseases that caused by high
temperature. Furthermore, there are areas wherein houses are crammed together
are prone to fire accidents and this material could help prevent these incidents.
According to BBC, Starlite is a material that could withstand and insulate
extreme heat. A man named Maurice Ward invented the material of a special

64
plastic that could not melt when placed in high temperatures. The material never
came to market. In fact, the creator died and was not able to share the procedure
on how to make the Starlite.
The researchers opt to answer the following questions:
1. How much heat can the aluminium foil resist?
2. How much heat can the insulite resist?
3. What is the difference of insulite and aluminium roof foil insulator in
terms of heat resistance?
4. Can insulite allow heat to transfer?

Hypothesis
Insulite, a heat and fire resistant roof insulator could resist extreme heat
temperature and could repel fire making the said product to have the quality of
being heat and fire resistant roof insulator, such qualities is an indicator of the
product effectiveness in insulation.

Methodology

The researchers first prepared the materials needed in doing the insulite
which is the baking soda, corn starch and regular white glue. In making the
insulite, the researchers filled half of the cup with corn starch and added up 10 %
of baking soda. Then, PVA glue was added. The glue amount was estimated until
it reaches the right consistency that would make the insulite clay – like. Before
testing, the researchers first made it dry. When it was dry enough, the
researchers put the insulite above the plastic cup and then used a blow torch to
test the resistant of the insulite in fire and heat. Based on the results, the insulite
was able to deal with extreme heat temperature having the quality of being fire
and heat resistant.
After testing the effectiveness of insulite, having the capacity to deal with
extreme heat temperature the researchers made an experiment which will test

65
and compare the resistance of insulite roof insulator and aluminum roof insulator
on heat. Using a dollhouse, the researchers put the aluminum roof foil insulator
on half of the dollhouse and the insulite on the other half. On the first day, the
researchers first exposed the aluminum roof foil insulator in to direct sunlight
and observed the temperature using a digital thermometer. On the next day,
insulite was the one being exposed to direct sunlight and it also undergone
observation.
Lastly, the researchers compared the insulite and the aluminum roof
insulator by the use of results based on the experimentation made

Results

Materials Set - Up Result/s

The insulite was located on

The insulite withstand in
top of the plastic cup and
Plastic cup, Insulite and extreme heat temperature
was exposed in extreme
Blowtorch and it repelled the fire
heat temperature of
coming from the blowtorch
blowtorch.

The Aluminum roof foil The Aluminum Roof Foil

insulator was located
Aluminum roof foil
beneath the roof and was
insulator and Dollhouse
exposed in to direct
sunlight
The Insulite was located
beneath the roof and was
Insulite and Dollhouse
exposed in to direct
sunlight
Insulator makes the normal
temperature drops with a
range of 2 – 4 degrees
Celsius
The Insulite makes the
normal temperature drops
with a range of 4 – 8
degrees Celsius

66
Conclusion
The researchers determined the combustibility of Aluminum roof
foil insulator. This material allows some heat to transfer in the room which could
causes inconveniences, diseases and burning of properties, which are rampant in
a tropical country such as the Philippines. The researchers hypothesized that
insulite, a heat and fire - resistant roof insulator is an effective insulation for our
home. It makes room temperature stabilized. The said hypothesis was supported
by the results gathered in the experiment.
The researchers found that insulite is an effective heat and fire - resistant
roof insulator because as it was exposed in extreme heat temperature coming
from the blowtorch it was observed that heat transfer was neglected as fire
repels and as insulite forms carbon foam. For better observation, the researchers
exposed the insulite into direct sunlight and it was observed that it could drop of
at least 4 degrees Celsius up to 8 degrees Celsius and it was noticeably better
than aluminum roof foil insulator that just drop of at least 2 – 4 degrees Celsius.
The researchers then conclude that insulite is a better heat resistant roof
insulator, having a bonus of being fire resistant as well.
As the insulite hit with a blowtorch it quickly turns black and bubbles of
carbon begin to form. Carbon being the most basic component of any organic
material is left behind as a skeleton when any organic matter is heated in an
environment where there is not enough oxygen for a complete combustion
reaction to occur in this case. When the cornstarch begins to burn the baking
soda releases carbon dioxide which replaces the air and protects the carbon as it
forms carbon dioxide that builds up below the surface, pushes the newly formed
carbon outwards as bubbles to get the effect where the deeper the heat goes
into the material the more it’s pushed away by this expanding foam of carbon.
Carbon itself once it’s in this solid state is extremely temperature resistant with
one of the highest melting points of any material. Combined, these things create
an impressive result. Thus, as the insulite exposed into direct sunlight it blocks

67
the sunlight, not allowing heat and or lessen the heat transfer, making the room
temperature stabilized as a result.
Thermodynamics could be applied at home mostly during summer season
where hot temperature is prevalent and so heat transfer is present. Conduction,
convection and radiation are the three methods of heat transfer that could
happen at home. The sunlight radiates to the roof (radiation) and the roof
conducts the heat making it go into the attic floor (conduction) and then spread
going into cooler parts of the house (convection). These applications could be
use by the public for their awareness to the heat transfer and for them to find
intervention with it.
To further test and observe the product effectiveness, the researchers
suggest to make use of insulite in the actual house.

References

BBC. (2018). How does Starlite work?. Retrieved February 11, 2019 from
https://www.bbc.com/reel/playlist/searching-for-starlite?vpid=p06llpln

Welcome to Aerolam Insulations Pvt. Ltd. - Saving Energy Saving Green. (n.d.).
Retrieved from http://www.aerolaminsulations.com/roofs.php

Welcome to Aerolam Insulations Pvt. Ltd. - Saving Energy Saving Green. (n.d.).
Retrieved February 11, 2019, from
http://www.aerolaminsulations.com/quest-ans.php

Technically Speaking: Principles of Heat Transfer. (2016, March 11). Retrieved

March 11, 2019, from http://www.bpihomeowner.org/blog/technically-
speaking-principles-heat-transfer

68
What happened to `starlite', a material with seemingly miraculous heat-resisting
properties invented by a former hairdresser and made from the chemicals
and potions he had at work? Did the inventor persuade anyone to back
him? | Notes and Queries | guardian.co.uk.(2011). Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,5753,-
5575,00.html

Appendix
Experiment 1: Insulite and Blowtorch.
a.) The researchers first prepared the materials needed in creating insulite.
b.) The researchers filled half of the cup with cornstarch.
c.) The researchers added at least 10 % of baking soda.
d.) The glue amount was estimated until it reaches the right consistency that
would make the insulite clay – like.
e.) The researchers made it dry.
f.) The final insulite was exposed in extreme heat temperature coming from
the blowtorch.
g.) For safety, the insulite was placed on top of the paper cup, and the
persons near keep themselves in distance while it undergoes in process.

69
 Experiment 2: Aluminum roof foil insulator and Dollhouse
a.) The researchers placed the aluminum roof foil insulator beneath the roof
of the dollhouse.
b.) The said insulator was exposed into direct sunlight.
c.) Observation was listed.

Experiment 3: Insulite and Dollhouse

a.) The researchers placed the insulite beneath the roof of the dollhouse.
b.) The insulite was exposed into direct sunlight.
c.) Observation was listed.

70
 Health-T: A Medical Assistance Robot

Bienvenido Christian C. Calingo, Bithiah Pelaiah T. Corpuz., Geezan Loi D. Esteron, Joaquin
Miguel M. Ignacio, Joanna Collene G. Mendoza, Yvonne Margaret C. Mina, Cullen Hewitt E.
Morales, Mykki Angelica E. Oliva, John Carlo D. Panganiban, Jericho Carl B. Tismo

Abstract
The researchers developed a robot named Health-T to provide alternative
medical assistance to the medical-dental clinic of Pasig Catholic College in
preventing healthcare-induced distress that was common among pediatric
patients. Health-T provided initial tests for body temperature and featured a text-
to-speech question-based program to assess ailment(s) while being amiable to
children. 73% of grade school advisers and 3 out of 3 clinic staff respondents
were aware of the prevalence of healthcare-induced distress occurring among
children; while a range of 1 to 3 cases of healthcare-induced distress was
handled by 59% grade school advisers; however, none of the clinic staff
respondents handled such cases. The data demonstrated that children with
healthcare-induced distress would rather choose to be left untreated than to be
medically examined. It was determined that Health-T was a suitable alternative
medical assistant in preventing healthcare-induced distress. Results had
validated the robot to be in high quality, amiable, important in medical
infrastructures, and highly recommended in the medical field.

Introduction
Individuals, starting from birth to adolescence, are suggested to undergo an
average of thirty-one (31) times of medical examinations as basic healthcare to
observe a healthy lifestyle; however, treatments and procedures varies from
patient’s age. An example of which is the age-old fear of children, vaccination
(Lerwick, 2016). Regardless of invasiveness or noninvasiveness processes
involved, Clough et al. (2011) mentioned that children become distressed during

71
medical examinations. It hinders the treatment process. Furthermore, it is
confirmed that distress is known to be present in the medical examination proper
itself. Expression of timid or intense emotions is the children’s form of showing
of distress. If this situation is ignored, it may lead to psychological trauma to the
patient.
Lerwick (2016) stated that medical professionals should maximize their
efforts in addressing healthcare-induced distress through utilizing strategies to
ensure success in regular medical examinations especially for children. Breazeal
et al. (2016) also emphasized that children’s attention are caught by robots that
relay information.
The study aimed to assess if the medical providers of Pasig Catholic
College are aware of Healthcare-Induced Distress (HCID) that cause anxiety and
trauma to patients of young age; if Health-T, a medical assistance robot, would
aid the medical providers of Pasig Catholic College during medical assessments;
and if the school clinic would utilize Health-T to lessen the cases of HCID.
As an intervention to healthcare-induced distress, the researchers
developed an amiable medical robot named Health-T. Its goal was to assist and
not to substitute the role of clinic staff by “pacifying” children with HCID using the
robot’s amiable and interactive features; and, through this, eliminate the
prevalence and further cases of healthcare-induced distress.

Methodology
The researchers first conceptualized the features and functions that
the robot would be able to do. Parameters for the robot features were
established. These features and functions were based from the data derived
from the interviews the researchers had conducted with Pasig Catholic College’s
clinic staff. The researchers found out which illnesses were the most common
cases among the school clinic’s young patients under the Grade School
Department. To follow through with the vision for the robot, the researchers also
came up with a design that would be most amiable to children and, at the same

72
time, portable and convenient for use. The initial design, as seen in [Image 1],
resembles that of a robot toy that children plays with. Speakers are seen in the
front side, below the LCD TFT Screen which displays an image that stands as the
robot’s face.

[Image 1]

In materializing the robot, materials were carefully chosen, then

bought and used to match with the researchers’ choice of programming
software, namely, the Arduino IDE Software. With the necessary materials on
hand, the researchers proceeded to wiring. As seen in [Image 2] of the schematic
diagram for wiring, male to male jumper cables were used to connect the Arduino
Mega microcontroller, SD Card module, speaker, and temperature probe
altogether to the breadboard.

73
 [Image 2]

The programming process immediately followed through. The programs were

made with the help of the Arduino IDE Software. Still highly anchored with the
data gathered from the interview, the program followed a flowchart [Image 3] for
the text-to-speech feature of the robot. This feature follows through our goal to
make the robot more encouraging and fun for the children.

[Image 3]

74
 The flowchart demonstrated the process of the question-based
program of Health-T’s kiosk feature. Initially, Health-T will perform an
introduction to the patient; then, ask for the patient’s concern with the choices,
“not feeling well” and “body ache”. If the patient chooses “not feeling well”,
Health-T will offer the temperature probe in place of a thermometer for axillary
temperature or placing the probe in the armpit to verify symptom(s) of fever.
Thereafter, the Health-T will determine if the temperature is above normal or not.
The Health-T will then instruct the following treatment and feedback for the
patient. If the patient chooses “body ache”, the Health-T will then ask the patient
if he/she is having headache, toothache, or stomachache. Afterwards, the Health-
T will administer the corresponding treatment and feedback of the patient.

The script for Health-T’s text-to-speech feature is written in a

conversational and sympathetic manner for the patients to feel safe in using the
robot for medical examination.

Input Audio
Hi! I’m Health-T, your medical assistance robot.
Introduction
How are you feeling today?
Oh, dear, that must’ve bothered you in class;
but not to worry! I am here to help you. First, we
need to run some test to know what your
Not feeling well
sickness is and how we should treat it. Please
take my tail and place it between your armpits.
Then, we wait for a few moments.
Oh my, you have a fever! This might be the
reason you’re not feeling well.

Above normal Right then, we must take care of you! You

should take some Paracetamol to make you
feel better. You might think that it would taste
bad, but don’t you worry. There are available

75
 flavors that you definitely like. Some
Mefenamic would help too.

Alright then, please wait while the doctor/nurse

gets you the medicine.
Normal Your temperature is normal, so no fever!

Input Audio
Good, but we must find out why you’re not
feeling well. To make sure, the doctor/nurse
Normal
will aid you. Don’t worry, they are there to help
you feel better.
Oh no, an ache is not to be taken lightly. It will
most probably decrease your performance in
Body Ache
class. We must know what it is that you are
feeling . . . so what is it?
Oh, you need to take Paracetamol. Applying
some Topical Analgesic to your temples can
help reduce the ache. It might smell weird; but,
with it, you’ll definitely heal faster and feel
Headache
better.

Please wait for the doctor/nurse to get you

some medication.
Oh, you will be needing to apply Aceite de
Manzanilla or Efficascent Oil to your tummy! It
will be a little tingly and might feel cold, but it
Stomach Ache will take the ouchies away!

Please wait for the doctor/nurse to prepare you

some.
That must’ve hurt. You will need to take some
Toothache Ibufropen/put icepack/gargle salt-water
solution. It won’t take a while. Doing so would

76
 take the ouchies greatly!

Please wait for the doctor/nurse.

Sickness shouldn’t be ignored. You must take
good care of your body! Thank you for dropping
Ending statement
by for a check-up. Remember, stay healthy with
Health-T!

Along with programming, trials were performed to test the accuracy

and efficacy of the robot. As seen in [Image 4.1], initial tests of body temperature
were done for the configuration of the temperature probe. The temperature
ranging from 33.88 °C to 35.63 °C for Celsius and 92.97 °F to 96.12 °F for
Fahrenheit were displayed. On the other hand, [Image 4.2] demonstrated the code
used for the temperature to be read and displayed on the TFT LCD Screen.

[Image 4.1] [Image 4.2]

77
 After the programming and trials, the completion of the housing’s
design and outer appearance were made. The measurements of the housing,
shown in [Image 5.1], were designed to be portable. The blueprint for the
measurements of the housing were made with the help of the AutoCAD Software.
On the other hand, the final design of the outer appearance of the robot, as seen
in [Image 5.2], were improved to make it look more like a toy for amiability. The
researchers decided to place the speaker at the back of the housing and place
the logo in front instead. This is done in order for the robot to have its branding
displayed in a place that is visible. More shapes portraying that of blinkers and
buttons were also added in for the robot’s visual design.

78
[Image 5.1]

79
Results

In this portion of the Scientific Report Paper, the presentation and enumeration of
data gathered from survey executed by the researchers are found.

Table 1
Awareness of Grade School Advisers and Clinic Staff to Healthcare-Induced
Stress
Choices Frequency (Grade School Advisers) Frequency (Clinic Staff)
Yes 16 3
No 6 0
Total 25

Healthcare-induced distress was an existing problem in the Grade School

Department of Pasig Catholic College, with a favorable response of 72.73% as
assessed by the grade school levels 1 to 3 advisers and 3 out of 3 clinic staff
respondents.
Table 2
Cases of Healthcare-Induced Distress among Students of Grade Levels 1 to 3
Frequency (Grade Frequency (Clinic
Class
School Advisers) Staff)
None 9 3
1 to 3 students/patients 13 0
4 to 6 students/patients 0 0
7 to 9 students/patients 0 0
Total 25

59% of the advisers reported a range of 1 to 3 handled cases of

healthcare-induced distress while none of the clinic staff handled such cases.

80
 Table 3
Intervention for Healthcare-Induced Stress
Frequency (Grade Frequency (Clinic
Choices
School Advisers) Staff)
Yes 17 3
No 5 0
Total 25

77% of advisers and 3 out of 3 clinic staff respondents offered

intervention for healthcare-induced distress.

Table 4
Type of Intervention for Healthcare-Induced Distress
Type Frequency (Grade Frequency (Clinic
School Advisers) Staff)
Distraction 8 2
Child-Parental Preparation 18 3
Positive Interaction 15 1
Discussion of reason 6 1
Discussion of procedure 11 1
Evaluation of Medical
9 0
Examination
Others 0 0

With the highest response rate of 81.82% for grade school advisers and 3
out of 3 responses from the clinic staff, Child-Parental Preparation is the most
commonly offered intervention for healthcare-induced distress in Pasig Catholic
College.

81
 Table 5
Cause of Healthcare-Induced Stress
Causes Frequency (Grade Frequency (Clinic
School Advisers) Staff)
Developmental Level or Limited
5 2
Cognitive Development
Loss of Autonomy 10 1
Sense of danger 10 0
Lack of competence 8 1
Fear of mutilation and suffering 18 0
Vaccination 16 0
Disease 5 1
Surgery 3 0
Others 0 1

Results had shown that 81.82% of the grade school advisers discerned
Fear of mutilation and suffering as the leading cause of healthcare induced
distress while 66.67% of the clinic staff identified the Limited Cognitive
Development of the child.

The clinic staff, furthermore, reported in the interview that the most
common ailments among young patients were headache, stomach ache,
toothache and fever. Moreover, 3 out of 3 clinic staff respondents, according to
the interview, were in favor of using Health-T in the Medical-Dental Clinic of Pasig
Catholic College.
Upon conducting evaluation through interview, 5 out of 5 children affirmed
the assistance made by the robot and made them feel better. Also, the robot
verified to be amiable appearance-wise and recommended to be used again by
the children.

82
 In correspondence with this, the researchers also conducted an evaluation
to the children’s attending guardian or medical provider. From 1 to 10, 3 out of 5
interviewees rated the robot to be in high quality and validated its amiability, 4
out of 5 stated that it is important in medical infrastructures; and highly
recommended the robot in the medical field.

Conclusion
59% of the respondents reported a range of 1 to 3 handled cases of
healthcare-induced distress. This support the favorable response about
healthcare-induced distress as an existing problem in the Grade School
Department of Pasig Catholic College, with a rate of 72.73%. In line with this,
Lerwick (2016) stated that using strategies ensure success in regular medical
examinations especially for children, 77% of the respondents offered an
intervention for this existing problem such as using an inviting physical
environment, positive interaction, child-parental preparation and other
interventions stated on findings in the previous section. However, these following
interventions did not exclude the prevalence of healthcare-induced distress.

The clinic staff reported in the interview conducted by the researchers that
headache, stomach ache, toothache and fever were the most common ailments
among young patients of Pasig Catholic College. Clough et al. (2011) mentioned
that children become distressed during medical examinations. Results had
shown that 81.82% of grade school advisers discerned “fear of mutilation and
suffering” to be the major cause of healthcare-induced stress and 66.67% of
clinic staff respondents identified “limited cognitive development”. Based from
the interview, 3 out of 3 clinic staff were in favor of using Health-T as an
alternative medical assistance in the Medical-Dental Clinic of Pasig Catholic
College.

The findings of the researchers' study was proven to be significant in

preventing healthcare-induced distress that causes anxiety and trauma among

83
patients of young age. As for the results of the pre-evaluation, 3 out of 3 clinic
staff respondents agreed on utilizing Health-T as an alternative medical
assistance in preventing healthcare -induced distress. In line with this, post-
evaluation had verified the robot to had assisted children and made them feel
better. Appearance-wise, the robot proved to be amiable, given the affirmation of
the children. Furthermore, evaluation from the children’s attending guardian or
medical provider validated the robot to be in high quality, amiable, important in
medical infrastructures, and highly recommended in the medical field.

References
Breazeal, C. et al. (2016). Young Children Treat Robots as Informants. doi:
https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12192
Clough, V. et al. (2011). Multimethod Assessment of Children’s Distress During
Noninvasive Outpatient Medical Procedures: Child and Parent Attitudes
and Factors. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jss005
Lerwick, J. (2016). Minimizing Pediatric Healthcare-induced Anxiety and Trauma.
doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v5.i2.143

84
 Corn Husk as a Raw Material in Producing a Flame Proof Lampshade

Christian Arcangel, Krixxianne Lilang, Ysabel Lontoc, John Emmanuel Sabularse, Marielle
Santos, Ralph Saulog, Bea Solis, Antoinette Sugay, Renelle Trigal, Sofia Usita, Marielle
Vaay
Abstract
Corn, also called Indian corn or maize, comes from the family of
grass (Poaceae). The researchers have thought to bring corn husks a new
context and to promote a hand-made and environment-friendly product
which is a lamp shade. The main product, corn husk, was simmered for 2
hours, molded, and dried up for hours. The product has mixture of baking
soda, cornstarch, and sodium hydroxide. The output, lampshade, has only
20% cornstarch, 5% of baking soda, sodium hydroxide, water and 65% of
cornstarch. To enhance the capability of the product we turned it to a
flame proof lampshade with the use of borax solution. The crystalline
structure of the borax made the flame proof capacity of the lampshade
possible.

