REVIEW ABSTRAK

HAMBATAN WUS DALAM MELAKUKAN DETEKSI DINI KANKER SERVIKS

No Judul Peneliti/ Latar Belakang Tujuan Metode Sampel Hasil
Tempat
1 Barriers to Christina R. Although cervical cancer To identify Cross- 345 Barriers to screening identified
Cervical Studts, Ph.D; rates in the United States barriers to sectional Appala by participants in the current
Cancer Yelena N. have declined sharply in cervical with chian study include a range of issues
Screening Tarasenko, recent decades, certain cancer questionar women which can be characterized as
among Dr.P.H; Nancy groups of women remain at screening re aged predisposing, enabling, and
Middle-aged E. Schoenberg, elevated risk, including 40-64 reinforcing factors. The most
and Older Ph.D. middle-aged and older frequently endorsed predisposing
Rural Amerika women in central factors included items tapping
Appalachian Appalachia. negative emotions (fear, worry,
Women and embarrassment) and
(2013) erroneous beliefs (that a person
with ICC would have
symptoms).
Participants identified barriers
with regard to access to health
care facilities, health insurance
coverage, and testing costs.
2 Knowledge Yao Jia1., Cervical cancer screening This study A cross- 5929 Women who were willing to
about Shuang Li1., is an effective method for aimed to sectional reponde undergo screenings had higher
Cervical Ru Yang1., reducing the incidence and investigate survey nt, ages knowledge levels. ‘‘Anxious
Cancer and Hang Zhou1, mortality of cervical the issues that with of feeling once the disease was
Barriers of Qunying cancer, but the screening concern questionna women diagnosed’’ (47.6%), ‘‘No
Screening Xiang2, Ting attendance rate in cervical ire in the symptoms/discomfort’’ (34.1%)
Program Hu1, Qinghua developing countries is far cancer and study and ‘‘Do not know the benefits of
among Zhang1, Zhilan from satisfactory, screening and ranged cervical cancer screening’’
Women in Chen1, Ding especially in rural areas. the factors from 26 (13.4%) were the top three
 Wufeng Ma1*, Ling Wufeng is a region of high that affect to 65 reasons for refusing cervical
County, a Feng1* cervical cancer incidence women’s years. cancer screening. Women who
High- in China. willingness to were younger than 45 years old
Incidence undergo or who had lower incomes,
Region of cervical positive family histories of
Cervical cancer cancer, secondary or higher
Cancer in screening in levels of education, higher levels
China (2013) the Wufeng of knowledge and fewer barriers
area. to screening were more willing to
participate in cervical cancer
screenings than women without
these characteristics.
3 Cervical Alicja Cervical cancer screening This study A systema Analyzi Experimental research indicated
cancer Bukowska- (CCS) targets the reduction aimed at tic search ng data a positive effect of 75% of
screening and Durawa, of cervical cancer integrating of peer- obtaine psychosocial interventions
psychosocial Aleksandra incidence and mortality research reviewed d from targeting barriers. The
barriers Luszczynska rates. Cervical cancer discussing the papers 155 954 interventions resulted in
perceived by screening participation is role of published women. a significant increase of CCS
patients. A influenced by women’s perceived until 2011 uptake. Overall 100% of
systematic beliefs. Perceived psychosocial in 8 correlational studies indicated
review (2014) psychosocial barriers are barriers in databases that perceiving lower levels of
among commonly listed cervical yielded 48 barriers significantly predicted
psychosocial determinants cancer original higher CCS uptake. 53
of CCS uptake. The screening studies. psychosocial barriers were listed
balance between perceived (CCS) The in at least 2 original correlational
psychosocial barriers and uptake. In majority studies: 9.5% of barriers were
facilitating factors prompts particular, we of studies related to CCS
individuals to form a strong analyzed the (k = 43) facilities/environment, 67.9%
intention and then to act evidence for applied dealt with personal
upon the intention. the correlation characteristics of the patient, and
associations al design, 22.6% addressed social factors.
between CCS while 5 As many as 35.9% of perceived
uptake and had barriers referred to negative
 perceived experimen emotions related to CCS
psychosocial tal design. examination procedures and
barriers and collecting CCS results, whereas
frequency of 25.7% of barriers referred to
psychosocial prior contacts with health
barriers professionals.
identified by
women.
