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CONTROL PRINCIPLE IN SYSTEM DESIGN

DEFINITION OF CONTROL
◼ Control is largely associated with power and having
the power to influence people, decisions and
processes.
◼ In a business setting control is generally used as a
way of ensuring that an organisations process and
achieving its goal.
DEFINITION OF SYSTEM

◼ A system process input signal to produce output signal.


◼ A system is collection of inter-related components working
together to achieving some common objective.
◼ A system components are dependent on other system
components.
USE OF CONTROL PRINCIPLE IN
SYSTEM DESIGN
⚫ Control is necessary to ensure (check) proper operation of a system.
Feedback process is added to basic system model to achieve this
purpose.
⚫ Feedback in organizational system is normally provided through
information system.
⚫ It involves comparing actual output with the standard and in case of
difference input is sent to the process to modify the the process to
modify the the operation so that the output conform(adjust) to the
standard.
 Control is the activity that measure deviations (difference) from
planned performance and initiate (start) corrective action.
REQUIRED THE STEP INVOLVED ARE
◼ Setting up a standard specifying expected performance.
EXAMPLES:. A budget, A decision rule or an operation of
procedure.
◼ Measurement of actual performance.
◼ Comparison of the actual with the standard.
◼ Reporting of differences to a control unit (say a manager).
◼ A set of action the control unit can choose from the changes
performance if it is unfavourable.
◼ A procedure for high level action if the control unit fail in producing
correct performance.
FEEDBACK LOOP

• Feedback loop is define as the return of part of the output of


assistant into the input for purpose of modifications and control of
output as an electronic amplifier , automatic machines, Etc...
• Control is exercised in organizational system by information
feedback loop.
Feedback can be positive or negative

Positive feedback Negative feedback


Loop loop

Positive feedback causes the The return of part of an output


system to repeat or amplify and signal to the input , which is out
adjustment or action . It act in the
of phase with it, so that amplifier
same direction as the measured
gain this reduced and the
difference.
output is improve
EXAMPLES :.If advertisement
sending bring more sales than the
target sales positive feedback.
• Feedback to system control, information about the
transformation process is fed to the control center,
may be a manager or a computer system so that the
processing can be assessed (evaluate) and corrected if
needed.
TYPES OF CONTROL SYSTEM
• A control system is a system, which provides the desired response by
controlling the output.
• following figure shows the simple block diagram of a control system.

• Examples − Traffic lights control system,


• Traffic lights control system is an example of control system. Here, a
sequence of input signal is applied to this control system and the
output is one of the three lights that will be on for some duration of
time. During this time, the other two lights will be off. Based on the
traffic study at a particular junction, the on and off times of the lights
can be determined. Accordingly, the input signal controls the output.
So, the traffic lights control system operates on time basis.
Open loops control system

• In open loop control systems, output is not fed-back to the input.


So, the control action is independent of the desired output.

• Here, an input is applied to a controller and it produces an actuating


signal or controlling signal. This signal is given as an input to a
plant or process which is to be controlled. So, the plant produces an
output, which is controlled. The traffic lights control system which
we discussed earlier is an example of an open loop control system.
Example of open loop control systems
Example of open loop control systems
Closed loop control system
• In closed loop control systems, output is fed back to the input. So, the control
action is dependent on the desired output.

• The error detector produces an error signal, which is the difference between the
input and the feedback signal. This feedback signal is obtained from the block
(feedback elements) by considering the output of the overall system as an input
to this block. Instead of the direct input, the error signal is applied as an input to
a controller.
Example of closed loop control system
Different between
Cybernetic system

• Science dealing with mechanisms employed by natural and man-


made systems to learn and evolve, and to organize, regulate, and
reproduce themselves
• In simple terms, cybernetics is the study of controls of any
system by using technology. But the essence of this approach is
to understand the functions and processes of systems capable of
receiving, storing and processing information and then using it
for its own control.
• Examples
• cybernetic systems are various kinds of automatic control
devices in engineering (for example, an automatic pilot or a
controller that maintains a constant temperature in a room)
Process of cybernetic control
Purpose of control system

• Power of amplification (gain) :.positioning of a large


radar antenna by low power rotation of a knob(boss).
• Remote control :. Robotic arm used to pickup radioactive
material.
• Convenience of input form:. Changing room temperature
by thermostar position.
• Compensation for disturbance :. Controlling antenn
position in the presence of large wind disturbance
torque (twisting force).
Control system components

• SYSTEM :. Plant or process to be controlled.

• ACTUATOR :. Convert the control signals to a power


signal.

• SENSOR :. Provide measurement of the system


ooutput..

• REFERENCE :. Input represents the desired output


PRESENT BY: AMIT PATWA

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