Keywords: Borax; Corn; Corn husk; Flame proof; Flame retardant;

Lampshade

Introduction

Waste has been one of the problems all over the world; proper waste
managements had gone through and clearly not everyone is on board. As time
progresses by the entire human race is manufacturing wastes more than the
expected leading to the destruction of our environment. Corn husks are one of
those materials that generally goes straight into disposal because in reality they
have no use at all, besides from cooking, other than that nothing. According to
delos Santos, W.L, et al. (2002), it is also one of the most important and
dominant crop to be grown in the Philippines as also suggested by a statistic in

85
Philippine News Agency (PNA) showing that just over the first quarter in 2018,
approximately 2.48 million metric tons of corns have been harvested.

The large section of corn and the geometrically increase of its waste in
our country can be reduced by innovating it into a product. As a greener way to
help save and preserve our environment, we, the researchers, have thought to
bring corn husks a new context and to promote a hand-made and environment-
friendly product which is a lamp shade. The researchers would like to use the
corn husk waste and turn it into a flame proof paper which can help reduce the
waste, be profitable, and save to the environment.

Methodology

This study uses experimental research approach and doesn’t involve any
human participation. According to Choudhury & Kumar (2017) flame retardant
has its flammability requirements: having little or no adverse effect on the
textile’s physical properties, retaining the textile’s aesthetics and physiological
properties, and being durable to repeated home launderings, tumble dryings and
dry cleaning. Throughout the development of the product, the researchers have
done different kinds of ways to produce a quality fire retardant paper corn husk
that will be used as a lampshade. Corn husk, baking soda, & water are the main
substance of the product. It is the starting material of each trials. Use 1 tbsp. of
baking soda per ¼ of water. Simmer it for 2 hours or more. After the required
hours, mold it to make a precise size of the silkscreen. Each trial started like this,
but in the last few trials the researchers used blender to come up with a refined
fiber of corn. Also, put some cornstarch for a compact output of the husk.
In fulfilling the goal of the product, dissolved borax to water was used to
effectively come up with a flame proof lampshade. Soak the lampshade to the
solution and carefully spread the crystalline structure of the borax to the corn
husk lampshade. Set it aside and wait for it to dry up.

86
Results

Table 1.0 Distribution of the Initial Substance such as Corn Husk, Baking Soda, Water

Materials Amount Used Percentage Output

Corn Husk 20 shanks 66.7%

Baking Soda 5 tbsp. 16.7%

Water 5 cups 16.7%

In the first trial, the paper was molded by compressing the fiber in the
silkscreen as a way of eliminating excess water from the liquefied corn husk
fiber which caused the output to appear crumpled and have an indefinite shape

Table 2.0 Distribution of the Initial Substance such as Corn Husk, Baking Soda, Water, Sodium
Hydroxide

Materials Amount Used Percentage Output

Corn Husk 20 shanks 58%

Baking Soda 5 tbsp. 14.3%

Water 5 cups 14.3%

Sodium Hydroxide 5 tbsp. 14.3%

Although the process of molding of the 1st and 2nd trials were different,
their outputs were slightly similar aside from the color in which the 2nd trial was

87
lighter because of the 5 tbsp. of sodium hydroxide mixed in. The flexibility and
thickness of the two outputs only varied.

Table 3.0 Distribution of the Initial Substance such as Corn Husk, Baking Soda, Water, Sodium
Hydroxide, Paper

Materials Amount Used Percentage Output

Corn Husk 20 shanks 52.7%

Baking Soda 5 tbsp. 13.2%

Water 5 cups 13.2%

Sodium Hydroxide 5 tbsp. 13.2%

½ Crosswise Paper 3 pcs. 7.9%

(Shredded)

As a result, the corn husk paper produced a smooth texture and white in
color. Although if the corn husk paper is too thick, the paper will have creases
and possibly be too hard to be molded as seen in the output.

Table 4.0 Distribution of the Initial Substance such as Corn Husk, Baking Soda, Water, Sodium
Hydroxide, Cornstarch

Materials Amount Used Percentage Output

Corn Husk 20 shanks 20%

Baking Soda 5 tbsp. 5%

Water 5 cups 5%

Sodium Hydroxide 5 tbsp. 5%

Cornstarch Solution 65 tbsp 65%

88
 The 4th trial is almost also the same as the steps shown in trial 2 using 1
tbsp. of baking soda per 1/4 of water, rinsing and boiling of the corn husk and
refining it in the silk screen apart from drenching the corn husk paper in a
dissolved cornstarch after blending the boiled corn husk.

Table 5.0 Distribution of the Initial Substance such as Corn Husk, Ash Soda, Water, Sodium
Hydroxide, Cornstarch

Materials Amount Used Percentage Output

Corn Husk 20 shanks 20%

Ash Soda 5 tbsp. 5%

Water 5 cups 5%

Sodium Hydroxide 5 tbsp. 5%

Cornstarch 65 tbsp 65%

The usage of ash soda has a big impact to the output. The product
became fragile and it is easy to be tear up.

Table 6.0 Flame Proof with the Use of Plaster of Paris

Materials Amount Used Percentage Output

Paper 8 pcs. 16.4%

(shredded)
Water 5 tbsp. 10.3%

Baking Soda 32 tbsp. 67%

Vinegar 2 tbsp. 4.4%

Plaster of Paris 1 tbsp. 2.1%

89
 The fire proof process did work on the paper in the output, the paper’s
quality was severely affected. The paper can’t be molded into a whole flat piece
of paper, and the texture of the shredded papers turned rough and made it solid
because of the plaster of paris. Due to this results, the researchers decided to
turn the corn husk paper into flame proof in the 2nd trial.

Table 6.1 Flame Proof with the Use of Borax

Materials Amount Used Percentage Output

Borax 7 tbsp. 63.7

Water 4 cups 36.5%

In this trial, the researchers used 1 cup of sodium borate or borax for short
to make the paper fire resistant/retardant. The corn husk paper is drenched into
a dissolved borax solution and then dried. After the drying process, the corn husk
paper successfully became fire retardant as shown in the output in which the
paper when exposed to fire does not spread it but rather, the fire only damages it.

90
Conclusion

Flame proof doesn’t fully prevent the object to be burn but to refrain it as
another root in spreading fire. It can help reduce the waste, be profitable, and
save to the environment. Due to unfavorable physical property of the different
trials, we come up to use the 4 trial, 20 shanks of corn husk were used, 5 tbsp. of
th

baking soda, 1 kg of cornstarch and 20 cups of water, because of its outstanding

physical quality. Its thickness isn’t bulky and dense enough to cover the light that
bulb emits. The lampshade is compact enough to avoid ripping. Also, its folding
endurance in terms of its possible aesthetical output. On the other hand, borax as
our flame retardant helps us utilize the paper effectively. After the chemical has
been applied to the paper, it maintains the physical feature of the corn husk
paper. Borate (BO ), has the ability to release water from their crystalline
3
-3

structure.

Future researchers may use this study as a reference. According to

Ahrens, M. (2011). Using candles for light can be dangerous. The highest
percentage of home candle fires started in the bedroom which is more than one-
third (36%). According to Chiu, R. (2018). 12 cases of fire alarms in the beginning
months of 2018 were from electrical connections also known as “octopus”
connections. Once the fire started, there is a big possibility that it will spread
because of the wood, cloth and other materials in the building/house. Since it is
fireproof the fire will spread only throughout the solution and prevent it from
spreading. To prevent that from happening the solution may help to stop the start
of the fire and it can also prevent the fire from spreading.

91
Appendix

Documentation

Ingredients

Corn husks (20 shanks of corn) Water

5 tbsp. of baking soda 1kg of cornstarch

20 cups of water 1 cup of borax

Procedures for flame retardant cornhusk paper

1. Remove the shanks of the corn husks, Use 1 tbsp of baking soda per ¼ of
water. After mixing the soda ash, add the corn husk and stir them in gently.
Simmer it for 2 hours.

Figure 1.0 Figure 2.0

2. Rinse the corn husk, thoroughly to make sure the soda ash is gone. Use
blender to completely refine the simmered corn husk.

92
 Figure 3.0 Figure 4.0

3. Soak it to the water with dissolved cornstarch. Mold it with the use of
silkscreen.

Figure 5.0 Figure 6.0

4. Set it aside until it is completely dry.

Figure 7.0

5. Once the cornhusk paper is completely dry, mix the borax powder and water
well in a huge bowl.

93
 Figure 8.0

12. Soak the cornhusk paper to the mixture. Let them dry well.

Materials for the lamp

Popsicle sticks Wire

Barbeque sticks Bulb

Long nose pliers Plug

Scissors Screws & Screwdriver

Wood glue Hinges

Procedures in making the lamp

1. Take two sticks. Align the sticks and form a square in the opposite direction of
the two sticks. Use sticks and glue them using craft glue the edge of the square.

2. Now you will need ten popsicle sticks until the four wooden squares. Start by
gluing two popsicle sticks on the opposite edges of the other two sticks.

3. For the next level, you will need 14 popsicle sticks. Repeat the same operation
as previous instructions. Let everything dry.

4. Stich the corn husk paper on each sides of lamp to cover it.

5. Attach the base of the lamp and its cover by using hinges.

6. Attach the light bulb to the light socket. Attach the wire to the light socket.7

94
7. Once everything is settled for the lightning of your lamp and base of the lamp,
you'll need to attach them together.

Final Lampshade Final Product

References

Choudhury, R & Kumar, A. (2017). Flame and Fire Retardant Finishes. Principle of
Textile Finishing. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-
100646-7.00008-4

Katović, D. et al. (2009). Flame Retardancy of Paper Obtained with

Environmentally Friendly Agents. FIBRES & TEXTILES. , Vol. 17, No. 3 (74)
pp. 90-94.

F. Fu, & E. Xu (2017). Functional pretreatments of natural raw materials. Advanced

Hugh Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/flame-retardant

Norashikin M.Z. & Ibrahim M.Z. (2009). The Potential of Natural Waste (Corn
Husk) for
Production of Environmental Friendly Biodegradable Film for Seedling. Retrieved
from https://waset.org/publications/15594/the-potential-of-natural-

95
 waste-corn-husk-for-production-of-environmental-friendly-biodegradable-
film-for-seedling

Teves, C. (2018). PH Corn Production up 4.66% in 1 Quarter. Philippine News

st

Agency. Retrieved from http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1035104

Zafar, S. (2018). Agricultural Waste in the Philippines. BioEngery Consult.

Retrieved from https://www.bioenergyconsult.com/agricultural-
resources-in-philippines/

96
 E-Breeze: A Windmill Energized Power Bank

Shekinah Abalajon, Arthur Abasola, Princess Abubacar, Jomer Adan, Ashley Bansale,
Jonas Genova, Jerome Hipolito, Eunice Mariñas, Christian Kyle Reyes, Chuckie
Ruiz, Jasmine Torda

Abstract
This journal introduces the product "E-breeze", a windmill operated
power bank where wind energy is the primary source of power. E-breeze
generates mechanical energy from the wind that converts into electrical energy
to charge devices. To fully construct the product, the researchers attached the
body, where the battery is installed, to the windmill. The wiring is set up to
conduct energy from the rotation of the propeller to the battery. Various tests
were conducted, and the finished product was then tested to determine its
effectiveness. Results reveal that the E-Breeze power bank can sufficiently
charge a mobile device with a battery capacity of more than 2000mAh for 1.5 to
2.0 hours. In conclusion, E-breeze has the ability to provide enough power to
electronic devices. The researchers then presented further improvements of the
product such as longevity to battery life.

Introduction

The Philippines has become the third most natural disaster-prone country
in the world due to its geographical location - not only is it in the Pacific Typhoon
Belt, but the Philippines is also located within the Pacific Ring of Fire. Since 1990,
the country has been affected by 565 natural hazard events. An average of 20
typhoons make landfall in the Philippines every year, becoming stronger and
more devastating over the last decade. (Schuengel, F. 2018)

97
 Natural disasters often negatively affect the locals as well as the
environment with problems such as damaged infrastructures and public health
issues. Another concern caused by disasters are power outages - as severe
weather results in either damaged electrical equipment or safety precautions that
call for emergency shutdowns. Loss of electricity may leave many of those
affected by these calamities without a mean of communication, which can cause
distress and concern especially during emergencies. Despite the efforts of local
governments, many locals are unable to communicate effectively with others.

The Philippines is exposed to high incidents of catastrophic events such

as tropical storms, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and
droughts.
This journal is aimed in gearing a product that will support the needs of
those often affected by natural disasters, such as the Filipinos.

Technology advances every year; the community continually develops

through research and invention, with each making a difference in the lives of the
citizens. One of the known products that make a difference to local citizens are
power banks. It was invented for storing electrical energy and later use it to
charge up mobile devices; it is a portable generator for your mobile devices. One
of the benefits of power banks is to prolong your battery life especially for
emergency purposes such as lack of electricity. Furthermore, the increasing
usage of electronic devices equipped with rechargeable batteries such as mobile
phones, Bluetooth speakers, headphones and all boosts the growth of the
demands of power banks. However, the extensive utilization of natural and
renewable energy sources is needed to limit the burden of non-renewable energy
sources, primarily because consuming a large number of fossil fuels drives the
increasing problem of climate change, air and environmental pollution (Asfaha,
Assres, & Melaku, 2017). For that, the researchers have invented a product that
will give assistance to the community in regarding to problems concerning
electricity. At the same time, it focuses on the use of a cost-efficient renewable

98
energy source. Wind energy is one of the most promising sustainable power
sources; it is a very important factor in this product seeing that it will serve as
mechanical energy to be transferred as electrical energy wherefore it can
produce enough power. As it produces electricity, consumers will benefit from it
because the product will supply enough energy to their valuable gadgets and for
them to save more money.

The Windmill Electric Generator will serve as their “mimic-like” power bank
but this time, the portable windmill generator will create its own electricity by the
use of wind converted to mechanical energy then by that time, it will function as
electrical energy. The said product is portable since the researchers assured that
it will be handy like the power bank wherefore the consumers can use it in case
of an emergency and this product also will showcase as an essential tool in
travelling

Methodology

In order to fully construct the product, the researchers connected the

insulated copper wire to the printed circuit board, which served as the thermal
sensor to regulate the temperature of the battery, then connect the battery to the
metal plate. Afterwards, the insulated copper wire was connected to the 12 Volts
DC motor; then attached it to the input of the printed circuit board. This made it
possible to make the windmill fragment of the machine capable of producing
electrical energy in its process. Lastly, the researchers cautiously placed the
small fan in the 12 Volts DC motor, and all printed circuit board were placed into
the plastic casing.

Once the general safety tests were accomplished, the researchers proceeded on
making the housing which is constructed using plastic to lower the
expense of the product. They used three batteries, each battery consisting
of 3300 mAh; a total of 9900 mAh capacity. The whole part of the power
bank itself is connected to a printed circuit board as this is suited for
portable applications because of its complete constant voltage and

99
 overall package. After assembling all parts, it was finished off with a white
and silver coating of paint for design and aesthetics. Results

The following are the different conditions that the researchers have
tested in order to see determine the effectiveness of the product. The
trials are the charging conditions that most people would often use due to
the unique features of the product, E-Breeze.

Table 1:

The Charging and Endurance Rate of the E-Breeze Product. The smartphone
used in these trials is a phone that has a 3,000mAh battery.

The product E-Breeze was able to charge the phone that has a
3,000mAh battery in an average of 51% charge starting from a battery
drained phone with a charge time of 60
minutes.

100
Table 2:

The Charging and Endurance Rate of the E-Breeze Product. The smartphone
used in these trials is a phone has a 3,300mAh battery.

Breeze was able to charge the phone that has a 3,300mAh battery
in an average of 46.3% charge starting from a battery drained phone with a
charge time of 60 minutes per charge.

Table 3:

The Charging and Endurance Rate of the E-Breeze Product. The

smartphone used in these trials is a phone has a 1,810 battery.

101
 The E-Breeze was able to charge the phone that has a 1,810mAh
battery in an average of 78.3% charge starting from a battery drained
phone with a charge time of 60 minutes per charge.

Graph 1:

Comparison of the three devices used in the charging tests.

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
30minutes 60minutes 1.5hours 2 hours
3000mAh 3300mAh 1810mAh
102
 Graph 1 shows the charging rate of the three sized cellular phones
that are used in the tests. Results will vary depending on the software and
hardware capabilities of the said device used, but the graph still shows
that the E-Breeze is well-capable of providing adequate power to the three
devices used.

Graph 2:

Comparison of the two motors used in the testing of the capacity of the
electricity produced by the power bank.

Motor Y, was unable to provide the needed output of volts to charge

even a single cellular phone, thus when the researchers tested Motor X,
the needed output was more than enough to suffice the needs of charging
even two cellular phones at the same time during testing phase of the two
motors use.

Graph 3:

Charging Rate of E-Breeze Product

103
 Wind Mill Motor

USB-port

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

3 Hours 6 Hours 9 Hours 12 Hours 15 Hours

The tests above exhibit the averaged charging rates of the E-Breeze
product via micro-USB port, and by the use of its windmill motor. The charging
rate of the micro-USB port is far superior than the windmill’s motor.

Conclusion

The increasing rate of natural disasters occurring in the Philippines shows

no indication of abating. Year after year, tropical storms have become more
powerful, causing larger amounts of damage to infrastructure and property (Mei,
W. 2016). Power becomes a valuable commodity. E-breeze may help alleviate
these initial problems providing natural energy to the mobile phones which we
rely on heavily to communicate.

The results of the product are mainly focused on the use of a type of
mechanical energy - more specifically kinetic energy. Mechanical energy is
formed through the movement of certain objects such as a flowing river or
windmill turbine. According to the law of Physics, the windmill consumes the air
which rotates the blades of the windmill, producing movements that fall to
mechanical energy. When the windmill blades move continuously, it will create
enough energy that will produce electrical energy which will be stored inside the
battery.

104
 One of the conditions found when testing the product deals with the
internal components of the gadgets used. Results will always vary depending on
the gadget and cable used. Under a variety of tests, of different circumstances,
the researchers concluded that the windmill-powered power bank has the ability
to provide sufficient power to electronic devices. This has the potential of
opening wider possibilities in acquiring electrical power during calamities that
affect power distribution. Tables’ 1-3, elaborated that the E-breeze has the ability
to provide enough electricity to power deprived mobile devices. This proves that
whether the device is naturally charged through wind energy or with the use of a
micro-USB cable, the product maintained its display of efficiently supplying
power to electronic devices.

There were no observed issues for the E-breeze product with battery life
and other outcomes, therefore concluding it as a success. The researchers
ensure that the products undergo quality checks, and will be sold to the
customers with the approval of a professional - thus, the price is worth according
to the guaranteed value of the product.
After conducting this product development research, the researchers
present the following recommendations for further improvements of the product
and the concept of the E-Breeze:

Additional charging features. The inclusion of charging batteries such as

double AAs, and the ability to charge more demanding gadgets like laptops. This
would make it easier to charge flashlight batteries, hand-held radios, etc. Also, to
keep up with the trend of major cellular phone companies like Samsung, Apple,
and Huawei: a feature for wireless charging could be added for it to be
accessible to a wider variety of gadgets. Despite it being used for emergencies,
this will make the E-Breeze more flexible when used in recreational activities as it
can be used as a wireless charging pad.

Longevity to battery life and addition of USB-Type C support. Power banks

are used relatively often for people who are always using their phones to keep in

105
 track of the trends, playing games, or capturing the moment with their cameras.
With the E-Breeze only having 9900mAh, this may not be enough for certain
people, especially with the case of people borrowing others’ power banks. A
higher capacity will make the product more appealing, also considering the
addition of USB-Type C to keep it up with the trend of the technology today.

Appendix

Procedures

2. First connect the insulated copper wire 1. The battery LG-HBG connected to
(BN-43) to the PCB Board (TP-4056) to the metal plate.
regulate the temperature of the battery

3. Bind the insulated copper wire to the 12V DC 4. Use a hand drill to test if the motor is working
Motor.

106
5. Assemble the power button and LED to the 6. Attach the wind blade to the 12V DC Motor
PCB Board

7. Prepare the housing of the unit 8. Connect the LED into the casing

9. Attach the 3-toggle switch 10. Test if the LED is working

107
11. Attach the galvanized metal pole to the 12. Final Product
plastic casing

References

Asfaha, G. &, Assres, J., & Melaku, S. (2017). Design and development of solar
power generating apparels. Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion
Technology, 1(4). Retrieved from
https://medcraveonline.com/JTEFT/JTEFT-01-00022.pdf

Carrington, D. (2016, September 5). Asian typhoons becoming more intense,

study finds. Retrieved from:
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/sep/05/asian-
typhoons-becoming-more-intense-study-finds

Schuengel, F. (2018, September 3.). Philippines Now the 3rd Most Disaster-Prone
Country According to Latest World Risk Index. Retrieved from: https:
//www. wheninmanila.com/ philippines- now- 3rd –most –disaster –prone
–country –according to-latest-world-risk-index/

108
 e-RACE
Daniele Kinoshita, Aaron Canlas, Sebastian Andre Cruz, Airelle Lopez, Marylyn Magayones,
Kyla Mamba, Aiko Marasigan, Trish Pangilinan, Sophia Panlilio,
Matthew Planta, Roel Roldan

Introduction
Whiteboards are commonly known as a medium that serves as a surface
for drawings, graphs, and other handwritten notes; this is a must-have especially
for educational institutions or at offices. Typically, a whiteboard should have its
partner every time when it is in use; such mediums would not be used well
without an eraser in which consumes more time for the one using it. With this,
some notes are not erased properly and neatly leaving dust and dirt on the board.
That is why the researchers thought of designing and developing Whiteboard No
Wiping, an automated whiteboard eraser which would not cost too much but at
the same time would help the users as well. The researchers thought of having
this idea based on how they see the whiteboard and eraser in their environment
are normally used. Some researchers already conducted a research similar to
this; one example of research comes from the Technical University of Malaysia
led by M.A. Sulaiman. The researchers were able to push through with this kind
of project, but certain points should still be improved where a group of
researchers in Pasig Catholic College are to develop this kind of project.