4 Decision Kyounghae Understanding how To explore Qualitativ 32 Although most women with
making about Kim PhD, individuals make decisions decision e particip positive decisions made their
Pap test use Soohyun Kim about Pap tests concerning making about descriptive ants own decisions, some women
among MPH MSN their personal values helps Pap tests study. deferred to their providers, and
Korean CPH, Joseph J. health- care providers offer among others made decisions in
immigrant Gallo MD tailored approaches to Korean collaboration with their providers
women: A MPH, Marie T. guide patients’ decision immigrant and significant others. While
qualitative Nolan PhD, making. Yet research has women. women making positive
study (2016) Hae-Ra Han largely ignored decision decisions tended to consider both
PhD2 making about Pap tests barriers to and facilitators of
among immigrant women having Pap tests, women making
Amerika who experience increased negative decisions
risk of cervical cancer. predominantly discussed the
barriers to having Pap tests, such
as modesty and differences
between the South Korean and
US health- care systems. The
women’s reflections on their
decisions differed regarding their
Pap test decisions.
6 Qualitative Fatima Isa Cervical cancer is the To explore Qualitativ 27 Most participants in the focus
study of Modibbo, fourth most common the barriers to e study. Christia group discussions had heard
barriers to Eileen Dareng, cancer in women, with an cervical n and about cervical cancer except
cervical Patience estimated 528 000 new cancer 22
cancer Bamisaye, cases occurring globally in screening, Muslim Muslim women in the South
 screening Elima Jedy- 2012. There are several focusing on women Western region who had never
among Agba, Ayodele barriers to the uptake of religious and over the heard about cervical cancer.
Nigerian Adewole, cervical cancer screening cultural age of Participants believed that
women Lawal in LMICs; however, few factors, in 18, with
(2015) Oyeneyin, studies have evaluated order to no wizardry, multiple sexual
Olayinka these barriers, particularly inform group- diagnos partners and inserting herbs into
Olaniyan, those related to cultural and specific is of the vagina cause cervical cancer.
Clement religious differences in interventions cancer. Only one participant knew about
Adebamowo complex societies such as that may the human
Nigeria. improve
uptake of
cervical
cancer
screening
programmes.
7 Knowledge Emre Cervical cancer (CC) is the To identify Cross- 1,036 Knowledge of CC and PT was
About Yanikkerem & second most common knowledge sectional women significantly better among
Cervical Asli Goker & cancer among women about cervical study employed and single women,
Cancer, Pap Nicole Piro & worldwide, and it is one of cancer (CC)
Test and Serife Dikayak the leading causes of and Pap test who had higher education, no
Barriers & Faik gynaecological cancer- (PT) and the prior delivery, a higher income
Towards Mumtaz related mortality and barriers why level and regular gynaecological
Cervical Koyuncu morbidity in developing women do not examination. Common barriers
Screening of countries. Although the PT have Pap test to PT were lack of awareness,
Women in screening programme was done.
being uncomfortable with the
Turkey introduced three decades
(2012) ego, the uptake of procedure and not knowing
screening in many where to go for a PT. Utilization
developing countries is still of the PTwill not increase unless
poor, and the reasons for knowledge is improved and
this are not well
barriers are eliminated.
documented. Previous
studies stated that there are
 a number of barriers to CC
screening. Among the
barriers, lack of awareness
and knowledge about CC
and PTwas the most
important reason for not
participating in the cancer
screening programme
8 Cervical Rahel G. Cervical cancer remains This study Qualitativ 23 Barriers were classified into
Cancer: Ghebre, Barrett the second most common examined e study particip individual, community or health
Barriers to Sewali, Sirad cancer among women of barriers to ants systems levels. Obstacles
Screening in Osman, Amira East African descent with a and included lack of knowledge,
the Somali Adawe, Hai T. high level of mortality. facilitators of religious beliefs, fatalism, fear,
Community Nguyen, Studies show lower cervical embarrassment, and lack of trust
in Minnesota Kolawole S. cervical cancer screening cancer in the interpreters.