Enhancements that we have observed in the research are the following:

- In the previous study, the materials that we used were expensive
which results to the price of the product being at a high cost as well. The
researchers will develop an automated whiteboard eraser that will be cost-
effective while still being helpful to the community.
- The automated whiteboard eraser made by the group led by M.A.
Sulaiman has a liquid system which would make it always in a wet condition so
that the eraser would wipe off dirt easily. The researchers would create an

109
affordable product where the whiteboard made up of ply wood, wiper and DC
motor to have the writings from the marker be erased easily without adding a
liquid system to the product.

General Problem: This research aims to assess if separated whiteboard and

erasers are a hassle for teachers and students in Pasig Catholic College. Also, it
evaluates if teachers and students would consider on having the product, e-
RACE, when approved to be built in the school.
The following questions seek to assess if the e-RACE whiteboard would be
effective for teachers and students in Pasig Catholic College:
1. Is the product, e-RACE, potentially effective in cleaning whiteboards and
reducing the cleaning work load in the classroom? Why or why not?
2. Would the product, e-RACE, be cost-efficient to be installed in every
classroom? Why or why not?
3. As teachers/students, would the respondent/s prefer to erase manually, or
have it erased automatically? Why or why not?
4. Overall, will the respondent approve of this project to be implemented at
the school? Why or why not?

Hypothesis: The researchers would receive good answers and feedbacks about
e-RACE. By having these results, producing the product would be more efficient
knowing that clients as well see the effectiveness of e-RACE whiteboards.

Methodology
The researchers used a whiteboard for the project, outlined by ply
woods. We added a metal stand to have its place secured. We also attached a
motor at the back so that the eraser will move from left to right and vice versa.
Also, the chain that we added keep its motion steady; it supports the motor’s
direction of movement. This will enable the product to move automatically once
the button is pushed.

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 In collecting the data, the researchers conducted interviews to get more
information about the study. Selected teachers in different field and students in
different strands were entertained by the researchers since they are the ones
who mostly use whiteboards and erase the writings on it. The researchers have
asked different questions related to the study to further understand the need of
the clients as well as how they would benefit from the product.
The product making starts with the assembling; we assembled the stand
and measured its dimensions to be able to put the ply wood in it. After attaching
the wood in the stand, we dig holes to stick the whiteboard. After which we
installed the motor and sprockets where the chain would be placed. The next
thing we did was to put the switch and the socket. Ready, Set, ERACE!
Results
Table 1
(HumSS)
Humanities and Social Sciences
Student
1. “Practically, yes and purposely cut the task of teachers whenever
the previous teacher did not erase the writings on the whiteboard
and to obviously save even a nick of time.”
2. “Yes, it will be cost efficient for the long run because you won’t be
needing a replacement unlike the regular eraser, it’s wearing out
easily.”
3. “Automatically because most blackboard markers are tough
enough that can’t be erased with a single wipe.”
4. “Yes, it’s would be a nice upgrade for PCC to revolutionize and
adapt 21st century living.”

Table 1 shows that the research product will help to cut the task of
students and teachers and it will also help to save their time; the research
product is cost-efficient because it will not let clients buy a replacement for the

111
lost eraser because it is already fixed. The interviewee also said that it will be
helpful for the PCC Community.

Table 2
(STEM)
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
Student
1. “Of course, it is more effective instead of letting the students erase the
whiteboard manually, all the writings on the board will be erased easier
and it will only last just for seconds.”
2. “Yes, it is more cost efficient because it will be installed once
compared to an eraser that it is lost most of the time or mostly fades,
at least the automatic eraser will last longer and it will never be lost
because it is already installed on the whiteboard.”
3. “Of course I will settle on something that is not time consuming instead
of erasing a lot of writings on the board, in just one pull it will be
erased..”
4. “All classrooms are using whiteboards, we can’t avoid writing a lot in
the whiteboard and a subject usually has 1 to 2 hours only so the
automatic eraser is really a big help in saving time.”

Table 2 shows that the interviewee also agreed with the research product
in terms of effectiveness and efficiency of the product. The interviewee had
stated here that the product is more effective than erasing it manually, it is
cost-efficient because the school will only install it once. Therefore, according
to the answer of the interviewee the research product is effective and cost
efficient.

112
 Table 3
(ABM)
Accountancy, Business, and Management
Student
1. “As a student who cleans the classroom almost every day, their
proposed product can very helpful. But I personally think that it
wouldn’t reduce the cleaning work load in the classroom, since erasing
the whiteboard isn’t that much big of a job. Although it takes a lot of
time for it to be cleaned.”
2. “Yes. Simply because it saves a lot time rather that manually erasing
writings on the whiteboard.”
3. “I prefer to have the board automatically erased. Imagine cleaning and
erasing loads of writing on the board with just one pull instead of
spending time in doing it manually.”
4. “I personally think that this project should be implemented. I’ve noticed
that when subject teachers come inside the classroom, they want the
whiteboard to be cleaned immediately. Now, it would take some time
for the whiteboards to have its writings erased. Instead of doing that
and wasting time during class hours, we could install their proposed
projects and have all unnecessary writings on the board erased one pull
away.”

Table 3 shows that the interviewee thinks that the research product is
effective in terms of reducing the cleaning work load in the classroom because it
takes much time to erase manually. Therefore, the interviewee clearly stated that
the school should carry out the product because most of the teachers want the
students to clean the whiteboard immediately immediately and as a student
erasing it manually would take some time.

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 Table 4

GAS/Arts and Design

Student
1. “Yes, since most students don’t like doing the work then this product
would make it more convenient.”
2. “Yes, because it would be useful and helpful.”
3. “I think I would prefer to erase it automatically because it would be
easier.”
4. “Yes, since what we need is innovation and this product would be a
start.”

Table 4 shows that the research product is more convenient than using
normal eraser, the interviewee also stated that the product will be useful and
helpful. Therefore, the research product is a great start for an innovation.
Table 5
(TechVoc)
Technical and Vocational Livelihood
Student
1. “Yes it’s very effective because it can help students and teachers to
save a lot of time and it’s also a friendly user to all.”
2. “Yes it would be very worth it, because this is a better way to save a lot
of time and energy.”
3. “Erase it automatically because to be honest we students are very lazy
when it comes to these things and as I’ve said it also helps us to save
time and energy.”
4. “YES, because this would be very friendly user to all schools mostly to
high school and college.”

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 Table 5 clearly shows that the research product is helpful in terms of
saving time and energy. Therefore, the interviewee agreed in terms of
effectiveness and efficiency of the product, and it is also a friendly use to all
schools.

Table 6
(HumSS)
Humanities and Social Sciences
Teacher
1. “The product is promising, however when it comes to implementation, I
have some reservations. First it would be efficient and timely if content
on the white would be erased instantaneously e.g. mechanism of the
magic board. Using a wiper eraser takes time to erase the content on
the board. Second, it could be a source of distraction inside the class
since rotors/mechanism of the wiper may create noise and the wiper
itself could distract the focus of the students. Third, durability. The
product should be sturdy to handle physical stress and it should be
“student proof” (students who are curious on the new installations
inside the classroom).”
2. “The product is cost efficient since materials used is readily available
in the market at reasonable price.”
3. “It is more efficient to erase the content of the whiteboard manually,
and I think it would be more efficient.”
4. “Yes, but with some reservations that I’ve stated above.”

Table 6 shows that the research product is efficient but there are some
reservations when it comes to implementing it. The interviewee also agreed that
the product is cost-efficient but the interviewee stated that it is more efficient to
erase the writing manually.

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Analysis
Based on the findings shown above, we have convinced all the
respondents that we had that the product is a helpful tool in the school.
Moreover, most of the teachers were looking forward to the school's
implementation of such a product for new means of learning. Some of them were
still hesitant with the product since it would be new not just in the school itself
but especially for the students. One sample that we collected in table number 6
where one of the teachers from the HumSS track said, “The product is promising,
however when it comes to implementation, I have some reservations. First, it
would be efficient and timely if the content on the White would be erased
instantaneously e.g. mechanism of the magic board. Using a wiper eraser takes
time to erase the content on the board. Second, it could be a source of
distraction inside the class since the mechanism of the wiper may create noise
and the wiper itself could distract the focus of the students. Third, durability. The
product should show sturdiness to handle physical stress and it should show
“student-proof” (students who are curious about the new installations inside the
classroom).”

Moving on with the perspective of the students, implementing this kind of

product would really help them in terms of saving time on the discussion already
inside the classroom on a specific time instead of taking the responsibility to
erase all the writings on the board. This product will give much improvement to
the cleanliness of each classroom since the teachers or the students would no
longer need to clean the board manually.

Nonetheless, all of them agreed that we need such an instrument for an

easier and faster way of erasing the writings on the board as it would save time,
effort and will cause efficiency. As it is also a product of innovation and new
learning opportunities.

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Conclusion
After having a series of interviews in collecting data, the researchers
conclude that the product proposal would definitely help the students, teachers
and at the same time the school. It may have sort of weaknesses but the product
itself would help when it comes to saving time, effort and money.

Some of the weaknesses that the researchers have observed are the
following which would later be a helpful tool for future researchers:

- The whiteboard used was already bought at the local market as it is, the
researchers’ advice is to make or create your own whiteboard to have a wider
and bigger whiteboard for the said product.

But at the same time, you need not to worry with the product because the
materials used are proven safe which is also mentioned in a website who
explains the use of whiteboards named White Boards R Us. The Aluminium
where the eraser is built in is also safe since it is locked in the ply wood.

References
Sulaiman, M. A., & Rahman, K. A. (2008). Design and Development of an
Automated Whiteboard Eraser. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269039406_DESIGN_AND_DEV
ELOPMENT_OF_AN_AUTOMATED_WHITEBOARD_ERASER.
Similowo, O. E., &Ngana, O. C. (2014). Preliminary Design of an Automated White
Board Cleaner. African Research Review, 8(2), 33rd ser., 69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v8i2.5

117
Soquaponics: Solar Panel Innovation for a Self-sustaining Energy Conservation
Model
John Lawrence De borja, Athena Rose Gavino, Nick Lorenz Javier, Anna Maria Nayal, Lyka
Louise Pascual, Charles Aubrey Picadizo, Reggie Anne Marie Porras, Etthandan Zeus
Protacio, Kamylle Rasalan, Ma. Regina Silva
Abstract
Soquaponics, a combination of Solar energy and the system of
aquaponics. The researcher's goal for this product, was to produce an energy
efficient, self-sustaining system which promotes the conservation of energy and
water. Aquaponics is a system which incorporates Hydroculture and Aquaculture
into one system. A Solar panel was added to the system to make it, as the
researchers have stated, self-sustaining. The plants, lettuce, and the fish, tilapia
that were placed in the system was carefully picked by the researchers.
Introduction
The world’s population continues to increase as time passes by and is
proportional to the population’s need for more food and energy resources.
According to Ecology Webinar Series, there is an estimated 15,000 births per
hour also equal to four births each second of every day.
The researchers aim to further study the system of aquaponics (farming
technology) that was an option to Philippine aquaponics enthusiasts inspired
mostly by Northern and Asian countries as a solution and alternative farming to
poor urban areas wherein soil-based farming is no longer possible. The paper
would discuss the limitations including the strengths and weaknesses of
aquaponics, possible innovation for the betterment of the system, discussions
with specialists and experts of Aquaponics and its opportunities in the market
and industry world.
What is an Aquaponic system? The Aquaponic system is the original and
first system that was made. It is a symbiotic combination of aquaculture and
hydroponics. Of course, it is needed to plug in an outlet to run the whole system,
particularly the water pump and the filtration system. Without electricity, the

118
whole system will not work. Moreover, it is quite expensive in the market industry
since it is bigger and for farming and business use.
On the other hand, what are the advantages and improvement in an
Aquaponics system when a solar panel is added in the system? Our innovated
product, Soquaponics, also acquires the same concept and idea of the
Aquaponics system. The only difference is that, Soquaponics is composed of 3
systems. It is mainly the following: The solar panel, which absorbs sunlight and
heat energy then it will be converted into an Electrical energy to run the whole
system. Also, the excess energy will be stored in a battery for later use; we also
added a feature wherein you could charge your phone. Then the aquaculture,
where raising of fish is held and lastly, the hydroponics where the plants grow
using the water from the aquaculture.
Lastly, what creative innovation could be applied to the design of the
typical Aquaponics system to level to the standard of the market industry?
Though the both systems have the same concept and idea, Soquaponics is more
edible to use. Not just it only saves energy; it also saves water and soil at the
same time. Soquaponics does not need to plug in an outlet because of the use of
the solar panel unlike the Aquaponics system. Upon building the system and
using it for two weeks now, we could say that it is helpful, especially the solar
panel. We wanted to produce something that does not just promotes
environmental health, also an eco-friendly and a budget friendly product as well
where anyone could benefit.

Methodology
In order to make Soquaponics it need to have the most important parts
namely; the solar panel, battery and LED lights. Soquaponics was supported by
Solar panel, starting from the LED lights down to main system which was how
the water will circulate and support the fishes as well as the plants to be self-
supporting.

119
 The first part was the stand made by a trusted sculptor. The researchers
were the one who grind or made the surface smooth and seal all the holes and
imperfections. Varnishing and painting comes after. Since, there was an
aquarium, we decided to draw and paint the back part to that it would be more
appealing rather than being simple.

The second part was to assemble the Soquaponics. The filter box and bell
siphon were made. Bell siphon used in ebb and flow aquaponics and hydroponics
systems in order to regulate the flow of water. In an ebb and flow (also known as
flood and drain) system water is pumped into the grow bed. This is needed to
make the water circulate from the aquarium and the plants. The rocks in the filter
box were used to filter the dirt coming from the fish, including the dirt that the
plants need as fertilizers. The LED lights are needed to make the plants grow
healthier and it was needed to make photosynthesis happen. The Solar panel
was the main support of energy in the whole system, this also recharged the
battery that was used in the LED lights and water pump from the aquarium. The
battery used was the stocked energy to support all the energy operated materials
just like the lights and water pump. The water pump was used aside from giving
the fish air but as well as helping the water goes up to the filter box to cleans the
water and water the plants.

The last part was the fixing and finalizing part. This was the gathering of
the final materials namely; fishes, plants and decorations. The fishes used were
goldfish because they are small enough to fit the aquarium and they can be well
supported by the system. The plants that was used was Oregano, this was used
for cooking. This was the plants chosen because the Soaquaponics was made to
be self- sustaining.

120
Results
Soquaponics is composed of 3 main systems: First is solar panel was
added by the researchers to see if it will work differently from its original form
(aquaponics), the second is the raised bed where plants/vegetables will be put in,
and lastly the fish tank. According to an article Aquaponics recirculates water
from a fish tank through a vegetable grow bed. Nutrients from the fish waste
feed the plants, and the plants filter the water to keep the fish healthy. The two
main components of the system are the fish tank and the grow beds with a small
pump moving water between the two. The process used by aquaponics is same
like the soquaponics the only difference is it has solar panel that will do the work
to the whole system that is why it is a self-sustaining product. The researchers
used solar panel for its innovation to conserve water and energy at the same
time, unlike the aquaponics that needs to be plugged first before it works
soquaponics will work on its own with the help of the solar panel, the size and
battery of the solar panel must be accurate in measurements of the fish tank and
the grow bed to let it work and sustain itself.
Our analysis shows that the solar panel works better compared to its old
form (aquaponics) because it conserves much more energy and water, and it is
also environmental and eco-friendly. According to one article the disadvantage of
aquaponics is that it can have malfunctions in its mechanical failure in the
system, and it can lead to serious damages in the entire system. In soquaponics
that kind of issue cannot be encountered at all.
KKK’s Aquaponics made a huge model of aquaponics that has wheels on
the bottom. It is plug so the pump and other electric devices would work. They
used Styrofoam and plastics bottles to hold the plants.
Instead of making a big model of Soquaponics system, they agreed to
make a smaller one because it’s more portable and it is movable. They also
added a solar panel so it would be the source of energy and it would be more
self-sustaining. And they used plastic pots for the plants for it to be more
presentable.

121
Conclusion
The researchers made an innovation on a ‘typical’ aquaponics model; they
added a solar panel for energy conservation and efficiency. With the use of
outlet-dependent aquaponic systems, it would be costly for the person who
would be shouldering all the expenses when it comes to the electricity bill. An
advantage of the solar panel is for the aquaponic system to be self-sustaining,
and would rather be dependent on the sun’s energy. Which would be beneficial
for energy conservation. The researchers made an idea which future researchers
could take grasp on, and further on improve Aquaponic models and promote
energy efficiency and conservation using technologies.
The size of the soquaponics system matters because the price would
depend on the size of the materials to be used. It will also be bulky if we use too
much or too big materials. Solar Panel helps the system to store energy that
comes from the sun and would turn it to electricity so it wouldn’t need to plug in a
chord or a power source therefore it would be called self-sustainable. Also, there
is a possibility that the outer appearance of the Soquaponics system would have
a moss if we use Styrofoam and bottles.
Based on Smart cities and urban areas—Aquaponics as innovative urban
agriculture
Nowadays the production, transport and logistics of food requires high costs and
transport and harvest from other parts of the planet to the cities, associated to
intensive polluting technologies. Aquaponics can play a key role enabling local
production, fresh, free of pesticides and healthy with short supply chains in the
cities. We should start opening more doors to this kind of natural eco system
since it will help the agricultural system of our country and the foods that will be
serve will be healthier and eco-friendlier as well. The only limit of this study is the
cost since creating a Soquaponics is a bit expensive we need to have a product
that is not only eco-friendly but a budget-friendly as well.
One of the goals of our Soquaponics is to conserve water, soil and energy
through the use of solar panel and the aquaponics system itself. In the article

122
stated by North (2016), Aquaponics is a combination of aquaculture, which is
growing fish and other aquatic animals, and hydroponics which is growing plants
without soil. Aquaponics uses these two in a symbiotic combination in which
plants are fed the aquatic animals’ discharge or waste and in return, the
vegetables clean the water that goes back to the fish.
The main reason why we pursue this kind of project, which is the innovation
of Soquaponics is that, we wanted to promote environmental health in such ways
like conserving water and soil, as what as mentioned in the abstract of this
paper. Also, the plants give more oxygen which helps living things. Soquaponics
are helpful to our environment because Agriorbit (2016) clearly states that
aquaponics—its original term-- is considered to be an intrinsically more natural
and healthy way to produce crops, making the production of wholesome, organic
products possible thus, making our claim true which is to promote environmental
health.
Soquaponics is also a model of energy conservation; we can generate power
through the use of solar panels, and it wouldn’t need to plug it to the outlet. The
project is hitting two birds in one stone, growing fish and vegetables that
everyone could eat.

123
Appendix
Input: Process: Output:

The first thing that we did is the

stand, and then we used the
sandpaper to polish it; we also put
a varnish to make it presentable.
After those polishing, we
continued doing the other
procedures like making holes for
The researchers used these the water to be able to flow from The output of the
materials as part of the product the aquarium up to the plants. product that the
that can build the Soquaponics. Lastly, we finished doing it by researchers’ built
connecting those electric is in the pictures
materials to be able to make our above.
product work.

References:

Balisacan, A. (2005). High population growth threatens food security. Retrieved

from: https://www.philstar.com/business/science-and-environment/
2005/03/17/270697/high-population-growth-threatens-food-security?
fbclid=IwAR3gcuIQFXPWGhw5mbnec3vX-8n- MGHrnOt9W1f9Pj5rE-
bpYMJFyrznh5U

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Blom, J. (2013.). Aquapons. Retrieved from http://aquapons.info/resource/
principles-of-aquaponics/

Carlson D. (2013). Aquaponics Systems. Retrieved from: https://www.diva-

portal.org/smash/get/diva2:633765/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Consulting, H. (2013). Aquaponics Research Project. Retrieved from:

https://www.mfat.govt.nz/assets/Aid/Aid-approach-aquaponics-Pacific-
report-2013.pdf

Davis C., & Davis P. (2018). Solar Aquaponics- The Future of Growing. Retrieved
from: https://portablefarms.com/2018/solar-aquaponics-23/

Greengro Technologies (2013). Aquaponics: How Does it Work? Retrieved from

https://greengrotech.com/what-is-aquaponics-and-how-does-it-work/

mssacay (2014). Aquaponics at University of the Philippines. Retrived from:

http://aquaponicsphilippines.com/aquaponics-at-university-of-the-
philippines/?fbclid=IwAR2GHI8hDxwIvXStE2U7hrjzspa3SBQeVLF4qgUFPo
_0i4Ue3B94VmWi5tw

mssacay (2014, April 10). Commercial Aquaponics Setup in the Philippines.

Retrieved from: http://aquaponicsphilippines.com/commercial-
aquaponics-setups-in-the-philippines/

Mchunu N., Lagerwall G., & Senzanje A (2017) Food Sovereignty for Food
Security, Aquaponics System as a Potential Method: A Review. J Aquac
Res Development 8: 497. doi: 10.4172/2155-9546.1000497

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Mwangi, S. (2018). Aquaponics. Retrieved from: https://www.quora.com/What-
are-the-pros-and-cons-of-aquaponics

Okemwa, E. (2015, December). Effectiveness of Aquaponic and Hydroponic

Gardening to Traditional Gardening. Retrieved from: International Journal
of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology ISSN: 2313-3759 Vol. 2
No. 12

Strategic Energy Innovations. (2016, June). Solar for Aquaponics. Retrieved from:
https://www.seiinc.org/images/Curriculum_Previews/SEI_Solar_for_Aqua
ponics_Extens ion_Unit_Preview.pdf

Sustainable Domes (2013). The History of Aquaponics Systems. Retrived from:

http://www.sustainabledomes.com.au/flex/the-history-of-aquaponics-
systems/37/1?fbclid=IwAR23jZ6jFU3WKos1pUWHgb52jhq3VoNO8ZZ1S9
bS5sSp8W8kc-lydvUiDdk

The Aquaponic source (2019) What is Aquaponics. Retrived from:

https://www.theaquaponicsource.com/what-is-aquaponics/

Zeledoon, D. (2018, September 26). How Efficients are Solar Panels. Retrieved
from: https://www.sunrun.com/go-solar-center/solar-articles/how-
efficient-are-solar-panels

126
 Actions to Improve School Disaster Response Capabilities: Proposal for
RecoTek
Harvee Broqueza, Herickson Calderon, Lance Carlos, Ryan Carracedo,
Norman Gaviola, Russel Guevara, Rainor Lapie, Clarence Munsod,
Ryan Ramos, Ryan Soliman

Abstract
This paper aims to explore the use of a system known as RecoTek as a tool that
will help disaster response personnel during their operations. The machine is a
mobile reconnaissance platform whose task is to send a real-time footage of the
disaster area to the personnel, using a display device, who are some distance
away from the actual area, thus gaining additional information to traverse the
area more carefully. Creation of the RecoTek mainly involved installation of the
necessary parts on a mobile, remote-controlled base and configuring the
installed camera to connect to a Wi-Fi network to be able to transmit the footage.
Woodworks have also been done to add a protective casing to the whole
machine and provide stable installation areas for other parts. Once installation
has been finished, several test runs have been conducted to test if the machine is
able to move. Trials had also been done to determine if the machine has
established connection to the internet and transmission is successful. The tests
showed that the machine is capable of movement and is able to send footage to
the display device, even if it is transmitting from a distance.
Introduction

The RecoTek is a machine designed to be a mobile, remote-controlled

system that could go in a disaster-struck area and look around using the camera
installed on it. The camera, connected to the internet, then feeds its sightings to
a display device connected to the same network, such as a smartphone, allowing
viewers to see the situation inside the area without direct physical contact with it.
The machine is beneficial to disaster response personnel in executing
their post-disaster operations, such as search and rescue, as the machine is

127
designed to be a mobile disaster assessment machine designed to enter the
disaster area first to get information of the area’s condition while feeding the
information to the personnel. With prior awareness of the area’s situation, the
personnel could enter the area with a better plan of action while being able to
avoid life-threatening hazards they could have triggered.
Throughout the world, many have already adopted the use of modern
technology to help address age-old challenges, such as disaster response.
According to an article by Feuilherade (2017), “Rapid advances in technology are
revolutionizing the roles of aerial, terrestrial and maritime robotic systems in
disaster relief, search and rescue (SAR) and salvage operations. A good example
of a country which has shown significant progress in applying technology to
disaster response is Japan. Nosowitz (2011) made an article about the use of
modern technology in disaster response in Japan. He stated, “Though the
earthquake that struck Japan's eastern coast earlier today has left the country
with massive destruction and hundreds of deaths, modern technology… are
helping the country track survivors and dampen the damage as much as
possible. Filipinos have also begun doing their part in modernizing how they deal
with disasters. An example could be taken from an article made by Cather (2016)
where she stated that,” The government of the Philippines and the FAO [Food and
Agriculture Organization] will use the drone technology for disaster risk reduction
in the agriculture sector. Even if modern technology is slowly being adapted for
disaster use, it is not yet fully integrated to help address disaster response in all
establishments, like schools. Smart Schools Program (2012) made an article
about disaster preparedness in schools. In their article, they stated that, “Due to
catastrophes that have happened in different parts of the world recently, having
disaster preparedness programs in schools all the more becomes crucial and
relevant… In an effort to make people aware of hazards in the environment, the
Philippine Government through the Department of Education (DepEd) conducted
seminars/trainings for teachers and school administrators regarding disaster
management.” Based from the previous article, Philippine schools have mostly

128
resorted to seminars or trainings to prepare them when disasters happen.
Investment of schools to additional equipment that can be used for disaster,
such as the RecoTek, has not yet been a full-blown, national move.
This paper seeks to answer the following questions:
 What would the machine’s means of movement be?
 Will the camera be able to do a successful live feed of the area
it is seeing?

The researchers would like to prove that the RecoTek would be made
mobile by using the chassis of a remote-controlled car that uses tires as base.
Also, they would like to show that after the prescribed configuration is finished,
the camera of the RecoTek will be successful in transmitting images to the
display device.
Methodology

The primary process involved in creating the RecoTek was the installation
of the camera on a mobile base. For this to be possible, a small platform was
installed on the base first to provide the camera with a stable surface to be
attached while also providing a larger area for other components to be installed.
Once the platform and camera was securely placed, the power source for the
camera was then installed and connected to the camera via a micro USB cord,
powering up the camera. Once the camera was turned on, a smartphone was
then used. The needed application to configure the camera was downloaded.
After the download, the application was used to connect the camera to the same
Wi-Fi network that the phone is connected to. This will then allow the smartphone
to display what the camera sees in real-time, provided that the phone and camera
was under the same network.

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Results

Image 1: This is the Front View of RecoTek Image 2: This is the Side View of RecoTek chassis
chassis without other components. without other components.

Image 3: This is the Top View of RecoTek Image 4: This is an image taken when the camera is
chassis without other components, activated and mounted on the chassis base’s
perspective.

Discussion

The lives of disaster response personnel are as precious as the lives they
are trying to save. Having them go inside an area devastated by disaster leaves
them with no awareness of the changed layout and possible harm that could
befall on them inside the area. This poses a great deal of risk on the disaster
response personnel. In light of this, the researchers would like to prove that the
RecoTek would be a highly beneficial machine to the school’s disaster response
team, thus greatly bolstering the team’s capabilities and helping them ensure
their safety.
Results of the field test proved two things— one, that the mobile was still
responsive to the remote control thus being able to move and two, that a

130
successful connection between the smartphone, camera, and W-Fi network was
established and the live video transmission was successful. These successful
tests show how the RecoTek goes in line with the article made by Feuilherade—
that technology is revolutionizing terrestrial robotic systems towards disaster
relief. The implementation of the RecoTek would greatly help in monitoring the
effects of a disaster in areas, in the same sense that Japan is utilizing modern
technology to do post-disaster tracking, as mentioned by Nosowitz. The
successful run of the RecoTek also identifies it as one of the ways Filipinos have
thought of to deal with disasters more modernly which could be associated
Cather’s article about the country thinking of ways to integrate technology in
disaster response operations. With the RecoTek operational, it is also possible to
extend the countermeasures schools have for disasters. From simple seminars
or trainings schools have that Smart Schools Program have mentioned, school
disaster response personnel could better respond to disasters with additional
equipment, being the RecoTek, while preserving the personnel’s safety in the
process.
Observations from the RecoTek’s field tests will help reveal data regarding
important aspects of the RecoTek’s performance, such as its top speed,
maximum operating distance from the remote control, and battery life (These
data could be taken into account by disaster response personnel when planning
how they will perform their operations with the help of RecoTek. The system
could also be tangible example for classroom discussions in subjects like
Physics and Chemistry. Some topics that the RecoTek serve as an example are
velocity, optics, waves, and chemical reactions. The fact that RecoTek indeed
works, serves as a statement to the public— that a machine is like the RecoTek is
feasible, functioning, and potentially life-preserving, without the constraints of
over-the-top expenses needed to make a sophisticated machine.
One problem the researchers encountered when they tested the RecoTek
was its difficulty in turning. The available base had stiff turning. The machine
was still able to turn, though. The only drawback is that each time the turn

131
joystick was used, the base would make a repetitive clicking sound until the
joystick was released. The operation of the base would have been smoother if it
had better turning and the persisting clicking sound was not present.
From the test runs conducted by the researchers, they noted that much
could still be done to improve the RecoTek’s system. The machine’s tires could
be swapped into a different object, such as caterpillar tracks, to give it ease of
movement even in more rugged terrain, as this type of terrain is likely to rise out
of disasters. The machine’s protective covering could also be improved to give
the machine improved defense against objects that could potentially harm it.
Other forms of protection could be produced for the RecoTek for it to be able to
tackle special conditions, such as high heat or areas that might have been
planted by explosives. As the machine depends on the remote control for
movement, the machine’s antenna and remote control could be upgraded for a
wider output and reception range, respectively. Lastly, since an internet
connection is needed for the transmission of images, a different and more
powerful source of Wi-Fi could be considered so that the machine will retain
connection even at greater distances while still receiving enough signal strength
to transmit images in real-time.

132
References

Cather, A. (2016, July). How the Philippines is Using a Robot to Plan for Natural
Disasters. Retrieved February 10, 2019, from foodtank:
https://foodtank.com/news/2016/07/how-the-philippines-is-using-a-
robot-to-plan-for-natural-disasters/

Feuilherade, P. (2017, July 19). Robots to the Rescue! Retrieved February 10,
2019, from Robohub: https://robohub.org/robots-to-the-rescue/

Nosowitz, D. (2011, March 12). Meet Japan's Earthquake Search-and-Rescue

Robots. Retrieved February 10, 2019, from Popular Science:
https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2011-03/six-robots-could-
shape-future-earthquake-search-and-rescue

Smart Schools Program. (2012, February 7). Disaster Preparedness Programs of

Schools in the Philippines. Retrieved February 10, 2019, from Smart Tools:
http://www.smartschools.ph/tools/environment/disasterpreparedness/1
2-02-
07/Disaster_Preparedness_Programs_of_Schools_in_the_Philippines.aspx

133
 Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm; An Alternative Organic Lip Care

Joaquin Miguel De Silva, Jerddie Espana, Eds Gerald Gatchalian, Raymund Gabriel
Go, Jose Angelo Pascua, Ryjean Mai Quizon, Kate Danielle Monje, Kathleen
Morales, Benneth Jazmine Ugay, Luisa Vargas

Abstract

This research aims to develop an alternative organic lip care using

broccoli extract as the essential nutrient, to discern if the quality made lip balm is
effective in terms of dermal irritation, hydrating effects, antifungal activity and
moisture content percentage, and to know if there is a marked statistical
relationship between the satisfaction level and product evaluation of the
consumers. The laboratory tests used in checking the quality effectiveness of the
lip balm were dermal irritation test, antifungal activity, and moisture content
percentage while, linearity test was used to test the relationship between
satisfaction level and product evaluation of the consumers. The results from
series of laboratory tests showed that the lip balm does not have antifungal
properties against Candida Albicans. However, the Broccoli Extract-Based Lip
Balm has not cause irritation on the skin and has a content moisture percentage
of 2.18% that hydrates skin for up to 6 hours. On the other hand, linearity test
resulted to Moderate Positive Relationship between the variables (0.39) with a p-
value of 0.000529 that disconfirm the null hypothesis. Thus, the Broccoli Extract-
Based Lip Balm is effective to use and the consumers are satisfied with the
product.

134
Introduction

Cosmetic products, also called as makeup, have been booming the market
industry since ancient times. These products were used for aesthetic, prevention,
and treatment of diseases. U.S National Library of Medicine (2017) stated some
examples of organic cosmetic products that are solely used for treating and
preventing diseases like shampoo, fluoride toothpaste, antiperspirant deodorant,
etc. Hence, lip treatments ranked fifth in the most used cosmetic products used
for preventing lip disorders.

Lip care products are essential needs for nourishing and achieving healthy
lips. Since lip skin is one of the thinnest parts of the face, it only has 3-4 layers of
stratum corneum, also known as protective skin layer. Furthermore, lip skin
contains very few melanin cells that makes the blood vessels more clearly seen
giving it a pinkish color. It also has no hair follicle and no sweat gland making it
vulnerable to the outside environment. In this regard, lip treatment products can
be used for maintenance and preventing various lip disorders such as chapped
lips, lip swelling, sun damage, inflammation, and sores. (Kadu, M., Singh, S.,
Vishwasrao, S., 2014). One of the common lip disorders is chapped lips. As
stated by Dr. Oz, M. (2016), it is the result of often and sudden weather changes,
overexposure to the sun or irritating cosmetic products that leads the lips to dry.
For these reasons, it is much safer to use organic lip balms as to not cause any
risks of irritation brought by chemical-based lip treatments. (Group, E., 2016).

According to the recent survey of Cohn, L. (2018), organic lip products are
the most bought and used lip treatment nowadays because of its proven health
benefits. Organic lip care products void the use of chemical compound and
promote natural ingredients to avoid harm that it might brought to human skin.
Examples of natural ingredients that can be found in organic lip treatments are
beeswax, cocoa butter, shea butter, Jojoba oil, Aloe Vera, and coconut oil. These
ingredients commonly have natural aid for protecting the lips to known lip

135
diseases. Purity and quality are the most important factors in choosing a
cosmetic product, lip balm is no exception.

On the other hand, synthetic lip balms include manufactured waxes,

petrochemicals, artificial skin softeners, and manufactured colorants and flavors.
(Group, E., 2016). Petrolatum, an example of manufactured wax, is a refined
petroleum commonly used in artificial lip balm for a longer shelf life and for a
moisturizing effect. According to Black, R. (2016), petroleum jelly, which is
derived from oil refining, can possibly be contaminated with carcinogens called
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH). Furthermore, Ultramarines are another
common cosmetic colorant in the shade of blue. However, it is unsafe to use on
the lips. It is a mineral composed of sodium, aluminum, silicate, and sulfate.
Additionally, the cheapest way to add artificial flavor and fragrance is through the
use of liquid aspartame and saccharin which can produce a sweet illusion of
flavor. These ingredients are easier to find and has longer shelf-life making them
high in demand, especially during frequent weather changes.

As a tropical country, Philippines has been experiencing rapid weather

changes as reported by Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration in last quarter of 2018. Consequently, chapped lips or
cracked lips is determined to be one of the common lip problems among
Filipinos due to rapid weather change. As a solution, lip balm has become their
tool for prevention for lip dryness. However, Filipinos commonly used chemical
based lip balms such as Vaseline, Maybelline, Careline, etc. due to its
affordability. Consequently, these products contain chemical compounds that
might irritate lips of a few. Moreover, people from the western countries
commonly experiences cracked or chapped lips too due to severe cold and dry
conditions. Even so, most of them used organic lip treatment for preventing lip
disorders. These lip care products include Burt’s Bees, Eos, Eco Lips, etc., and
often used due to its proven quality and effectiveness.

136
Research problem
1. Does the innovated product meet the criteria of being an organic lip care
in terms of:
1.1 Skin Safety
1.2 Hydrating Effects
1.3 Antifungal Activity
1.4 Moisture Content Percentage

2. What is the satisfaction level of the consumers in using the Broccoli

Extract-Based Lip Balm?

3. Is there a marked statistical relationship between the satisfaction level

and product evaluation of the consumers in using the Broccoli Extract-
Based Lip Balm?

HYPOTHESIS
H0: There is no marked statistical relationship in the consistency response of the
customers based on their satisfaction level and their evaluation of the
product.
H1: There is a significant marked statistical relationship in the consistency
response of the customers based on their satisfaction level and their
evaluation of the product.

METHODOLOGY
According to Group, E. (2016), to produce a quality made lip balm, the
natural ingredients used must have antioxidant in the form of vitamin C or
vitamin E, natural sunscreen, and hydrating or moisturizing effect. For this
reason, the researchers picked out the ingredients that meets the criteria of a

137
quality made lip balm, such as organic beeswax, unrefined shea butter, virgin
coconut oil, wild raw honey, and broccoli extract. Organic beeswax is an adapted
ingredient from the Original Burt’s Bees Classic Lip Balm Collection. It holds the
ingredients together and it is considered to be incredibly moisturizing and an
excellent emulsifier on then skin. On the other hand, virgin coconut oil acts as the
natural sunscreen that allows beneficial sun rays to passed through, unrefined
shea butter lubricates your lips and makes them softer and smoother, wild raw
honey acts as the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent in the lip balm, and
broccoli extract that contains the rarest antioxidant known as Sulforaphane that
is considered to have high amount of antioxidant in the form of vitamin C.

The researchers were guided by an expert knowledgeable in creating

organic cosmetic products. According to Carlota Perez-Bernardino, an organic
cosmetic business owner, certain steps are to be followed to formulate a lip
balm successfully which are observed by the researchers accurately. The steps
that was done are as follows: first is, pour water into the pan at least ¼ of its size,
put it on the stove and let it boil. Once it boils, put another bowl on top of the pan
without touching the boiling water. After the bowl has been set, start mixing and
melting the ingredients. Start by pouring 2 tablespoons of Shea Butter and 2
tablespoons of Beeswax Pellets into the bowl, mixed until it melts, smoothens
and equally mixed. Then added 1 tablespoon of Coconut Oil and 1 tablespoon of
Wild Raw Honey to the mixture and was mixed evenly. Once done mixing evenly,
removed the bowl from the pan and finally added 1 teaspoon of Broccoli Extract
and continuously stirred until everything was equally mixed. When the right
consistency was achieved, the formulation of the lip balm was transferred to the
containers to let it cool down. According to the statement given by Mrs.
Bernardino, the initial consistency can be known if the wax is not too dry and not
too wet. The measurements of the ingredients used consumed 25 pieces of lip
balm containers, each containing 9.8 grams of lip balm formula.

138
 Lastly, to ensure the quality of the lip balm is safe and effective, the
researchers consulted to the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) to
run tests that took 2-4 weeks that concerns the quality of the broccoli-based lip
balm which are the Moisture content Percentage and the anti-fungal activity. To
test the Anti-Fungal properties of the lip balm, DOST asked the researchers to
give a specific type of fungi to be tested against it. The fungi that the researchers
chose is “Candida Albicans”, because it is one of the organisms living inside the
mouth that has the potential to cause cheilitis. The researchers also consulted Al
Asuncion, a chemist, to test the lip balm for dermal irritation test which took 3-5
weeks

Results

Table 1: Results of Anti-Fungal Activity in Broccoli Extract- Based Lip Balm

(Candida Albicans)

Total
Mean of
Sample/ Replicate Replicate Replicate Inhibitory
Zone of Reactivity
Control 1 1 1 Activity
Inhibition
(mm)

Broccoli
Extract
Based Lip 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 (-)
Balm
(10mm)

Positive
Control: 15.47 - - 15.47 3 +++

Clotrimazol

139
 e (10mm)

Negative
Control:
Sample – 0.00 - - 0.00 0 (-)
free disc
(10mm)

*** Reactivity Rating: 0 – None (No detectable zone around or under specimen)
1 – Slight (Some malformed or degenerated cells under
specimen)
2 – Mild (Zone limited under the specimen)
3 – Moderate (Zone extends 5 to 10 mm beyond specimen)
4 – Severe (Zone extends greater than 10 mm beyond
specimen)

***Inhibitory Rating: (+++) Complete, (++) Partial, (+) Slight, (-) Negative

Table 1 shows the antifungal activity of the three (3) samples of Broccoli Extract-
Based Lip Balm against the fungi Candida Albicans. It is shown that DOST used
commercially available and advised antibiotic disks as positive controls and free
sample discs served as negative controls.

Table 2: Results of Content Moisture Percentage of Broccoli Extract-Based Lip

Balm

Moisture
Sample Code Sample Name Description Date Tested Content
Percentage

OCS-2019-0001 Broccoli Five (5) pieces January 03, 2.18%

Extract-Based off-white, 2019
Lip Balm sticky, waxy,
(AOAC Official

140
 material in Method
white tubes 930.04,19th
inside an Edition 2012)
unlabeled
envelope.