(2014) Okuyemi, rates among immigrant screening Participants described a need for
Anne Joseph women compared to the among training of healthcare providers
general U.S. population. Somali on issues surrounding Somali
Other studies found that immigrant women’s cultural practices and
limited knowledge about women in sexual health. Identifying
cancer screening, language Minnesota. individual, community, or health
difficulties, fear of the test, system barriers and addressing
embarrassment exposing them concurrently may increase
one’s body and negative use of cancer screening services
past experiences have among Somali women.
greatly contributed to the
low use of cancer screening
services in this immigrant
population
9 Path analysis Gesit Kusuma Cervical cancer is the To Analytic 200 Pap smear utilization was
on the Wardhani, fourth most common investigate observatio women positively and directly associated
Determinants Ambar malignant cancer among the nal study with education (b = 2.63; 95%
of Pap Smear Mudigdo, Isna women after breast, determinants with a CI= 1.77 to 3.48 p<0.001),
 Utilization Qadrijati colorectal, and lung of Pap smear case- perception on quality of health
for Cervical (Banyumas) cancers. Pap smear has utilization for control care (b= 1.04; 95% CI= 0.22 to
Cancer Early been recognized as an cervical design. 1.86; p= 0.012), attitude (b=
Detection in effective strategy for cancer early 1.48; 95% CI= 0.51 to 2.44 p=
Women of reducing the incidence and detection in 0.003), access to health center
Reproductive mortality rate of cervical women of (b=1.02; 95% CI= 0.20 to 1.84
Age (2017) cancer. This study aimed to reproductive p= 0.015), family support (b=
investigate the age using 1.29; 95% CI= -0.22 to 2.61; p=
determinants of Pap smear path analysis 0.029), and health personnel
utilization for cervical model. support (b= 2.02; 95% CI= 0.60
cancer early detection in to 3.45 p= 0.005). Pap smear
women of reproductive age utilization was indirectly
using path analysis model. associated with peer support
through perception on quality
health care (b = 0.66; 95%= -0.01
to 1.33 p = 0.031)
10 Determinan Nur Asni Arti Kanker serviks adalah jenis Untuk Cross- 65 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
Faktor kanker kedua setelah menganalisis Sectional wanita bahwa sebanyak 37 wanita PUS
Deteksi Dini kanker payudara yang faktor-faktor dengan usia (56,9%) tidak pernahmelakukan
Kanker paling umum diderita oleh yang pendekata subur deteksi dini kanker serviks
Serviks perempuan. Salah satu berhubungan n dengan metode IVA. Secara
Dengan upaya pemerintah untuk dengan explanator statistik faktor pendidikan,
Metode IVA mendeteksi kanker serviks deteksi dini y pengetahuan, sikap, serta
Pada Wanita secara dini adalah melalui kanker dukungan suami/keluarga
Pus di Desa metode Inspeksi Visual serviks berhubungan dengan deteksi dini
Payageli Asam Asetat (IVA). melalui kanker serviks metode IVA
Kecamatan Cakupan IVA pada desa metode IVA dengan nilai p < 0,05.
Sunggal Payageli sangat rendah pada wanita
Kabupaten sebesar 2,8% masih PUS di desa
Deli Serdang dibawah target nasional Payageli
Tahun 2016 (80%). Kecamatan
(Tesis) Sunggal
Kabupaten
 Deli Serdang
tahun 2016.
11 Faktor-Faktor Indah Siti Kanker serviks merupakan Untuk Cross- Pemilih Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
yang Lestari penyakit mematikan kedua mengetahui sectional an ada hubungan bermakna antara
Mempengaru yang sering terjadi pada faktor-faktor sampel pengetahuan (p=0,025), akses
hi Kesediaan wanita. Penyakit ini yang dengan informasi (p=0,042), dukungan
WUS dalam sebanyak 529.800 di dunia mempengaru simple suami (p=0,010) dan dukungan
Melakukan pada tahun 2008 dan 85% hi kesediaan random kader (0,009) dengan kesediaan
Deteksi Dini terjadi di negara WUS dalam samplin WUS dalam melakukan deteksi
Kanker berkembang. Puskesmas melakukan g dini kanker serviks.