Table 2 shows the content moisture percentage of the five (5) samples of
Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm made from off-white and waxy material.

Table 3: Results of Dermal Irritation Test in Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm

Efficacy and Effectiveness for Skin Hydrating and Moisturizing Test

Respondent No. of
Skin on Hand Lip
Tested Respondent

Male 6 No irritation No irritation

Female 6 No irritation No irritation

No. of
Hydrating Test Skin on Hand Lip
Respondent

Hydrates skin up to 3 Hydrates skin up to 6

Male 6
hours hours

Hydrates skin up to 3 Hydrates skin up to 6

Female 6
hours hours

Moisturizing No. of
Skin on Hand Lip
Level Respondent

Male 6 Skin Surface only Skin Surface only

Female 6 Skin Surface only Skin Surface only

141
Table 3 shows the dermal irritation test in terms of efficacy and effectiveness for
skin hydrating and moisturizing of six (6) samples of Broccoli Extract-Based Lip
Balm to six (6) males and six (6) females.

Table 3.1 Stability Test Report- Finished Good Lip Balm Sample 1

Table 3.1 shows the stability test report of finished good lip balm sample 1.

Table 3.2 Stability Test Report- Finished Good Lip Balm Sample 2

142
 Table 3.2 shows the stability test report of finished good lip balm sample
2.

Table 3.3 Stability Test Report- Finished Good Lip Balm Sample 3

Table 3.3 shows the stability test report of finished good lip balm sample 3.

Table 3.4 Stability Test Report- Finished Good Lip Balm Sample 4

143
Table 3.4 shows the stability test report of finished good lip balm sample 4.

Table 3.5 Stability Test Report- Finished Good Lip Balm Sample 5

Table 3.5 shows the stability test report of finished good lip balm sample 5.

Table 3.6 Stability Test Report- Finished Good Lip Balm Sample 6

144
 Table 3.6 shows the stability test report of finished good lip balm sample 6.

Table 4: Test of Satisfaction Level and Product Evaluation of the Consumers in

Using Broccoli Extract – Based Lip Balm

Indicators df R-value T-Stat P-value Decision Interpretation

Satisfaction
Level and
2
Product 0.39 3.91 0.000529 Reject H0 Significant
8
Evaluation

***alpha is significant at 0.05, two tailed tests

Table 4 shows the satisfaction level and the product evaluation of the
respondents in using Broccoli Extract – Based Lip Balm. The statistical result
shows that degree of freedom (df) is 28, R-value is 0.39, T Stat is 3.91, and p-
value is 0.000529.

145
Conclusion

This study was taken with a general objective of developing an effective

alternative organic lip care using Broccoli Extract as the essential nutrient.

Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. Does the innovated product meet the criteria of being an organic lip care
in terms of:
1.1 Skin Safety
1.2 Hydrating Effects
1.3 Antifungal Activity
1.4 Moisture Content Percentage

2. What is the satisfaction level of the consumers in using the Broccoli

Extract-Based Lip Balm?

3. Is there a marked statistical relationship between the satisfaction level

and product evaluation of the consumers in using the Broccoli Extract-
Based Lip Balm?

Hypothesis

H0: There is no marked statistical relationship in the consistency response of the

customers based on their satisfaction level and their evaluation of the
product.
H1: There is a significant marked statistical relationship in the consistency
response of the customers based on their satisfaction level and their
evaluation of the product.

The innovated product, Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm, met the criteria of
being an effective alternative organic lip care in terms of skin safety, hydrating
146
effects and moisture content. Although according to table 1 which presents that
the Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm has no antifungal activity against Candida
Albicans, the product passed the dermal irritation test. From table 3.1 to table 3.6
which shows the stability test report of finished good lip balm sample 1 to
stability report of finished good lip balm sample 6, the color, odor, and spread
ability are all stable. The Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm did not show any sign
of irritation to the six (6) female and six (6) male respondents using organoleptic
evaluation as seen in table 3. For this reason, the broccoli extract-based lip balm
is safe to use as it is regarded as DOST certified and dermatologically approved
by Dr. Al Asuncion. In accordance to this, table 3 also shows that the hydrating
effects can last up to 6 hours on skin which is considered to be long enough than
other regular organic lip balm. Consequently, the Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm
has a content moisture percentage of 2.18% presented in table 2 which is
determined to be acceptable percentage by the testers from Organic Chemistry
Department of DOST because of its base that is made from beeswax. It was
regarded that the higher the moisture content percentage of beeswax, the
product will become more liquify and the lower the moisture content percentage,
the product will become more solidify.

On the other hand, it was proven with a strong evidence shown in

the linearity test that there is a marked statistical relationship in the consistency
of response of the customers based on the consumers’ satisfaction level and
evaluation of the Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm. Based on table 4, The R-value,
which has a value of 0.39, may be interpreted to have a Moderate Positive
Relation. While, the P-value, which has a value of 0.000529, may be interpreted to
have a very strong evidence against null hypothesis in favor of the alternative.
Thus, the satisfaction level and product evaluation of the consumers in using
Broccoli Extract-Based Lip balm have a significant marked statistical relationship
to each other. This result justifies that the consumers are satisfied with the
developed Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm.

147
Application

The information in this study can be useful primary in the field of

cosmetics. Since the Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm is the first lip balm made
from the cruciferous extract, it has shown some positive results. Most people
may not know this, but broccoli extract can be used to liven up the skin. One of
which is the duration of hydration effects. Commonly, organic lip balm products
made from fruits can last up to 1-2 hours on the skin. However, the dermal
efficacy and effectiveness test of Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm showed that
the lip care developed can last up to 6 hours. The antioxidant in form of vitamins
may be a possible reason for this fact. Lastly, the marketing industry can benefit
from this study too. The positive response from this study’s respondents in using
Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm may be a hint that consumers nowadays are
craving for new and fresh ideas. Consequently, cosmetics never get out of trend
because of the benefits it brings to consumers. That is why, starting an organic
cosmetic business may hit the marketing industry.

On the other hand, the general public will be aware that cosmetics are not
solely used for aesthetic purposes. Each ingredient presented in a cosmetic
product has its purpose. These products are created to protect the human body
from inhibiting of bacteria and fungi, dangerous substances, or harmful sun rays.
Hence, fungi and bacteria may inhibit the chapped lips that are left untreated and
unprotected.

Sources of Errors

According to Ms. Chin Sebastian, a registered nutritionist, the heat and

duration in boiling the broccoli is important. In the first trial, the researchers
boiled the broccoli fruit in a low heat and in a time of 10 minutes. It was regarded
as wrong and was repeated. The proper way of boiling a cruciferous fruit is
supposed to be in a medium heat and should be boiled not exceeding 6 minutes
to retain the needed nutrients and to discard some unwanted substance.

148
Consequently, the researchers sometimes made a mistake in formulating the lip
balm mixture. As given by Mrs. Carlota Perez-Bernardino, there is a ratio of 1:2
which means in every 1 tablespoon or 1 teaspoon of liquid ingredients there is a
2 tablespoon of solid ingredients. The production team sometimes forgot about
the ratio and observed the difference when adding too much liquid ingredients or
too much solid ingredients. Too much liquid ingredients made the cooled lip
balm mixture wetter. The wild raw honey was separated and retained in the
bottom while on top of it is the wax. While, too much solid ingredients made the
lip balm so stiff that the container cannot pushed the cooled lip balm mixture
upward. In terms of the packaging, the researchers produced the first thirty (30)
products that are considered to be “alpha” products. After selling the alpha
products, the researchers conducted a survey on how to improve the product.
The most recommended change that the researchers must do was replacing the
stickers because information written were not legible. The customers feedback
really helped the researchers in improving the aesthetic packaging of the lip balm
product that made it more pleasing in the eyes. Thus, the errors that we
committed gave the researchers a lesson about the importance of accurate
temperature, measurement, and packaging to make a quality made lip balm.

Recommendation

In improving the Broccoli Extract-Based Lip Balm product, the researchers

recommend to enhance its feature by adding natural flavor and colorant. The
most recommended way in adding natural flavor is through extracting the
essential oil of the desired fruit. While, the colorant is through extracting the
pigment of the desire fruit through distillation. Lastly, the researchers
recommend to replace the lip balm container tube to any cosmetic container that
can accommodate more than 15 grams of lip balm mixture.

149
Appendix

150
151
References

Black, L. (2016, January 12). Why petroleum-based lip balms could be harmful.
Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/articles/135096-could-
petroleum-based-lip-balms-be-hurting-your-pout-heres-what-you-should-
know

Burt's Bees Philippines. (2019). Beeswax lip balm. Retrieved from

https://www.burtsbees.com.ph/product/beeswax-lip-balm/

Group, E. (2016, January 13). The Benefits of Organic Lip Balm. Retrieved from
https://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/benefits-of-organic-
lip-balm/

Kadu, M., Singh, S., & Vishwasrao, S. (2014). Review on Natural Lip Balm, 5, 1-7.
Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
301204451_Review_on_Natural_Lip_Balm

Kukreja, K. (2017, November 3). 28 Best Shea Butter Benefits For Skin, Hair And
Health. Retrieved from https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/best-
benefits-of-shea-butter-for-skin-hair-and-health/#gref

Lindsey Rose Black. (2016, January 12). Why Petroleum-Based Lip Balms Could
Be Harmful. Retrieved from https://www.bustle.com/articles/135096-
could-petroleum-based-lip-balms-be-hurting-your-pout-heres-what-you-
should-know

Minitab Inc. (2017). Overview for correlation. Retrieved from

https://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab-express/1/help-and-how-
to/modeling-statistics/regression/how-to/correlation/overview/

152
O'Connor, S. (2018, December 4). 23 Coconut Oil Beauty Benefits Your Hair and
Skin Will Love [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.prevention.com/beauty/a20428276/coconut-oil-cures-for-
your-skin-and-hair/

Oz, M. (2016). The cure for chapped lips. Retrieved from

https://www.doctoroz.com/blog/audrey-kunin-md/cure-chapped-lips

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, Astronomical Services Administration.

(2018, December 21). OFFICIAL STATEMENT OF DOST-PAGASA ON THE
HEAVY RAINFALL EVENT ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL DEPRESSION
USMAN. Retrieved from http://bagong.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/article/35

Schmdt, A. (2018, January). How to prevent and treat chapped lips during winter.
Retrieved from https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/how-to-
prevent-and-treat-chapped-lips-during-winter/70003770

Shatzman, C. (2018, August 22). 9 Ways Honey Can Up Your Beauty Game.
Retrieved from https://www.womenshealthmag.com/beauty
/a19946109/beauty-uses-for-honey/

United States National Library of Medicine. (2017, January 23). Cosmetics.

Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/cosmetics.html

Vicencio, I. (2018, September 28). 10 Lip Balms That Will Give You an Irresistible
Pout. Retrieved from https://www.spot.ph/shopping/beauty-
skincare/75101/10-lip-balms-for-smooth-pout-a1939-20180918-lfrm

153
Wolfson, J. (2018, September 10). The health benefits of broccoli. Retrieved from
https://www.thedrswolfson.com/the-health-benefits-of-broccoli-extract/

154
 P-Wrap: An alternative pastry wrapper

Laurence F. Apelado, Archie Macryan R. Blanco, Audrey Sophia C. Caparal, Elijah

Walter F. Erice, Esther Margarette M. Esguerra, Bea B. Espiritu, Marinella Grace P.
Lauron, Nichelle Anne L. Reyes, Andrew James T. Ungco

Abstract
Bioplastics are commonly made from ingredients such as algae, vegetable
fat, or oil can be seen as a possible substitution to the non-biodegradable plastic
we’ve used in our day to day lives, often made with non-renewable materials.
With the steady depletion of these limited resources, the continued use of
traditional plastic poses a threat to our environment. This paper aims to
introduce and encourage the use of bioplastics within their educational
institution, focusing on reducing non-biodegradable plastic waste within their
campus, not beyond its boundaries. The bioplastic made for the purpose of this
study does not aim to completely replace traditional plastic, but rather stand as a
substitute to lessen the amount of non-biodegradable plastic used and thrown
away. The researchers conducted several trials, each using different ingredients
such as gelatin, vegetable glycerin, and several kinds of starch. The yielded
product is not costly or time-consuming and difficult to create. The bioplastic
was strong enough to withstand some wear and tear, and does not take long to
be diluted in water. In conclusion, the product made, called “P-Wrap” can possibly
be used as a safe, environmentally-friendly substitute for non-biodegradable
plastic, seeing as it contains ingredients which are not toxic when ingested, and
will leave no harmful byproduct once it has dissolved.

155
Introduction
Plastics, as we know them today, are made from petroleum or natural gas.
Other substances are added such as Phthalates, a family of chemical
compounds primarily used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or vinyl flexible and
pliant, and Bisphenol or better known as BPA, a family of chemical compounds
primarily used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or vinyl flexible and pliant. Both
are chemicals which, in excess, may prove harmful to the environment. It also
takes years or even several decades to decompose these kinds of plastics. In the
development of society, there are many man-made products that help mitigate
the harmful effect of certain products that may even help the environment even
more.

The improper disposal of candy wrappers is one of the problems that

bring about a plethora of ecological issues. Candy wrappers are not usually
thought of to be "recyclable" due to their small size and tendency to get ripped up
during the process of opening it, and as a result, only a small number of candy
wrappers are actually reused or recycled.

Biodegradable plastics, or "Bioplastics" are created from renewable

biomass sources such as vegetable fat and oil, as compared to our traditional
plastic, which is manufactured from petroleum and other fossil fuels (Oever,
2010). Bioplastics are possibly a sustainable alternative to petroleum plastics
since they use less fossil fuels during production and reduce the amount of
greenhouse gas emissions as they biodegrade.

If people use the bioplastic instead of the regular plastic, then there is a
positive effect for preserving the environment with the Decreased usage of non-
biodegradable plastics.

156
Methodology

The researchers conducted several trials in order to come up with the best
solution to be used to create P-wrap with a good quality

In the first trial, the researchers poured the purified water, the vegetable
glycerin and the rice starch in a pan over low heat. The mixture was stirred until
all visible lumps disappeared. After thoroughly mixing, the chocolate was added
as flavoring for the bioplastic. Once the chocolate has melted and properly
incorporated into the mixture, it was poured onto a flat sheet of aluminum foil

For the second trial, distilled water was poured into the pan. Then the
vegetable glycerin and gelatin was poured into the water at the same time; the
mixture was cooked over low heat. Stirred until all lumps of gelatin have
disappeared then a bar of chocolate was added to the mix. Once the chocolate
has melted, it was poured into the test tubes to form straws and some of the
mixture was poured into a aluminum foil.

For the third trial, distilled water was poured into the pan. Then the vinegar,
potato starch, and glycerin were added. Placed the pan over low heat, and stirred
the mixture until it turned thick. Then the mixture was poured into a test tube and
aluminum foil as to mold it into a straw and finally, the mixture was left to dry.

For the fourth trial, distilled water was poured into the pan. Then the
vinegar, tapioca starch, and glycerin were added into the mixture. Placed the
mixture over a low heat and mixed it until it turned thick. Then the mixture was
spread over an aluminum foil and finally, the mixture was left until it dried

And for the final trial, the researchers poured in the distilled water in the
pan, then added the gelatin powder and the vegetable glycerin on the surface of

157
the water and mixed it. Turn the stove on low heat then mix it thoroughly until
there are no lumps visible and the bottom of the pan can be seen clearly. After
that, the researchers poured the mixture on top of a tray then spread it all out.
The product will have about 2-4 days, depending on its thickness, until the water
is completely evaporated out of the mixture.

To test the quality of P-Wrap, the researchers consulted to some of their

classmates and teachers to run some evaluation that concerns to the quality of
the Bioplastic. The tests for quality checking are the following.

Type of Test Test Requirement

Fatigue Test The teacher/student requires a

piece of colored gelatin based
bioplastic.

Disintegrated Test The teacher/student will be given

a sample and they will dissolve
the said bioplastic with water.
And they will record the time until
it completely dissolves.

RESULT

The table below shows the result of each trials performed by the
researchers in order to come up with the best result.

158
Table 1 – Results of the trials that the researchers have done
Trial
Solutions Results Remarks
No.

The mixture did not

● 1 bar Chocolate
form as what the Must use distilled
● 5 ml Vegetable
1 researchers water instead of
Glycerin
expected. purified water.
● 70 ml Purified Water
● 10g Rice Starch

● 12ml Vegetable
The chocolate must
Glycerin A mold appeared in not be included for
2 ● 240ml Distilled the surface of the flavoring since it
Water mixture within 4 days causes the plastic to
● 48ml Gelatin mold faster.
● 1 bar Chocolate
● 50ml Distilled Water
● 5ml Vinegar The solution takes Do not use too much
3 ● 7.5g Potato Starch too long to dry and it water with starch as

● 5ml Vegetable got molded the base

Glycerin

● 5ml Vegetable It takes time to dry a

Glycerin The solution is still starch based

4 ● 5ml Vinegar sticky and somehow bioplastic than a

● 50ml Distilled Water dried. gelatin based

● 6g Tapioca Starch bioplastic

● 2.5 ml Vegetable The mixture should

The solution is dried
5 Glycerin be more thin and
within 2 - 3 days
● 10 ml Gelatin flatten in a tray pan

159
 (Powdered)(Unflavo
ured w/ colour)
● 400 ml Distilled
Water

The table below shows the result of the fatigue testing that occurred
during February 9, 2019 until Feb 12, 2019. Fatigue testing is a type of test that
will measure the plastic’s flexibility. The tester will flex the plastic back and forth
until it breaks into halves. And the higher the number of cycles, the better the
plastic’s quality.

Table 2 – Results for Fatigue Testing

Name of Tester Relative to the Times that he/she Remarks

researchers bended the plastic

Jerddie Espana Classmate 100 + bends “In your bio-plastic, for

me it last longer in the
fatigue test where in it
got 100 times bending
without stretch, when you
stretch it out it's durability
is somewhat strong, it is
not immediately torn, for
the smell it does not
smell of anything, or it
kind of smell like
chocolate or something,
the color is fine it looks

160
 like plastic.

Samantha Classmate 39 bends "It not that easy to

Badong destroy the plastic when
I'm doing the fatigue
testing, but once it got
stretched forcefully, it
breaks the plastic apart"

Ms. Aurea Teacher 40 bends No Comment

Silvestre

And the last table is the result of the disintegrated test performed by some
researchers. Disintegrated test is performed to measure how long it will take the
P-Wrap to dissolve in a regular water.

Table 3 – Results for Disintegrated Test

Trial No. Time it took to dissolve a piece of P-Wrap completely

1 8 mins, 12 secs, 32 milliseconds

2 6 mins, 58 secs, 76 milliseconds

3 7 mins, 9 secs, 76 milliseconds

161
Discussion

In the current society, non-biodegradable plastic is constantly used by the

people. With the constant usage and improper disposal, these plastics are being
piled up in a huge amount thus creating a harmful effect to the environment.

The researchers hypothesized that there will be a significant effect on the

environment if a biodegradable plastic was created and be used instead of the
petroleum based plastic. This hypothesis was proven after the researchers
conducted a successful disintegration test on the final product that was
produced.

The researchers conducted a multiple experiment and the results of the

processed yield a non-toxic and compostable plastic product, otherwise called
“Bioplastic”. The final output made by the researchers was a success in
comparison to the previous trials in the making of the bioplastic. The researchers
have come to a conclusion and understanding that the production of the Gelatin-
based bioplastic product is not costly, and the process is not as taxing as one
might think, therefore the mass production is not impossible.

The researchers conducted a Fatigue Test which the tester has to test the
flexibility of the plastic, flexing it back and forth until it breaks into half, to know
the quality of the plastic. The first tester has bent the plastic over 100 times
which means the plastic is good quality. The second tester has bent the plastic
over 39 times. The third has bent the plastic over 40 times. As for the second
test, the researchers conducted a triple trial experiment, called disintegration
test, for us to know how long it will take to completely dissolve a bioplastic. To
conduct this test, you need to stir it continuously until the bioplastic is dissolved.
And as a result, for the first trial, it took 8 minutes, 12 seconds and 32
milliseconds while the second trial last for about 6 minutes, 58 seconds and 76
milliseconds and lastly the third trial has 7 minutes, 9 seconds and 76
milliseconds.

162
 P-Wrap, a type of bioplastic that is created by using three basic materials
mainly distilled water, gelatin and the most important ingredient is the vegetable
glycerol. Gelatin has broken spaces that the glycerol fills up and makes it flexible
because glycerol acts as a plasticizer to the mixture and since gelatin is flexible
and a quick drying substance, it works perfectly with glycerol.

P-Wrap can lessen the pollution and can lessen the use of our natural
resources, since it's doesn't requires natural gas to produce P-Wrap. It only
requires vegetables (glycerol), animal skin (gelatin) and a clean water (distilled
water). It also dissolves in any type of water, even sewer water so that we can
prevent sewer clogs. It can also act as a fertilizer to plants. The scientific
community can definitely use this in developing alternatives for non
biodegradable plastic materials.

Errors that the researchers faced are lesser time in searching for the right
amount and right ingredients that they will be using for their P-Wrap and lacks
information. Due to lack of time, the researchers rushed their testing by calling
some of their friends and teachers at Pasig Catholic College and since the result
from the DOST takes for about 2 months, the researchers doesn't have that much
time to wait for that long. If the researchers has not face this kind of scenario
they might have given a better quality of their product called P-Wrap and test it to
the DOST.

The researchers are planning to use this paper for further research, to find
better ingredient other than gelatin. That can make the plastic more flexible and
stronger but still dissolve in water or can also act as an fertilizer to plants. What
could be the other alternative solutions can be used in producing a more well-
built bioplastic?

163
Appendix

This is the list of materials used for creating P-Wrap

● 2.5 ml Vegetable Glycerin

● 10 ml Gelatin (Powdered)(Unflavoured w/ colour)
● 400 ml Distilled Water
● Measuring Tools
● Pan
● Aluminium Tray
● Spatula

The researchers poured in the distilled water in the pan, then added the
gelatin powder and the vegetable glycerin on the surface of the water and mixed
it. Turn the stove on low heat then mix it thoroughly until there's no lumps visible
and the bottom of the pan can be seen clearly. After that, the researchers poured
the mixture on top of a tray then spread it all out. The product will have about 2-4
days, depending on its thickness, until the water is completely evaporated out of
the mixture.

164
References

Anjoran, R (2015, January). How to Measure the Flexibility of the Plastic You
Buy in China? Retrieved from: https://qualityinspection.org/flexibility-
plastic-china/

Oever, M. (2010). Bio-based and biodegradable plastic – Facts and Figures.

Netherlands: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research Retrieved from:

http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/408350

165
 PENOUXIDE: Rust As An Alternative Ink

Samantha Badong, Jezreel Palana, Aliyah Paragile,

Micaella Ramirez, Rafaela Forcadilla, Angelo Aninon,
Guilliana Cruz, Rainier Abundo,Trisha Samaniego,
Arlly Sanchez, Dhieanne Guiling

Abstract

Pens are one of the most essential tools needed every day especially for
students. Before, it was only used for simple writing, but now with a lot of pen
varieties, its uses have expanded and different kinds of pen were invented and
became very popular. But with the rise of pen production, there comes the
damage to the environment and the human health caused by the chemical
components of the product. For that reason, the researchers came up with the
idea of making a pen with rust-based ink that is likely to be safer than chemical-
based ink. The ink will have Ferrous Oxide as its main ingredient with water and
vinegar as its solvents. Ferrous Oxide has a brownish-red color making it an ideal
component to be turned into pigment and used for writing. It is eco-friendly and
readily available everywhere. The product will undergo different kinds of tests to
ensure quality and safety for the people who will use the rust-based ink.

INTRODUCTION

Pens have existed since ancient times and have been mainly used for
communications written in parchment. To this day, many companies release a
huge number of pens to be sold varying from ballpoint pens, gel pens, dip pens,
calligraphy pen, fountain pens, etc. and have been popular to both children and
adults alike. And yet pen inks have been found to contain chemicals that are
harmful to the human body. According to S. Johnson's “What Is the Chemical

166
Composition of Pen Ink?” (2018) Petrochemicals are used for ballpoint pens.
Petrochemicals in the sense of pen inks are petroleum and natural gas. Finding
an alternative and a much safer solution as an ingredient in pen inks had been a
thing before, using plants as an alternative pigment and avoiding the use of most
chemicals unlike the regular ink to reduce risks and help keep the environment
well-maintained.

Rust, a result of an oxidation reaction wherein iron and oxygen react in the
presence of water and air moisture, is considered to be very troublesome today
especially in constructions and machineries. It slowly corrupts certain metals the
more they get exposed to water or moisture and the next thing you know, the
corrupted metal, when touched, breaks easily or disintegrates to dust. And yet
rust can easily be observed as something that contains pigment. Its reddish-
brown color can be clearly seen and when removed from metal surfaces, it is in a
powdered - form that could easily stain surfaces such as cloth, paper and even
the pavement. Although rust has been found to contain Clostridium tetani, a
bacterium that causes Tetanus (Campbell J., 2017) several acidic chemicals has
been found to remove the risks from rust. Furthermore, rust can easily be found
everywhere there is an exposed metal that is prone to corrosion, from simple
scissors, house appliances, gates, metal poles, and etc.

Methodology

The researchers used the experimental method of research. The method

is a very controlled procedure in which manipulated actions from a factor or
condition, called the experimental variable, the rust ink, was applied upon another
factor called the dependent variable, which are the following: oil-based,
absorption, stick consistency, continuous writing. In the process of making a ball

167
pen’s ink, the researchers used organic materials instead of using synthetic
materials because of its hazardous effects.

This research also used another method in gathering the data. Before
asking the respondents, the researchers underwent the process of consultation.
The researchers consulted three experts who helped improve the product and
proposed possible variables in formulating it. First, the researchers consulted
Ms. Romeliza Perez, Special Science Teacher at Pasig City Science High School,
who specializes in teaching Chemistry and Physics, stated that oil and water
must not be mixed together and the mixture must be as even as the
commercially available ink. Similarly, the researchers consulted Mr. Ephraim
Villacrusis, MASEd, a Research and Biology teacher at Pasig City Science High
School, who suggested that we should prepare a perception test which may
serve as a tool for the researchers to ascertain the effectivity of the product to
the users. Lastly, Mr. Harvey Reyes, a Chemistry teacher at the Pasig Catholic
College, suggested that it would be more efficient to make an oil-based ink for it
to flow smoothly and continuously.

This research focused on how the rust extract is capable of being utilized
as an ingredient for the ball pen’s ink. Observation is vital to confirm or validate
the hypothesis under certain conditions. The researchers gathered all the
materials to be used in the experiment.

The ball pen container was bought at 168 Mall Divisoria, Manila, the
vinegar was bought from Barangay Maybunga, Pasig City, the gum Arabic was
bought from Craft Central Megamall, and collected metals with rust at Barangay
Rosario, Pasig City.
The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory in the Smiths Building of
Pasig Catholic College. The researchers were provided laboratory apparatuses
namely graduated cylinder, beaker and syringes for the experiment.

168
Procedure:
To make Rust –based ink, the first thing to do is to scrape rust from the
collected rusted tools or metals. The rust pigment collected was then sifted
using a strainer, as a result, the bigger particles present was filtered out and
made the rust pigment more even. Afterwards, in a glass jar, put 1.5 ml of water,
0.3 ml of vinegar, 0.003 kg of gum Arabic, and 0.003 kg of rust pigment. (The
ratio used is for making a small amount of ink). Then, mix the ingredients
thoroughly and observe the mixture for 2 weeks or more to acquire the desired
consistency of the ink.
In Injecting the ink, the researchers gathered empty ink cartridge of a pen.
Using a syringe, inject the rust – based ink on the ink cartridge and wait until the
ink flows to the tip of the pen. After injecting of the ink, insert the stopper fluid to
prevent the ink to leak. Cover the bottom or top part of the pen properly and
secured it.

Results

As the formula on how to make an ink is confidential and is not open to

the public, the researchers attempted different procedures by mixing ingredients
from different legitimate sources before determining the most effective formula
on how to make an ink. The first trial was observed to have good results. The
first trial used ingredients such as gum Arabic, water, vinegar, essential oil, and
rust pigment. After the procedure was conducted, the first sample was observed
in a span of 12 days to get the desired consistency of the ink.

Upon observation, the researchers determined that rust has heavy

particles compared to a commercially available pigment, therefore, the
researchers decided to add another week for the rust to suspend, and leaving a
fluid – which became the rust – based inks at the top of the jar. Based on the

169
researchers’ findings, rust can be an alternative pigment to be used in ink making
specifically brown ink. The lasting effect of the ink on the paper was observed for
three weeks and the ink on the paper remains visible.

Conclusion

Due to the rise of pen production, there comes the damage to the
environment and the human health caused by the chemical components of the
product. For that reason, the researchers came up with the idea of making a pen
with rust-based ink that is likely to be safer than chemical-based ink. The ink will
have Ferrous Oxide as its main ingredient with water and vinegar as its solvents.
Ferrous Oxide has a brownish-red color making it an ideal component to be
turned into pigment and used for writing. It is eco-friendly and readily available
everywhere . The researchers concluded that rust can be an alternative pigment
to be used in the production of brown ink. The ink that will be produced will be
more efficient than the commercially available ink for the reason that rust is
naturally available and easily obtained.

170
APPENDIX

Documentation

Gathering of Materials

171
QUESTIONNAIRE

To All Responders,

We are students from Grade 12 – Pope Pius IX and we are conducting a

research project titled the “PENOUXIDE: Rust As An Alternative Ink”. This survey
questionnaire serves as a tool to determine the efficiency of the product made.
We are asking for your cooperation, time, and most honest response in
answering this questionnaire. Please be assured that your answers and identity
will be dealt with the utmost confidentially by the researchers. Thank you.

Name: _____________________________ Academic Status: _____________________

(optional) (ex. teacher, student, etc.)

Direction: Read each question thoroughly and check your answers in the box

4 – Excellent (E) 3 – Good (G) 2 – Fair (F) 1 – Poor (P)

E G F P
4 3 2 1

Installation Testing (check the structure of the pen itself)

1. All parts of the pen fit properly and have no loose fitting.
2. The pen ball moves with ease.
3. The pen is comfortable to hold.
4. The company or pen name is visibly clear on the casing.

172
 E G F P
4 3 2 1

Usability Testing (test if the pen has the proper ability to used)

1. The pen ink runs smoothly on paper and is not patchy.

2. The pen ink does not patch or blot no matter which direction the tip of the
pen is faced.
3. The pen ink flows continuously even with different amounts of force or
pressure is inserted to the pen.
E G F P
4 3 2 1

Quality Testing (overall discernment for the pen)

1. The pen ink is similar to the color of rust.

2. The pen ink does not create any discoloration while writing on the paper.
3. The pen ink is slow to dry.
4. The pen ink color is consistent from the start you write until the end.

173
Source: https://www.softwaretestingclass.com/test-cases-for-pen/

https://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/test-cases-for-pen/

Validated by: Mr. Allan Espenilla – Inquiries, Investigation, Immersion

Teacher
Mr. Ralph Balin – Guidance Counselor
Mr. Dionimar Banaria – Research Teacher
Mr. Michael Medina – Assistant Senior High School Principal

E G F P
4 3 2 1

174
References

Britannica, T. E. (2013, July 12). Petrochemical. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/petrochemical

Danu, K. (2017, October 20). Nature's Top 10 Antibiotics. Retrieved from

https://www.longevitylive.com/health-living/nature-top-10
antibiotics/?fbclid=IwAR275vJ7ztAh1laecnUPcjfRpi_eYvZwu2jGb4EWm03
1RjwpLT0G4j0YAww

Helmenstine, A. M., & Helmenstine. (n.d.). How Rust and Corrosion Work.

Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/how-rust-works-608461

Johnson, S. (2019, January 10). What Is the Chemical Composition of Pen Ink?

Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/chemical-composition-pen-ink-

17194.html

(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.antimicrobe.org/b100.asp

Nordqvist, C. (2017, December 13). Tetanus: Symptoms, causes, and treatments.

Retrieved from
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/163063.php?fbclid=IwAR2lE4Ak4Y
XOV07GHPp6cO-uBsEry_AuJ8mdiNv6WCOwUwTYPV7m_ZWY3P8

175
 SnapIX Hydroponics: Utilizing Divergent Approach In
Germinating Different Kinds of Plants

John Gabriel Dela Cruz, Joshua Francisco, Jose Miguel Gonzales,

Zedrick Javier, Jericho Oblepias, Rossben Ray Ogbac, Rey Hans Reas, Ryan Oliver San
Pedro, Joshua Salvatierra, Joshua Sulio, Jennel Reyes

Abstract
It is expected that nine billion of people will live in an urban area by
2030 as cities and their houses occupy an additional 1.2 million square
kilometers, and that’s an additional 1.35 billion people living in cities Hydroponics
is the process of growing plants without soil. Its purpose is to highlight the
efficiency of crop production while inside the school premises and as well as to
utilize to concentrate on issues and challenges of utilizing such hydroponic
system and that would be used for academic purposes for the future
preferences. In methodology, there are 2 main methods that the researchers
used to build and test their own design structure of hydroponics; these are the
Building Method and Planting Method. The researcher used Lactuca sativa seeds
also known as Lettuce and Brassica rapa seeds also known as Pechay as their
seeds to grow on their hydroponics system. In the Building Method, it is required
to patch the PVC pipes 3 or more times to make sure there are no leaks. In the
Planting Method it is required to germinate the seedlings in a tap water for 4
days before transferring to the hydroponics system and it just took 42 days for
the lettuce to be fully harvest in hydroponics system rather than 80 days in soil
and 17 days for the petchay to be fully harvest in hydroponics system rather than
30 days in soil. Upon creating the design structure made by the researchers,
there are some challenges that they encountered since they have no experience
in creating such a system but despite all the challenges, the indoor hydroponics
system that the researcher produced and designed was able to germinate and
grow plants at a faster rate than planting with soil.

176
 Key Words: farming; culture; education; hydroponics; structure; nutrients

Introduction
It is expected that nine billion of people will live in an urban area by 2030
as cities and their houses occupy an additional 1.2 million square kilometers, and
that’s an additional 1.35 billion people living in cities. The urban expansion of
areas will have an impact in producing a quality food for the people, decrease of
available land for planting purposes, and the ability of future generations to meet
the required production and consumption of food and therefore this is the main
target of the researchers, to create a self-designed indoor hydroponic system
were used to highlight the efficiency in crop production while inside the school,
house, and other facilities, which can have a growing process of 24 hours a day.
The study was also employed to focus on problems and difficulties of using such
hydroponic system and to be used for academic purposes.

The word hydroponic is a combination of the Latin words “hydro” which

means water and “ponos” which means labour. Hydroponics is the process of
growing plants without soil. In a hydroponic system, nutrients and supplements
are dissolved into water, creating a nutrient solution. The nutrient solution is
delivered to plant roots and then captured and recirculated through the system.
The use of a hydroponic growth system is most advantageous in situations
where the nutrient media need to be well controlled and when intact roots need
to be harvested for downstream applications. As stated by Sardade M. (2013)
Hydroponics gardens produce the healthiest crops with high yields and are
consistently reliable; gardening is clean and extremely easy, requiring very little
effort.

Hydroponic cultivating is not only a wise investment monetarily, with

extraordinary educational returns, but at the same time in a culture of self-
sufficiency, respect for one’s environment, and respect for the labor involved in a

177
healthy living situation. Schools that put invest into hydroponic farming are
making ventures toward effectively teaching their understudies in something
beyond fundamental aptitudes and certainties, but a better way of life. By having
a hydroponics system in a school can be a start of making the transition from
ideas and problems on paper to real-life solution because it fosters innovation
and critical thinking skills and it has large variety of learning opportunity as
mentioned by Baptista (2014) Use of hydroponics has implications reaching from
water conservation further to space travel. It deals intimately with physical
science, biology, engineering, chemistry, ecology, politics, and much more.

The objective of this study is to create a self-designed indoor hydroponic

system were used to highlight the efficiency in crop production while inside the
school, house, and other facilities, which can have a growing process of 24 hours
a day. The study was also employed to focus on problems and difficulties of
using such hydroponic system and to be used for academic purposes.

The use SnapIX Hydroponics system can be a way to solve the lack of
food production and consumption of food for the people from this generation up
to next and as well as promote the use of water conserving methods of food
production under soil-less culture.

Methodology

Hydroponics System
The SnapIX Hydroponics was self-designed by the researchers,
which consisted of 8 PVC (polymerizing vinyl chloride) pipes that can fill up to 6L
of water each pipe. The SnapIX Hydroponics had no air pump; moreover the
water in this system works as stagnant water and it has a drainage wherein the
water can be drained in the PVC pipes. This hydroponics system has a LED (light-
emitting diode) Lights that can give efficiency to the planting process of plants
which is a substitute for sun.

178
 Blue print

Building Method
In the 4x4 inch PVC pipes, cut the 2 pipes into 750 mm and then
this would give us 8 pieces of 750 mm pipes. Same as the 2x2 inches pipes, cut
it into 12 pieces of 308 mm, 16 pieces of 100 mm, 8 pieces of 140 mm, 4 pieces
of 250 mm, and 2 pieces of 1100 mm. Afterwards, use a 2 inch hole saw bit to
drill the 4x4 end cap in the middle. Also, drill 8 holes in the 4x4, 750 mm pipe with
a 2.5 inch starting point from the start and a 1 inch gap between each hole.
Afterwards, drill a hole under the 750 mm pipe 2 inches starting from the edge.
Put the circles from the drilled holes in the 4 inch 750 mm pipe to the 100 mm
pipe, which is connected to the Tee then use the sealant to close and tighten any
gap. Cutting and drilling the PVC pipes would leave particle residuals in the

179
vicinity, to smoothen the rough edges, use a sandpaper to make the surface nice
and smooth.
After all that is done, use Ga-as to heat the end of the 4x4 750 mm
PVC pipe until it becomes soft then carefully insert the cap. Be cautious in
inserting the cap for it has the tendency to break-apart. To ensure there are no
any leaks, put a batch of sealant. Apply the sealant to the insides and outsides of
the 4 inch end cap and 2 inch drainage end caps and wait for 1-2 days for the
sealant to strengthen.

Now that all the frames and braces are complete, connect each
part now by using the PVC cement to strengthen the connection of each material.
Connect all the 308 mm and 100 mm into the Tee, connect the 140 mm and 100
mm into the Tee, Connect the Elbow in the 140, Connect the 250 mm into the Tee
then 250 mm pipe into the Elbow, Connect the 100 mm pipe into the end caps
which is the connected to the 750 mm pipe then. Lastly connect the 1100 mm
pipe into the Tee which is connected to the Elbow to support the whole structure.

Painting Method
After the assembly of all parts, the researcher used quick-dry paint
for giving some color to the SnapIX Hydroponics. The researchers painted the
upper part of the structure first which are the 2 braces/support, then vertical
frames, and then lastly the 8 pcs 750mm 4 inches PVC pipe. Let it dry for 2-3
days for best result.

Wiring Method
Cut an 8 pieces 24 inches LED lights into the designated cutting
area. Solder each end of the LED strip lights to the wire. Follow a parallel circuit
with a switch. Finally

Planting Method

180
Germination Process
According to Hobbyland Agribusiness Aquaponics Hydroponics,
Seed Germination is one of the most important criteria in the quality of every
seeds. Germination affects crop establishment and the yield and quality on the
planting process. In the process of germination, the materials that should be
used are sowing tray, growing tray (polyurethane/horti foam), hydroponic seeds,
and dechlorinated water. The first step is to soak the foam into the water. After
soaking, put the foam directly into the sowing tray. Next, put two to three seeds
on each foam and place it in a dark and warm place. Then, wait for 3 - 5 days to
germinate the seeds. Once it germinated, transfer the foam with seedlings to the
cup which comes into the next process which is the planting process.

Planting Process
According to Hobbyland Agribusiness Aquaponics Hydroponics,
Planting is the main process wherein the seeds will grow into its natural plant.
After the seeds are germinated, planting process needs to be done. The
materials needed in this process are Hydroponic planting pipe, Net pot (with
germinated seed in foam), and Snap Nutrient Solution. First, Mix 10 liters of
water with 25 ml each of SNAP A and B solution. Stir well and put it in the
planting pipe. Next, Transfer the individual seedlings in each net pot then put the
seedlings into the planting pipe. Make sure that the bottom of the planting cups
is touching the nutrient solution by 1/2 inch deep, not any deeper or shallower. If
not, add more tap water to reach the desired depth is reached. After all the
process is done, the seeds will now grow to its natural plant.

181
Results
Building Results
PATCH DAYS LEAKS RESULT

1st Patch 3 Days 7 PVC pipes Unsuccessfu

that have leaks l

2nd Patch 1 Day 4 PVC pipes Unsuccessfu

that have leaks l

3rd Patch 1 Day No more Successful

leaks

This table shows that during the 1st patch of the sealant the
researchers that 7 out of 8 PVC pipes have a water leaks and during every patch
of the researchers the number of leaks are also decreasing and the patching
went up to 3rd patch that the researcher ensure there are no more leaks in every
PVC pipes.

Germination Results
TRIALS DAYS WATER RESULT

1st Trial 5 Days Dechlorinate Unsuccessfu

d Water l

2nd Trial 4 Days Dechlorinate Successful

d Water

This table shows that in the 1st trial, the germinating of seeds was
unsuccessful. The foam was not soaked in a tap water, instead just poured a
182
small amount of water. Few of the Pechay/Snow Cabbage (Brassica rapa) and
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds germinated in the 5th day, the rest of the seeds did
not germinate. After a day, the germinated seeds were all withered. In the 2 nd
trial, the germinating of seeds was successful. The foam was soaked in a tap
water. All of the Pechay/Snow Cabbage (Brassica rapa) and Lettuce (Lactuca
sativa) seeds germinated in the 4th day.

Planting Results

The Comparison between Planting Lettuce seed with Soil and SnapIX

Hydroponics

This chart shows that when using the SnapIX Hydroponics system
the Lettuce can be harvest in just 42 days aside from planting it in the soil which
can be harvest in the 80 days.