Serviks di Manahan mempunyai deteksi dini sebanya
Puskesmas angka tertinggi untuk kanker k 236
Manahan kejadian kanker serviks serviks di orang
Surakarta pada tahun 2014, yaitu puskesmas
(2016) sebanyak 56 penderita. Manahan
Besarnya risiko wanita Surakarta.
terhadap kanker serviks
menjadi faktor pendorong
agar para wanita untuk
melakukan deteksi dini
12 Faktor Faktor Eminia Kanker Serviks merupakan Untuk Cross 163 Hasil penelitian menunjukkan
yang Masturoh masalah kesehatan wanita menganalisis sectional respond faktor yang mempengaruhi
Mempengaru di Indonesia. Jawa Tengah Faktor-faktor en, pemeriksaan kanker serviks
hi Wanita meduduki peringkat kedua yang teknik adalah pendidikan (p=0,000),
Usia Subur kasus kanker serviks mempengaru sampel pengetahuan (p=0,023), sikap
(WUS) dalam tertinggi di Indonesia. hi wanita usia yang (p=0,005), dukungan petugas
Melakukan Kanker serviks di Kota subur dalam digunak kesehatan (p=0,025), akses
Deteksi Dini Semarang menduduki melakukan an informasi (p=0,029), akses
Kanker peringkat kelima dari deteksi dini adalah menuju pelayanan kesehatan
Serviks seluruh kabupaten/kota di kanker purposi (p=0,007), dukungan teman
dengan Jawa Tengah dengan serviks ve (p=0,000), dan tidak ada
Inspeksi 19.734 kasus. Penyakit dengan IVA. samplin pengaruh antara dukungan suami
Visual Asam kanker serviks mengalami g (p=0,222), tidak ada pengaruh
 Asetat (IVA) peningkatan setiap antara keterjangkauan biaya
di Wilayah tahunnya sebesar 1,5%. dengan perilaku wanita usia
Kerja Puskesmas Bangetayu subur dalam pemeriksaan IVA
Puskesmas memiliki angka (p=1,000).
Bangetayu pemeriksaan IVA terendah
Kota di Kota Semarang yaitu
Semarang 0,07%.
(2016)
13 Studi Maslikhah, Sri Cervical cancer is the To describe Qualitativ 6 The perception of WUS about
Fenomenolog Rahadjeng H second most types of the e study particip cervical cancer is a disease that is
i : Kesadaran cancer in women that consciousnes with in ants very dangerous for a woman who
Diri ( Self causes more than 250,000 s (self depth is in infancy and attack on a
Awareness) deaths in 2005 in which awareness) of interview married woman, prevention
Wanita Usia approximately 80% of women of and cervical cancer with a healthy
Subur ( these deaths occur in childbearing phenomen way of life, marital relationship
Pasangan developing countries. The age (a couple ological carefully, and faithful to their
Nelayan) direct cause of cervical of fishermen) approach partners and keep clean,
dalam cancer is unknown, but in the especially underwear, the
Melakukan there are several factors detection of treatment of cervical cancer can
Deteksi Dini that affect the incidence of cervical be treated in the hospital by a
Kanker cervical cancer among cancer team of health problems
Serviks women who first coitus at a through experienced in conducting
dengan very young age, low methods examinations IVA is a shame
Pemeriksaan socioeconomic factors, Inspection because examined were part of
Inspeksi poor sexual hygiene and Visual Acetic womanhood, and the factors that
Visual Asam sexual activity are Acid (IVA) support the inspection IVA is
Asetat (IVA) frequently changing their curiosity about health
(2016) partners. One of the early conditions, motivation of
detection of cervical cancer midwife, friends and family.
is by means of inspection
Visual Inspection Acetic
Acid (VIA). The program
checking Visual Inspection
 Acetic Acid (VIA) has
been a government
program, and it has many
obstacles. One of them is
the consciousness of the
married women of
childbearing age (WUS)
for the prevention of
cervical cancer, because
WUS awareness is still
low.
14 Factors Nurhasanah, Cervical cancer screening The purpose cross 176 The Barriers in this study include
affecting Yati Afiyanti is one of the efforts in of this study sectional women shame, fear of pain, fear of the
behaviors of reducing the prevalence of is to identify aged results, cost, distance, male
cervical new cases and deaths from factors that 20-60 health workers, and the husband's
cancer cervical cancer which affect years consent. In this study, all these
screening continue to increase each behaviors of barriers have been tested
using VIA year. However, in cervical statistically and the results of all
(Visual developing countries such cancer these factors have significant
Inspection as Indonesia, women's screening relationship with the examination
with Acetic participation to uptake with VIA behavior of early detection of
Acid) method cervical cancer screening (Visual cervical cancer using VIA metho
on women in services is still very low. Inspection
Srengseng with Acetic
Sawah Acid)
Jakarta method.
Indonesia
Brief Report: Staci L. Eastern Africa has the To describe Cross- 488 While 91% of the surveyed
Knowledge, Sudenga, highest incidence and the sectional respond women had heard of cancer, only
attitudes, MPH1, Anne mortality rates from differences study ents 29% of the 388 surveyed women
practices and F. Rositch, cervical cancer worldwide. among had previously heard of cervical
perceived risk PhD2, Walter women and cancer. The majority had
of cervical A. Otieno, their received their information from
 cancer among MCHD3, and perceived healthcare workers. Few women
Kenyan Jennifer S. risk of (6%) had ever been screened for
women Smith, PhD cervical cervical cancer and cited barriers
(2013) cancer in such as fear, time, and lacking
order to knowledge about cervical cancer.
determine Nearly all previously screened
target groups women (22/24, 92%) believed
to increase that cervical cancer was curable
cervical if detected early, and that
cancer screening should be conducted
screening annually (86%). Most women
(254/388, 65%) felt they were at
risk for cervical cancer. Women
with perceived risk of cervical
cancer were older (OR=1.06,
95% CI 1.02, 1.10), reported a
history of marriage (OR=2.08, CI
1.00, 4.30), were less likely to
feel adequately informed about
cervical cancer by healthcare
providers (OR= 0.76, CI 0.18,
0.83) and more likely to intend to
have cervical cancer screening in
the future (OR= 10.59, CI 3.96,
28.30). Only 5% of women
reported that they would not be
willing to undergo screening,
regardless of cost.

PETUGAS KESEHATAN DAN DETEKSI DINI KANKER SERVIKS

No Judul Peneliti/ Latar Belakang Tujuan Metode Sampel Hasil
 Tempat
1 Personal and Roghieh Although cervical cancer is To establish Qualitativ 8 One theme and two categories
Socio- Bayrami, Ali preventable and early patient and e study particip were derived from data
Cultural Taghipour, screening might decrease provider ants including: cognitive/behavioral
Barriers to Hossein the associated mortality, perceptions factors (lack of a community-
Cervical Ebrahimipour challenges faced by the about based approach to cervical
Cancer women and health care personal and cancer, lack of awareness, wrong
Screening in providers can postpone socio-cultural attitude and lack of health
Iran, Patient early detection. barriers for seeking behaviors) and
and Provider cervical socio/cultural issues (socio-
Perceptions: a cancer cultural invasion, mismatch
Qualitative screening in between tradition, modernity and
Study (2015) Mashhad, religious, extra marital
Iran. relationships and cultural
taboos).
2 Provider Jennifer S. Changes to national To Survey 668 Provider-reported barriers to
Attitudes and Haas, MD, guidelines for breast and characterize women concordance with guideline
Screening MSc, Brian L. cervical cancer screening women’s ’s recommendations included:
Practices Sprague, PhD, have created confusion and primary health patient concerns (74 and 36 % for
Following Carrie N. controversy for women and health care care breast and
Changes in Klabunde, their primary care provider provide cervical,respectively),providerdi
Breast and PhD, Anna N. providers. attitudes rs sagreementwiththerecommendat
Cervical A. Tosteson, towards ions (50 and 14 %), health system
Cancer ScD, Jane S. screening and measurement of a provider’s
Screening Chen, ScB, changes in screening practices that use
Guidelines Asaf Bitton, practice in conflicting measurement criteria
(2015) MD, MPH, response to (40 and 21 %), concern about
Elisabeth F. recent Malpractice risk
Beaber, PhD, revisions in (33and11%),and lack of time to
MPH, Tracy guidelines for discuss the benefits and harms
Onega, PhD, breast and with their patients (17 and 8 %).