183
 The Comparison between Planting Petchay seed with Soil and SnapIX

Hydroponics

This chart shows that when using the SnapIX Hydroponics system
the Petchay can be harvest in just 17 days aside from planting it in the soil which
can be harvest in the 30 days.

Conclusion

The main problem that the researchers want to target is the lack of
healthy soil here in Metro Manila that can be used for farming and to show to the
people that in this modernization of different places that caused to the lack of
healthy soil, there are still way to plant vegetable and fruits in a more efficient
way than using soil. The main hypothesis of the research is to know whether a
seed can grow and germinate to transform into a plant using dechlorinated water
with SNAP nutrients. The researchers’ hypothesis is very well supported. It is a
success and it is proven that seeds/plants can grow in water with nutrients.

184
 These are the following results, in Patching: 3rd patch, No leaks; it
shows that it takes 3rd batch of patch to make it no leaks. Germination: Soaked
in tap water, 4 days; it shows that it is needed to soak the foam with seeds in tap
water for 4 days. Planting: Lettuce; 42 days and Petchay; 17 days. It shows that it
is half of the length time will be consumed in planting in SnapIX Hydroponics
rather than plating it in soil.

In these results, it validates or supports that the SnapIX

Hydroponics are successfully tested and proven like the other hydroponics
system and it is only uses water and nutrients to grow seeds. Seeds need water,
light, oxygen, and heat to grow. In the results also, the researchers conclude that
hydroponics planting is efficient, effective, and eco-friendly.

The Hydroponics farming opens up more opportunity to the people

as it gives new knowledge about the hydroponics farming and gives them ideas
to produce their own concept of new method of farming that could be beneficial
for the community as well as to the people. This also provides a window to the
other fields such as physics, chemistry and biology for the reason these are the
foundation of the hydroponics farming because it gives new ideas and concept
to make their own structure and chemicals that can produce twice or thrice
faster the usual hydroponics.

There are hindrances that the researchers encounter in building this

hydroponics system. The first is that the researchers had a long time in patching
those leaks in the PVC pipes because the sealant that were used by the
researchers are not that expensive enough that can be dry and harden in a short
period of time. This problem affected the researchers by spending extra money
in buying sealants and it took a longer time to be able to paint the SnapIX
Hydroponics. The second is that researcher failed to germinate the seedlings in
their first try, because the researchers failed to soak the foam in a tap water.
Therefore the seeds of lettuce and petchay died and failed to germinate. This

185
problem affected the researchers by because of this problem it took longer time
and more trials before the germinated seeds can be transfer to the SnapIX
Hydroponics. If these particular problems are not encountered by the
researchers, the SnapIX Hydroponics system can be full finished in a shorter
period of time.

There are many aspects to improve the SnapIX Hydroponics and

one of the improvements that can really help to develop this product is to put a
water pump that can help to circulate the water 24 hours in a day in every PVC
pipe of the SnapIX Hydroponics. In this way, it will help to maintain the
cleanliness of water in every PVC pipe and this can help the future owner of this
SnapIX Hydroponics not to change its stagnant water regularly because of the
water pump that is attached on it.

For the question that the future researchers of the SnapIX

Hydroponics, does having a water pump in this product will help to the efficiency
of its production? And how does the water pump affect the production of fruits
and/or vegetables of SnapIX Hydroponics?

186
Appendix

Structure Blueprint

187
 1. Gathering all the materials

2. Drilling holes and cutting the PVC pipe

3. Burning the PVC Pipe to insert
4. Applying sealant on end cup and drainage of the PVC pipe.
5. Connecting all parts of the Structure
6. Painting the Structure
7. Germinating the seeds
8. Transferring the germinate seeds into the structure

188
References

Sardade, M. (2013, March). A Review on plant without soil-Hydroponics. Retrieved

from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276320585_A_REVIEW_ON_PL
ANT_WITHOUT_SOIL_-_HYDROPONICS

Baptista, P. (2014, August 15). Benefits to Teaching Hydroponics in the

Classroom. Retrieved from http://blog.zipgrow.com/teaching-
hydroponics-in-the-classroom/

Storey, A. (2019). How to Grow Hydroponic Cabbage: The Beginner's Guide -

Upstart University. Retrieved from
https://university.upstartfarmers.com/blog/hydroponic-cabbage-
beginners-guide

McKee, S. (2019). Hydroponic Seed Starting 101: A Primer for Beginners.

Retrieved from https://www.maximumyield.com/hydroponic-seed-
starting-101-a-primer-for-beginners/2/3328?

Cruz, D (2019). Hobbyland Agribusiness Aquaponics Hydroponics. Retrieved from

https://www.facebook.com/hobbylandagribiz/

Homeguides.sfgate.com. (2019). Quick Growing Plants for Hydroponic Systems.

Retrieved from https://homeguides.sfgate.com/quick-growing-plants-
hydroponic-systems-27438.html

189
 Hybrid Street Light

Robert Russell A. Andaya, Jego Ysrael E. Celis, Marick Joshua B. Corcelles,

Krysha Gwyneth B. Furuc, Kristine Angel C. Flores, Dianne Camille M. Garcia,
Jemarine Kate Stephanie C. Marquez, Romuel Josue A. Miranda,
Sebastian Gryk D. Umali, Kyla Louise C. Soriano

Abstract

This study focuses on lighting up the school at night and to lessen the use
of electrical energy at the same time by creating a Hybrid Street Light. This Street
Light will be powered by wind and solar energy. There would be a battery that
would store the collected energy of the solar panels and turbine, which will
power the bulbs of the said street light. The group would be using LED light for it
uses less power than traditional bulbs. This is also a better alternative in terms
of producing energy for it is renewable and is eco-friendly.

Introduction

Hybrid streetlight is generated by wind and solar energy, it will cost less
since the energy that used is free. Electric power that came from power plant is
causing so much pollution and also very expensive, the researcher wants to
lessen the consumption of electricity that is used in Pasig Catholic College by
creating a street light that can charged energy from wind and sunlight. The
surface of the earth receives 120,000 terawatts of solar radiation (sunlight) it is
20,000 times more the power that is needed to supply the entire world ( Sendy, A.
2019). It is very important for people to use energy wisely because wasting
energy can cause so much trouble in nature considering the needs of people
today is mostly powered by electricity, electricity became a primary need of
people. Hybrid streetlight will get powered by solar panel that can absorb energy

190
during the day and wind turbine that can absorb energy or charged even in the
night or even if it is raining. According to (Ricci, R.,et.al 2014) Wind and solar
energy is free and clean sources, the most promising alternative of fossil fuels
power generation, However, small wind turbines have to face some problems in
related to noise, low and turbulent winds and visual impact. The turbines can
cause noise by the rotor blades and aesthetic pollution. Although the solar and
wind energy has pros it has more cons especially when it comes to mother
nature.

Pasig Catholic College electricity consumption has an average yearly

expenses of 1.7 Million Pesos. It is said that PCC uses four kinds of light such as
Sidewall Light, Moving Light, Spotlight, and Houselight. Each light has a wattage
of 100W, 500W, 500W, and 250W respectively. This has been said by the
Engineer in charge of Pasig Catholic College, Engineer Tessa Lopez.

Methodology

The product itself are made of improvised materials with the least possible
cost. Materials are gathered whether they are recyclable materials or raw
materials. In order to attach the solar panels, wind turbine and the rest of the
components; it is imperative to accomplish making the tower as support. The
tower consists of scrap slabs of wood each having dimensions of 8.4 ft in length
and the base has measurements 3.9 ft for the length and 3.4 ft for the width. For
the top of the tower, we provided a box-shaped container made of wood which
rests the components being used by the whole mechanism. In that container, the
inverter, the charge controller and the battery is placed along with rolls of wires.
The solar panel placed above the whole mechanism is done with parallel circuit
with the wind turbine to be able combine their input energy to the charge
controller. To achieve input energy to the charge controller, before being
arranged into parallel circuit with the solar panel, it is attached with a rectifier,

191
converting the initial energy input from alternating current to direct current, which
only the battery accepts. The charge controller receives all the inputs from the
solar panel and wind turbine so as to the output energy to be consumed by the
LED lights and battery to satisfy its energy capacitance. The LED lights are also
done with parallel circuits to combine the two bulbs in one wire system accepted
by the charge controller. The inverter on the other hand, is paired with the battery
which converts the direct current to alternating current. Keeping in mind that
most appliances used today utilizes alternating current more than direct current.
The USB ports along the extension cords are placed below the box to encourage
the people to use anytime of the day, placing a plank of wood to hold devices
while charging. The whole mechanism is painted with mahogany-colored varnish
to achieve a lasting color as well as to preserve the wood inside.

Results

Components Function Usage

Solar Panel Captures light Light energy is converted

energy to electrical energy

Wind Turbine Continuously Wind turbine mechanism

gathering energy can be valuable source of
coming from wind continuous energy.

DC Battery Produces direct A reserve battery bank of

current (DC) Electric Current to power
other components.

Rectifier Converts Converts current which

alternating current only the battery accepts
to direct current

192
 Inverter Converts direct Converts current to be
current to used by variety of
alternating current appliances or devices

LED Light Produces light Scatters light particles to

illuminate dim
surroundings

The use of hybrid technology consists of two renewable energy source such
as Solar and Wind Energy with a supporting DC battery to supply the load and
produce light and an inverter to convert the variable direct current (DC) output
into alternating 220V current (AC). This AC electricity then can be fed to operate
appliances. The solar panels gathers sufficient light energy whether they are
directly came from the sunlight, rainy or cloudy days as long as the solar panels
absorb light rays it will continuously charge. The wind turbine converts the wind
into energy that despite of stronger or weaker winds as long as the momentum

193
of the circulation of the turbine operates it will still gather sufficient amount of
energy. The DC Battery is a contributor of supplying electricity and can also be
act as a reserve in case it is needed when the renewable sources are not
available to be used due to certain conditions. Rectifier converts the alternating
current (AC) to direct current (DC) that comes from the wind turbine; Since the
wind turbine itself does not function as a direct current it undergoes rectification
to convert the turbine’s output into direct current. Inverter converts the DC that
comes from the battery to AC to generate electricity that can be used in order to
power appliances such as mobile chargers, speakers etc. Last but not the least
important component is the LED lights; It uses light consumption that only
generates the least amount of wattage (W) that does not operate to waste
consumption for it is cheapxqer in consuming electric consumption.

Conclusion

As the energy consumption increases, the expense in Meralco bill also

increases. Most especially the use of night lights, like the light consumption
during night-based operations in Pasig Catholic College. This light consumption
may result to a costly expensive consume of electricity.

The researchers hypothesized that the product, Hybrid Street Light, can
help the consumption of electricity and will provide an eco friendly electric power
to the streetlights, with a use of Solar Panel and Wind Turbine.

As a result, the Hybrid Street Light consists of Solar Panel and Wind
Turbine, which captures the energy from light and wind. There is also a rectifier
that converts Alternative Current to Direct Current to supply the battery since the
wind turbine itself supports Alternative Current. The energy captured are stored
in Direct Current Battery, which will be converted by the inverter to Alternative

194
Current or LED Lights to produce light.The product also have a USB Port and
Extension Cord which can give power to certain devices.

SInce the uprise of electric bills, too much electric consumption and
preserving of electricity at night is evident in PCC, the researchers come up with
a better solution to withstand these certain conditions: FIrst is to come up with a
product model that will use natural environment sources of energy such as Solar
and Wind to produce electricity. Second is to have a reserve of electric current
such as the use of DC battery to be used in the desired time. Third to amplify the
charge of energy in the DC Battery with the use of rectifier that came from the
wind turbine. Fourth to convert DC to AC with the use of inverter so that
appliances can be used. Lastly, using led lights to illuminate the environment
scattered with rays of light.

With this concept, the school will not rely on Meralco to use electric
consumption at night, electric bills will somehow decrease, it does not harm the
environment for the sources of energy came from the nature itself and most of
all the least possible cost of energy consumption is observed in the use of LED
lights as well as a charging station in times of emergency in experiencing battery
drainage in mobile phones or gadgets.

The information is feasible and reliable since it talks about consuming

electricity mainly with the use of renewable sources of energy without being
dependent to Meralco. It also benefits the community because of need and
change. It affects other fields of study in the way of finding alternative solutions
to use electricity that is reliant to natural environment, affordable electric
consumption, and continuously storing electric energy in day, night or even 24/7.
The public can use the information to distribute good news that will inform them

195
about the affordable use of the product in energy preservation, efficiency use,
lifespan of the product and illuminating luminosity of the LED light bulbs.

As the work had been undergoing multiple problems had been

encountered both skill and time wise. There have been a lot of question whether
or not the group would be able to execute the experiment well. However with
extreme perseverance. Hybrid Street Light had been brought to life. Some
problems encountered are in terms of connecting wires. It is important to keep
differently charged wires away from each other for it might cause circuit
problems but there are times wherein the wires accidentally meet. There would
also be situations wherein the wires are not well connected and the bulb does
not light up. When this happens the product wires are being rechecked and
reconnected. If problems like this are not encountered the time duration in terms
of building the product would have been faster. However problems like this
allows one to be a wise thinker, risk taker and collaborative for the better good.

This product can help us to lessen the expenses and use of electricity.
This can be improve more if we are going to use the materials that would last
longer than we have now and this can help in our future as well. In rare cases of
overcharge, we need to have additional power outputs such as motion detectors
and CCTV technology so that the distributed electric current will be equally
shared.

196
 Apendix

Materials Used

Projected Expenses for the Hybrid Street Lights

Date of
Raw Materials Quantity Unit Amount
Purchase

Izuki 50W 12V Mono Solar Panel 1 pc. ₱1735.00

Solar Controller 10A 12V/24V 1 pc. ₱600.00

IBP 1000W 12V

1 pc. ₱1440.00
Portable Inverter

Solar Cable
10 m ₱600.00
2.5mm2

February 9,
DC 12V LED Bulb 9W 3 pcs. ₱312.00
2019

Receptacle for Light Bulb 2 pcs. ₱20.00

Wood 2x2x10 6 pcs. ₱1800.00

Wood Nail Type 2 1 1/2 kg. ₱105.00

Wood Nail Type 3 1/2 kg. ₱35.00

Wolf Gear Metric Cap Screw 25 pcs. ₱44.75

Akari Rash Backup Battery 12V 1 pc. ₱1699.75

197
 Cybertec USB Charger 4 Ports 1 pc. ₱429.75

Electrical Tape 2 pcs. ₱70.00

Wood 2x2x10 2 pcs. ₱600.00

Wood 2x3x10 1 pc. ₱450.00

February 16, Wood Nail Type 2 1/2 kg. ₱35.00

2019
Wood Nail Type 3 1/2 kg. ₱35.00

Varnish 4 pcs. ₱140.00

Thinner 1 pc. ₱35.00

Brush 10 pcs. ₱250.00

Sealant 1 pc. ₱35.00

Steel Holder for Battery & Inverter 2 pcs. ₱150.00

Staple Wires 10 pcs. ₱5.00

February 17,
Improvised Wind Turbine 1 pc. ₱2575.00
2019

Cord Plug 1 pc. ₱20.00

February

198
 19, 2019 Extension Receptacle 1 pc. ₱96.00

Electrical Tape 1 pc. ₱35.00

Staple Wires 20 pcs. ₱10.00

₱13,362.
TOTAL
25

Other Expenses

Description Amount

Labor (Carpentry Works) ₱2500.00

Transportation Fare ₱160.00

Food Expense ₱4000.00

Consultation Fee (Engineer) ₱3500.00

Total ₱10,160.00

Total Cost = Raw Material Cost + Other Expenses

Total Cost = ₱13,246.25 + ₱10,160

Total Cost = ₱23,406.25

199
MSRP = Total Cost + (Total Cost x mark up)

*mark-up = (15% lowest , 35% highest)

MSRP = ₱23,406.25 + (₱23,406.25 x 33%)

MSRP = ₱23,406.25 + ₱7,724.06

MSRP = ₱31,130.31

Pictures

200
Final Product

201
References

Online articles

HOW PHONE CHARGING STATIONS will profit YOUR LIFE AND BUSINESS. (2014,
April 16). Retrieved from https://chargetech.com/phone-charging-devices-
can-benefit-life-business

Research tools: focus group discussion. (2009, January). Retrieved from

https://www.odi.org/publications/5695-research-tools-focus-group-
discussion/

What is an inverter? Retrieved from https://www.lgenergy.com.au/faq/solar-

panels/what-is-an-inverter

What is a Solar Charge Controller? Retrieved from https://www.solar-

electric.com/learning-center/batteries-and-charging/solar-charge-
controller-basics.html

E-Journals

Montelpare, S. et al., (2015). An innovative wind–solar hybrid street light:

development and early testing of a paradigm. International Journal of
Low-Carbon Technologies, 10(4), 420–429. Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctu016

Rich, A. (2019, January 08). Why employing a Voice Recorder can cause you to
an improved querier. Retrieved from https://www.rev.com/blog/use-an-
audio-recorder-during-interviews

Sendy, A. (2019, January 21). How the execs and cons of alternative energy has
improved in 2019? Retrieved from
https://www.solarreviews.com/blog/pros-and-cons-of-solar-energy

202
 Anculmes: A Perfume with Citronella Oil

Noriell Arbole, Ruzzie Brejente, Miguel Cervantes, Gerardo Navarro,

Gerald Paginag, Phillip Pesuelo, Johndelbert Vicente,
Ruth Herradura, Alyzza Male, Kathleene Sumbilla

Abstract
The researchers focused on the main problem which is mosquito bites
and the dangers it can cause. The study aims to create a perfume that can be an
everyday hygienic use and also be a protection against mosquitoes with its
unique scent. The goal is to create an eco-friendly perfume by mixing an
essential oil and different fragrances to create a solution capable of maintaining
a consistent scent that also acts as a repellent for mosquitoes. The researchers
limits themselves to create an eco-friendly perfume by using different fragrances
and added citronella oil and a few liquid solutions to make the specific type of
scent resistant to mosquitoes and appealing to the market. The product
development of the perfume with repellent is made with eco and pocket friendly
ingredients. The researchers come up with a study where the mixture of the
perfume can perform the same with other repellent perfume without costing a
fortune

Key Words: Mosquito; Repellent; Perfume; fragrance; Citronella

Mosquito - any of a family (Culicidae) of dipteran flies with females that have a
set of slender organs in the proboscis adapted to puncture the skin of animals
and to drink their blood and that are in some cases vectors of serious diseases

Repellent - serving or tending to drive away or ward off —often used in

combination a mosquito-repellent spray : arousing aversion or disgust : repulsive

203
Perfume - the scent of something sweet-smell: a substance that emits a
pleasant odor

Fragrance - : a sweet or delicate odor (as of fresh flowers, pine trees, or perfume)
: Something (such as a perfume) compounded to give off a sweet or pleasant
odor

Citronella - a lemon scented grass (Cymbopogon nardus) of southern Asia that

yields an oil used in perfumery and as an insect repellent

Introduction
In everyone’s daily life things such as mosquito bites are common but can
also lead to sickness such as dengue. According to Mayo Clinic, “Bites from
mosquitoes carrying certain viruses or parasites can cause severe illness. Infected
mosquitoes in many parts of the world transmit West Nile virus to humans. Other
mosquito-borne infections include yellow fever, malaria and some types of brain
infection (encephalitis).” The researchers aim to mix perfume with mosquito
repellant which aims to prevent mosquito bites. To lessen the rate of dengue
and to give consumers something that is also commonly used as a tool to help in
reducing the risk. Aside from eco-friendly perfume, it is also a pocket friendly
product, because our product wants to help every Filipino in solving this case in
small amount so that we produce this perfume. This product can also lessen the
case of mosquito bites like malaria and especially dengue. It can be a prevention
to the increasing case of dengue. The advantage of the perfume is that it has a
light and good smell and mixed with an essential oil of citronella as the repellent
while the other perfume repellants has strong fragrance smell or does not smell
at all and fragrance does not last long as well. The disadvantages of the product
is that it may cause reaction unto those with asthmatic problems in breathing or
on skin.

204
Main claims
The researchers aim to produce a product that is commonly used in a
person’s daily life. They found out that dengue is one of the major disease in the
Philippines which lead them to innovate an existing product that could help
prevent such case so they come up on making a perfume as mosquito repellent.
The researchers want to make this because perfume is one of the common
product that people consume. Producing a perfume unique for it is a mosquito
repellent but its scent is still as good as high end perfumes.
The ingredients used in making perfumes are fixative which makes the
scent lasts longer, PGA or pure grain alcohol makes the perfume smell stronger,
DPG or dipropylene glycol is used to cut fragrances making them skin safe or
suitable for potpourri or burners, essential oils and the main ingredient citronella.

Methodology
The researchers looked and searched about the major diseases in the
Philippines and chose dengue as it is one of the highest percentage dealt in the
Philippines. Then, the researchers came up with the idea of a perfume with
mosquito repellent as well as the ingredients to make it. After the researchers
have known the ingredients, the procedure was ready and looked for mosquito
repellents that is possible to apply on skin and also to look for its side effects
while it was applied on skin. Then, the researchers bought all the ingredients at
the same time, there was a seminar with the chemist to help researchers mix a
perfume. Lastly, the researchers started experimenting mixtures of perfume with
the mosquito repellent which is citronella after finishing the product, it is time for
the chemist to check the work on the researchers’ product.