MA, MS, Jane cervical
J. Kim, PhD ,
 Charles D. cancer
MacLean, MD, screening.
Kimberly
Harris, MM,
Phillip
Yamartino, BS,
Kathleen
Howe, AA,
Loretta
Pearson,
MPhil, Sarah
Feldman, MD,
MPH, Phyllis
Brawarsky,
MPH, and
Marilyn M.
Schapira, MD,
MPH
3 Health-care N.Ab.Hweissa In Libya, cervical cancer is To assess the Qualitativ 16 Our findings suggest that health-
providers’per PhD, J.N.W. ranked third as the most health- care e study health- care providers did not provide
ceptions, Lim BSc frequent cancer among provider’s care sufficient information regarding
attitudes (Hons), women with early perception provide cervical cancer screening for
towards and T.T.Su diagnosis being shown to around rs women who attend health- care
recommendat reduce morbidity and cervical facilities. The results highlight
ion practice Libya mortality. Health- care cancer the role played by health- care
of cervical providers can influence screening professionals in motivating
cancer women’s screening women to attend cervical cancer
screening behaviours, and their lack screening programs, and the need
(2016) of recommendations for for health education of health-
screening can be one of the care providers to offer a precious
barriers that affect advice regarding the screening.
women’s participation in On the other hand, health- care
screening programmes. providers highlighted that
 implementation of reminding
system of cervical cancer
screening will support them to
improve screening attendance. In
addition, health- care providers
stressed the necessity for
educational and awareness
campaigns of cervical cancer
screening among Libyan women.
4 Cervical Kathy Ainul The participation rate of To explore Explorator 26 Some of the HCPs’ experiences
cancer Møen, Laura immigrant women to health care y general related to CCS were common for
screening Terragni,, cervical cancer screening providers’ qualitative practiti all women regardless of their
among Bernadette in Norway is low, (HCPs) design oners, 3 immigrant background, such as
immigrant Kumar and compared to non- experiences midwiv the understanding of routines and
women in Esperanza Diaz immigrants. This might be regarding es and 3 responsibilities for prevention.
Norway- The partly attributed to health cervical gynaec Aspects specific for immigrant
healthcare care system and provider, cancer ologists women were mainly related to
providers’ and not only due to the screening . organization, language, health
perspectives women’s preferences. (CCS) among literacy levels, culture and
(2018) immigrant gender. Several strategies
women, their targeting organizational (longer
strategies to consultations), language (using
facilitate interpreters), health literacy
these (using anatomy models to
consultations explain) and culture (dealing
and their need with the expression of pain) were
for further reported. Most HCPs had not
information. previously reflected upon
specific challenges linked to CCS
among immigrant women, thus
the interviews were an eye-
opener to some extent. HCPs
acknowledged that they need
 more knowledge on immigrant
women’s’ reproductive health.
5 Faktor Yang Putu Inge Ruth Kanker serviks merupakan Mengidentifi Literatur 16 Faktor pengetahuan dan
Berhubungan Suantika, Yanti penyebab kematian kasi faktor- review artikel keyakinan merupakan faktor
Dengan Hermayanti, tertinggi pada wanita tanpa faktor yang yang paling berhubungan dengan
Partisipasi Titis terkecuali perawat. Upaya berkontribusi partisipasi perawat dalam
Perawat Kurniawan pencegahan seperti pap terhadap melakukan pap smear.
Dalam smear diketahui efektif partisipasi Pengetahuan yang rendah akan
Melakukan menurunkan kejadian perawat berhubungan dengan rendahnya
Pap Smear kanker serviks. Meski dalam perilaku pap smear pada perawat.
(2018) demikian, partisipasi melakukan Demikian pula adanya persepsi
masyarakat termasuk pap smear. mengenai kerentanan dan
petugas kesehatan dalam hambatan menjadi faktor utama
melakukan pap smear dalam membentuk keyakinan
masih rendah. perawat untuk melakukan pap
smear.
6 Strategies to B. Wood MSc, Self-sampling for human To explore Qualitativ 19 Most respondents thought that
reach A. Lofters MD papillomavirus (hpv) has barriers and e study particip self-sampling was an appropriate
marginalized PhD, M. the potential to reach facilitators to ants cervical screening alternative for
women for Vahabi RN marginalized populations implementati hard-to-reach populations, as it
cervical PhD that are underserved for on of hpv addressed barriers to cervical
cancer cervical cancer screening. self-sampling screening related to various
screening: A However, before in Canadian social determinants of health. All
qualitative implementing an cervical respondents emphasized that
study of alternative screening cancer transitioning to hpv primary
stakeholder strategy such as self- screening screening would catalyze a
perspectives sampling for under- and programs, policy shift towards self-
(2018) never-screened women, the from provider sampling. Clinician respondents
key processes, facilitators, and policy- were less enthusiastic about self-
and barriers to reform need maker sampling strategies since that
to be understood. perspectives. discouraged women’s
appointments with primary care
providers, because cervical
 screening offered an opportunity
to discuss other preventive health
topics. There also was little
consensus between respondents
on whether the state of evidence
was satisfactory to integrate a
self-sampling option into policy,
or whether more Canadian
research was needed.
7 Health Care Connie Kim Vietnamese American To explore Qualitativ 10 The HCPs had two to 23 years
Providers’ Yen Nguyen- women (VAW) are health care e study particip treating VAW. Major barriers
Perspectives Truong, PhD, diagnosed and die at twice providers’ ans and facilitators identified by the
on Barriers RN, PCCN, the rate than White non- (HCPs) HCPs were as follows: VAW’s
and Dena Hispanic American women perspectives decision making about CC
Facilitators to Hassouneh, (16.8/100,000 vs. on barriers screening; sexual health divide;
Cervical PhD, RN, 8.1/100,000 and and language discordance, relying on
Cancer ANP, PMHNP, 4.4/100,000 vs. facilitators to interpreters; breaking suspicion;
Screening in FAAN, 2.4/100,000, respectively). CC screening VAW’s exposure to health
Vietnamese Frances Lee- Despite efforts to increase in VAW sources of CC screening;
American Lin, PhD, RN, cervical cancer (CC) sustainable trust; and motivated
Women OCN, CNS, screening among VAW, health care practices.
(2017) Chiao-Yun the participation rates are
Hsiao, BS, persistently low (69% to
Tuong Vy Le, 81%).
MS, BS,
Joannie Tang,
BS4, Margret
Vu, AD, and
Anthony My
Truong, BS,
RPh
8 Factors Kaijun Tay, Cervical cancer is the third To identify cross- 1662 Among 2000 nurses, 1622
affecting the Sun K. Tay , most frequent cancer factors other sectional nurses (81.1%) responded. The mean
uptake of Katherine C. reported among women than study knowledge score was 4.70 ±
cervical Tesalona, worldwide, with socioeconomi 1.76. Among 1593 nurses who
cancer Nadia M.R. approximately 528 000 c status that reported on self-perception of
screening Rashid, Esther new cases diagnosed each influence risk, 97 (6.1%) reported high
among nurses Y.S. Tai, Sitti year participation risk, 675 (42.4%) reported low
in Singapore J.M. Najib in cervical risk, and 821 (51.5%) reported
(2015) cancer uncertainty. Of the 815 nurses
reporting on their history of
screening, 344 (42.2%) were
screened regularly, 103 (12.6%)
underwent opportunistic
screening, and 368 (45.2%) had
never undergone screening. The
likelihood of screening was
increased among women aged
35–49 years, those who had
recent experience of medical
screening, those who had
recently had a specialist
consultation, or those who had
recently had a consultation with a
gynecologist (P b 0.001 for all).
Nurses undergoing regular
screening reported positive
effects of a doctor’s
recommendation, husband’s
encouragement, people talking
about screening, and people close
to the respondent undergoing
screening.