205
Results
The researchers came up with the findings from the results of the
experiments based on the table below:

Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3

Vanilla 5 drops PGA Below Purr 3 drops

Lace 50

Olympea 2 drops Hugo 5 drops La Vie Est 3 drops

Romantic 3 drops Red Edition 3 drops Romantic 2 drops

Wish Wish

DPG 2 drops Earl Grey 2 drops DPG 2 drops

PGA Below DPG 2 drops Citronella 5 drops

50

Citronella 5 drops PGA Below

50

Experiment 4 Experiment 5

Gucci 3 Drops Gucci 2 Drops

One Red 3 Drops One Red 2 Drops

Edition Edition

Romantic 3 Drops Romantic 2 Drops

Wish Wish

DPG 2 Drops Citronella 5 Drops

Citronella Unknown DPG 2 Drops

PGA Below 50 PGA Below 50

206
The smell of the first experiment is mild melon, the second smells strong it is
more masculine perfume, the third is a strong melon, the fourth smells more like
a Hugo Boss perfume which also smells more masculine, and last smelled like a
strong vanilla scent.

Analysis
The first experiment, the perfume was mixed with alcohol (PGA) and water
with vanilla lace fragrance which turns white which looks like a milk and it smells
more like a melon juice maybe because of the three mixed fragrance which is a
good scent, not too strong or too light, just in a right amount of fragrance drop.
The ingredients had a huge help as the product sample has a good smell and
does not look bad.
The second experiment, the perfume was mixed mostly with three men
fragrance and the scent mostly smells a bit of citronella and more like Hugo
Boss perfume as it stands out from the other fragrances. The texture looks like a
bit of C2 bottled drink because of the red edition fragrance. The ingredients were
pretty helpful as it helped to smell more like masculine.
The third experiment, the perfume was mixed with three female fragrance
and we put a citronella on it which is the smell of the perfume become strong
melon.
The fourth experiment, the perfume was mixed with strong male fragrance
which the smell like the Hugo Boss perfume. Also it is stronger that the second
experiment.
The fifth experiment, the perfume was mixed with 2 male fragrance and
1 female fragrance which is the smell become strong vanilla scent.
We researchers noticed that the perfume do aging and because of
that the smells improve and change.

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Conclusion
This product development Alculmes: mosquito repellant it is an eco and
pocket friendly perfume with a mosquito repellant. The researchers come up with
these study because everywhere and anywhere you can get bitten by mosquito.
Getting bitten by a mosquito can lead to such sickness like dengue. The
researchers aim is to make a mix perfume with mosquito repellant like citronella
to the mixture of the perfume which aims to prevent the mosquito bites and to
lessen the rate of mosquito related sickness such as dengue and malaria.

References
Chemworld Fragrance Factory. (2011). Perfume Making Manual, Makati City

Citronella. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/citronella

Fragrance. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fragrance

Mayo Clinic. Mosquito bites. Retrieved from

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mosquito-
bites/symptoms-causes/syc-20375310

Mosquito. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mosquito

Perfume. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/perfume

Repellent. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/repellant

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 SaniStain
“Be confidently neat”

John Joshua A. Domingo, Diana Louise O. Ragaza, Kent Vincent E. Dimla,

Xyle Arani Ysabel B. Balquiedra, Kialiedith Denscorae SA. Carlos, Krista Mary B. Alcoseba,
Hannah Mae Grace C. Lolor, James Andrew H. Acol,
Daryll Mark G. Santos

Abstract

This proposal aspires to have a convenient and alternative solution of

water and soap as bloodstain remover. This was conducted to know the
effectivity of the product and to give benefit to the people, mostly women,
especially when they got a blood stain on their clothes in public. The main goal of
this proposal is to improve the source of the people when it comes on removing
blood stain and to add this product in the sanitary napkins vending machines
since the researchers’ target consumers are the public. In order to accomplish
this product, the researchers got an idea of Hydrogen Peroxide as a blood stain
remover instead of water and soap. The researchers added a fragrance to make
it more efficient and pleasing to use. The components were mixed and absorbed
by a cotton pad. The results from the experiment and analysis showed that the
Hydrogen Peroxide with fragrance(liquid-based) was more effective to use with
white, colored shirt and denim pants than the Hydrogen Peroxide, Isopropyl and
fragrance(oil-based). In terms of the time that the wetness will fade, this product
can dry faster than the water and soap. On that point, the researchers claim to
make an effective wipe that can remove unwanted blood stains on clothes and
be of help during unlikely situations.

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Introduction

Menstruation always brought irritation to women and it could get more

irritating if they get leaks on their bottoms. Over the years, women had their own
interventions for this issue but bloodstains on clothes usually make them
uncomfortable to move around. Surely, washing your clothes in public is not ideal
and could be really hassle and it is not always that women have something to
cover up or change their bottoms. Another challenge involves managing
menstrual blood without modern sanitary products. In many cases, women use
cloths during their menstrual cycle, which must be washed frequently. For young
school girls, limited access to toilets, water, and the lack of privacy, may make
personal care difficult and embarrassing when they have their period, which
could result in lower rates of school attendance or performance. Having these
said, the researchers came up with a temporary solution to eliminate bloodstains
even when you are not in the comfort of your home. This product, SaniStain, aims
to be a helping hand and quickly remove unwanted leaks during these unlikely
situations. Although this product can eliminate stains totally, after care at home
is still needed. Menstrual hygiene should be linked to the hygiene education
program in schools with active involvement of teachers and caring environment
for menstrual hygiene has to be provided both at home and in school.
Hydrogen peroxide is known for being a very effective stain remover for protein
and plant-based stains. It is not effective in removing oily stains but works well in
treating mildew, blood, berry or fruit stains, vegetable stains and dye-transfer
stains. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidizing agent that can be used as a
laundry bleach. Just as other oxygen-based bleaches, Hydrogen Peroxide breaks
down safely into water and oxygen and is a more environmentally safe bleach
than chlorine bleach (sodium hypochlorite). It is safe to use on all washable, dye-
stable fabrics.
The question that the researchers are trying to solve are:

210
 1. Is Hydrogen Peroxide an effective blood stain remover?
2. What are the possible ways to make the scent of the Hydrogen
Peroxide pleasant for it will be used on removing blood stains
on fabrics?
3. What will be the reaction of the blood when soaked with
Hydrogen Peroxide?

Hydrogen Peroxide that has been combined with a fragrant into the wipes is
effective when it comes to removing blood stains on fabrics without damaging
it.; And the scent of the Hydrogen Peroxide is managed to be pleasant for it will
be used for sanitary purposes.

Methodology

The researchers used intervention type of research for this product. This
research is a study designed to make observations and experiments in order to
validate the authenticity of the product. Intervention research is all about
following a particular condition to determine the effect of the product; it requires
understanding of social meanings and processes.

The materials used are:

1. stirring rod

2. cotton pads

3. hydrogen peroxide

4. fragrant (oil-based and liquid based).

Process of production:

1.) Put the cotton into the packaging

211
2.) With the use of measuring spoon, use 1 and ½ tbsp. for the Hydrogen
Peroxide and ½ tbsp for the fragrant.

3.) Mix the Hydrogen Peroxide and the fragrant to the cotton in the packaging.

4.) Seal the packaging of the wipes

5.) Attach the product logo and directions for use

In order to test the effectiveness of the product, the researchers draw

blood and test it in different clothes such as school uniform, colored shirt and
denim pants. The researchers observed different outcomes from the different
type of clothes. The blood stain was easily removed in the school uniform and
the colored shirt than the stain in the denim pants.

Results

Different materials namely the hydrogen peroxide, isopropyl alcohol, and

fragrant (oil-based and liquid-based). The table below shows the results of the
different combination of materials on different types of cloths.

Hydrogen peroxide with Hydrogen peroxide with alcohol

alcohol and fragrant (oil- and fragrant (liquid-based)
based)

White The blood stain was totally The blood stain was totally
(School removed but there were some removed.
uniform) visible marks from the oil.

Colored The blood stain was totally The blood stain was totally
(Shirt) removed but there were slight removed but there were lesser
visible marks from the oil. visible marks from the fragrant.

Denim The blood stain was not totally The blood stain left was lesser
removed and there were strong and there were slighter visible

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(Pants) visible marks from the oil. marks from the fragrant.

Conclusion

Period leaks is a girls' nightmare and having it in public could really make
you feel embarrassed. Changing your bottoms or using clothes to wrap around
your waist is not always the best choice for we do not have extra clothes with us
all the time. Washing your skirts or pants in public places is even more hassle. It
takes quite some time to dry it as well. The researchers developed a product that
could easily remove blood stains on an instant. Rub it on the affected are and it
will eliminate the stains. It is a wipes-like product that can be bought at an
affordable price and can be stored in bags and even pockets due to its handy
size.

Hydrogen peroxide is an alternative for bleach. Based on the results, it clearly

stated that the stains vanished, either it is mixed with the oil-based and water-
based perfume.

The wipes were tested on different kinds of cloths with a small amount of blood
stain (which was left on each cloth for 5 minutes, minimum, up to 12 hours,
maximum.) It was wiped for three times with 5 minutes interval. The results on
the table shows that the combination of Hydrogen Peroxide and fragrant (liquid-
based) is more effective in removing blood stain without leaving any visible
marks in white cloth but on colored(shirt) there were few marks that is left and
lastly on the denim pants, the blood stain was not totally removed. While in the
combination of the Hydrogen Peroxide and fragrant (oil-based), was not that
effective in removing blood stain because there were still marks of blood stain in
any type of cloth.

Hydrogen peroxide is one of the most effective oxidizing and reducing agent,
hydrogen peroxide is commonly used today in the bleaching of textile fibers.
Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent used in a variety of applications. It is

213
particularly effective for the bleaching of natural fibers, but can also be used
under certain conditions, for the bleaching of synthetic fibers. We came up of the
product that can easily wiped out or extinguish unwanted blood stains on fabrics,
especially for women. We conducted an experiment to find out what possible
compound we can mix or blend on the hydrogen peroxide to make it more
significant, like water, alcohol, and fragrant. And we discovered that too much
alcohol mixed with the right amount of hydrogen peroxide, too much water, and
too much fragrant makes it more ineffective. That's why we need to use proper
measurements for us to attain the perfect quality of our product.

It has been proven that hydrogen peroxide mixed with fragrant is an effective
solution in removing blood stains on fabric without causing any damages on the
fabric. It will be useful for ladies considering they are the ones struggling every
time they had their monthly period. One of the struggles of the ladies are the
unwanted leaks that leaves blood stains on the clothing on unexpected
situations. The result of hydrogen peroxide combined with fragrant is the
temporary solution of ladies in order to remove stains on their clothes. This study
may be used as a reference to figure out on temporary removal of different kind
of stains such as protein-based stains, oil-based stains, tannin-based stains, and
dye-based stains. The general and scientific community will use these
informations as additional knowledge to support their future studies or
experiments. This can also be helpful for them to create something useful and
beneficiary for the environment and the society.

In doing the experiment, the researchers had a thought that hydrogen peroxide
will really be effective for removing stains and it happened. Hence, the smell of
the peroxide is awful and somehow it is not convenient to use so the researchers
decided to add a fragrance or even an alcohol with good smell. The researchers
did a separate container containing a cotton pad with hydrogen peroxide and
fragnance, the other one contains cotton pads with hydrogen peroxide with
alcohol. At first, the good smell stayed but when you used it, it will leave a little

214
bit of hydrogen peroxide stain on your finger and smells sour. If we only research
more about the fragrance, we will have the best smell fit with hydrogen peroxide
and save time more. Fortunately, we found a fragrance that will leave a good
smell for a long time and make our product more convenient, it was the downy
sports odor defense.

Appendices

215
References

Leverette, M. (2018, September 13). 5 Reasons to Use Hydrogen Peroxide for

Laundry. Retrieved from https://www.thespruce.com/reasons-to-use-

hydrogen-peroxide- 2145991

Oster, E., & Thornton, R. (2009). Menstruation and Education in Nepal. Retrieved

from http://www.nber.org/papers/w14853

Simpson, J. (2002). Blood and Organic remover. Retrieved from

https://patents.google.com/patent/US6420332B1/en

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 Si-Port

John Aldrich Marmol, Erick Rodel Racho, Sean Raton, Gabriel Arcedera, Anjel
Dublois, Patrick Lorenzo, Francis Raphael Cruz,
Charles Reyes, Christian Anthony Cuevas,
Chean Dominique Cruz

Introduction

There are blind people who use canes and lack self-esteem because of their

disabilities. According to World Health Organization, the number of visually

impaired people is growing over the past decades. It is globally estimated that

approximately 1.3 billion people live with some form of distance or near vision

impairment. Distance vision, approximately 188.5 million have mild vision

impairment, 217 million have moderate to severe vision impairment, and 36

million people are blind. Near vision, 826 million people live with near vision

impairment. The growth of the population and the ageing will increase the risk

that more people acquire vision impairment.

Our product which is an obstacle detection module and the output device

is connected to the processing unit, and we made sure that it has good

technology since this is the age of technology, and so that people with vision

impairment will feel modernized and to get along with the world. This device will

aware them when there are objects or people along their way.

The device has different sensors which are attachable and small. The

sensors will function when they detect motion or obstruction towards the person

using this device, as it can detect at least 1 meter away from any sort of object

that is in the way to give awareness to the person, it beeps until there is

217
something that might block a person's way. Our product showcases a new and

more efficient way to help people with vision impairment. This could be the next

step into bringing a different experience of life to people with visual disability. It's

time to get rid of the old canes and use the next big thing, the "Si-Port”.

Methodology

The study aims to identify which method is more efficient for visually impaired pe

ople on using Sensi- Glass in terms of walking on streets. Proving if the traditiona

l method using guide stick which is currently being used by the visually impaired

persons, is more efficient than the Sensi-Glass that is using Ultrasonic sensor, M

otion sensor, Arduino Uno, and Vibration motor which is being proposed by the re

searchers.

The researchers conceptualized the basic functions of different sensors whil

e incorporating the basic programming on the product. The concept is then attain

ed with the help of a computer software that instructs the researchers each step

to program the product. The instrument that the researchers will use to an intervi

ew on the visually impaired within the Pasig area. The research seeks to determi

ne information regarding their disability and a few personal data. Interview will be

conducted by the researchers to collect details or opinions about visual impairm

ent.

218
The researchers conducted an experiment on how they will visualize the use of th

e product and how convenient will it be for the visually impaired persons. The res

earchers done so many trial and errors to perfectualize the use of each sensors t

hat is needed to effectively work on the product. Using the different sensors that

is compacted to one will be a big help for visually impaired persons rather than th

e traditional guide sticks that is used to guide them while walking. The controlled

variable is the traditional method, while the independent variable is the Sensi-Gla

ss using different sensors. The response of the programmer to the question aske

d by the researcher regarding the convenience of the system will be the depende

nt variable.

Although the researchers had finished and tested the product there are some imp

rovements that is needed to make before the product can be developed by the fut

ure researchers. The researchers is looking for efficiency when it comes on the o

bstacle courses, materials to be used to make it more lighter and handy. Sound b

uzzers that will more accurately and sound smoothly if there are obstacles. The p

roject will be doing the claims that the researchers made and provide comfortabil

ity to the user.

The project is built by 2 sensors and bought separately to put in one to produce t

he product that the researchers propose. The first week of the task the researche

rs ordered the sensors to be used, then ask the programmer on how will the proc

ess continue until the end. The researchers compile the different sensors after it

was delivered then programmed each to the use of the product. The third week th

219
e researchers have programmed the sensors, but still lacks on other sensors that

is needed to be purchase for the product to work. With the use of different sensor

s the researchers already come up with Ultrasonic Sensor that will help calculate

the distance of the object blocking, Arduino uno is the sensor that is used to have

the codes to program

The product, and Vibration motor to help the visually impaired identify the ob

stacle while walking. The researchers bought the components in different stores

available. After buying the needed different sensors the researchers encoded the

Arduino chip to program the product. Then we compile all the sensors and conne

ct it together making it as neat as possible. The researcher made sure that comp

onents is already fixed and by order that will make it not bumpy. Plus, the product

is also durable. Once all the test are done held by the researchers we conducted

a dry run on how the product will work. The other procedure on how the product i

s made sensors that is on process will be settled by the researchers on the upco

ming days. With this, it will help in proving the researchers’ claim in the study.

The costing of the product is closed as to Php 5,500 including the Arduino Kit

, Ultrasonic Sensor, Vibrating Mini Motor Disc, Bread Board, Batteries, and other

materials to be used for Si-Port.

220
Result

Mean Interpretation

1. I feel safe while wearing

4.6 Strongly agree
the product.

2. I feel comfortable while

4.4 Agree
wearing the product

3. Overall I am satiisfied
4.6 Strongly agree
with the product.

4. The product does what

4.8 Strongly agree
it claims.

5. I am likely to

recommend the product to 4.8

Strongly agree
others

221
 Result Expected Result Remarks

Did not meet the Wide peripheral

Test I expectation view IDLE

Almost meet the Accuracy 100%

Test II expectation IDLE

We meet the Will not tackle any

Test III expectation object/s SUCCESSFUL

We meet the The buzzer perform

Test IV expectation smoothly and SUCCESSFUL

distincly

Analysis

The table represents our evaluation with consists of five surveys statements and

one open-ended question. asking the products satisfaction, if it is comfortable

enough and claims to do its purpose. The highest mean computed is 4.8 on

number four, which says that the product does what it is assigned to do. The

lowest mean computed is 4.4 on number two, which says that the product is not

comfortable enough to wear.

For the open-ended question, three answers were gathered. They recommended

that the product should be more accurate and efficient, it should be lughter for

the convenienc of the user and the sound should be distinct. One respondent

suggested that this technology should be applied to drones that could be used

during the night time.

222
The researcher have foumd out that the advantages of our product is that it can

be programmable and it can be afforadable and still price may vary. It is also a

pioneered study that it can be used thru the suceeding years. In contrary, the

disadvantaes is that it is not 100% accurate, also it is heave and bulky at the

same time.

Conclusion

Si-Port is an obstacle detection module and the output device is connected to the

processing unit. This device is for those people with vision impairments and it is

specifically made only for them. It awares people when there are objects or

people coming along their way that may harm them especially dangerous

situations that might happen while they are walking without being completely

aware of what is in front of them. This product helps through means of signals or

warnings that sends to the receiver or user through sound or vibration. It alerts

the user from the dangers ahead. This product can detect within a range of 1-2

meters. Using a design of a VR glasses and using Arduino with a few sensors

inside. This device can help people. With a more affordable price, it shows

greater results. The flaw of the product is its sensitivity. There are times when it

senses a little but already buzzers/beeps. Another is its accuracy. There are a

few times the distance is too far or too short. Lastly, is its size. The size of the Si-

Port is still too large for people to use in public. Though it's few flaws, it also has

strengths. One is that it can accomplish its primary task, sensing the objects

within its range. Next is that it is energy efficient, with the use of 9V type of

223
batteries. One of the most important strengths of this is its flexibility and it is

easy to adjust the range it senses. Another is its affordability; every part it uses is

affordable to the public. It has also many options for power sources with its

flexibility because of the Arduino board. Si-Port works well because we have a

sample, results, and observation from the teachers who test the product. We

conducted a test by making a simple obstacle course for those who are testing

the product to prove that our invention was safe and excellent. With that being

said, the product works as it claims or is tasked to do which is the whole

highlight of the process.

Appendix

Breadboard

Ultra sonic sensor

Led lights

Wire

224
Battery

Before

225
After (Final product with cover)

226
References

Websites

With an author

Jaymalin, M. (2017, August 6). Over 2 million Pinoys, blind-sight impaired.

Retrieved from https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/08/06/1
726085/over-2-million-pinoys-blind-sight-impaired

Stevens et al. (2013). Global Prevalence of Vision Impairment and Blindness.

Magnitude and Temporal Trends, 8. Retrieved from http://sonify.
psych.gatech.edu/~walkerb/classes/assisttech/pdf/Stevens(2013).pdf

Without an author
Blindness and vision impairment. (2018, October 11). Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-
impairment

Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 6. The Methodology. (2019,

January 29). Retrieved from http://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/
methodology

Types of visual impairment. (2016). Retrieved from http://disabilityinfosa.co.za/

visual-impairments/types-visual-impairments/

Visual Impairment. (2003). Retrieved from https://medical-dictionary.thefreedicti

onary.com/Visual+Impairment

227
Journals
Ericta, C. (2003, January). Census of Population and Housing. Demographic and
Housing Characteristics, 1(2), 446. Retrieved from
https://psa.gov.ph/sites/ default/files/Philippines.pdf?fbclid=
IwAR0Y2UurkjtLoZHdeqBf1xhgH_0rIKr8DMDjtjql-XUcGFmtwpMVjUCKIFE

Books
Hassan, E., Tang, T. (2016, July). Smart Glasses for the Visually Impaired People.
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41267-2_82

Langkos, S. (2014, September). Independent Study. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3023.1369

228