 KESADARAN UNTUK MELAKUKAN DETEKSI DINI KANKER SERVIKS DI INDONESIA
No Judul Peneliti/ Latar Belakang Tujuan Metode Sampel Hasil
Tempat
Determinants Sumadi L. Cancer screening To evaluated Survey 5397 Factors linked with greater
of cancer Anwar, Gindo awareness and potential women cancer screening awareness and
screening Tampubolon, participation may be lower determinants aged 40 participation, including health
awareness Mieke Van in low- and middle-income of awareness and insurance, shorter distance to
and Hemelrijck, countries that lack about and older health services, and social
participation Susanna H. established national participation participation
among Hutajulu, screening programmes in breast and
Indonesian Johnathan compared with those that cervical
women Watkins, do. cancer
(2018) Wahyu screening,
Wulaningsih and breast
self
examination
(BSE) in
women using
survey data
from
Indonesia.
Knowledge, Partha Basu, A population-based To assess the Survey 2,845 The prevalence of the risk factors
Attitude and Salma Hassan, cervical cancer screening knowledge, women of cervical cancer like early age
Practices of Fathmath program using visual attitude and at marriage and childbirth,
Women in Fileeshia, inspection with acetic acid practices of multiple marriages, multiple
Maldives Sizna women in marriages of the husbands, and
Related to the Mohamed, was launched in Maldives relation to multiple pregnancies was high.
Risk Factors, Aminath in 2014. risk factors of More women knew about breast
Prevention Nahoodha, cervical cancer than cervical cancer. Even
and Early Aminath cancer, early among the small number of
Detection of Shiuna, Asma detection of women who knew of cervical
Cervical Ibrahim the disease cancer, only 34.6% had the
Cancer Sulaiman, and its knowledge of at least one early
(2014) Nazeera prevention. M symptom. Very few women
Najeeb, knew that the cancer could be
Fathmath prevented by any test. Only 6.2%
Jeehan Saleem of the women reported having
ever undergone a Pap smear.
Many women had the
misconception that cervical
cancer was infectious. In
Maldives the younger women
have high literacy rate due to the
policy of universal free education
and those with higher levels of
education had improved
knowledge of cervical cancer and
its risk factors.
Underutilizati Fresier Cervical cancer is one of This review Literature 31 The barriers were categorized in
on of cervical Chidyaonga- the most common cancers aims at review articles three categories; individual,
cancer Maseko, among women of identifying community and health system
prevention Maureen Leah reproductive age in low- barriers to related. Individual barriers
services in Chirwa , and middle-income utilization of include lack of awareness and
low and Adamson countries(LMIC). cervical knowledge about risk factors and
middle Sinjani Muula cancer prevention of cervical cancer.
income prevention Age, marital status, diffidence,
countries: a services in social economic status, cultural
review of low- and and religious belief of the women
middle- also determine the women's'
contributing income willingness to utilize the
factors (2015) countries. services. In some communities
there is stigma attached to
discussing reproductive health
issues and this limits the young
women's awareness of cervical
cancer and its prevention.
Understanding individual,
community and health system
barriers that hinder women's
utilization of cervical cancer
prevention services is very
crucial in designing effective
cervical cancer control programs
in low- and middle-income
countries.
Factors Deepak The majority of cervical To explored Cross- 110 There was no cervical/per-
Associated Gyenwali, cancers, the most prevalent factors sectional cervical speculum examination (78.2%)
with Late Jitendra cancer among Nepali associated study cancer and symptoms misinterpretation
Diagnosis of Pariyar, Sharad women, are diagnosed in with late patients (90%) of patients occurred in
Cervical Raj Onta advanced stage leading to diagnosis. initial consultation with HCP.
Cancer in high mortality in Nepal. Four in every five cases (80.9%)
Nepal (2013) of cervical cancer had late
diagnosis. Literate women
(adjusted OR=0.121, CI: 0.030-
0.482) and women having
abnormal vaginal bleeding as
early symptom (adjusted
OR=0.160, CI: 0.035-0.741)
were less likely to suffer late
diagnosis. Women who shared
their symptoms late (adjusted
OR=4.272, CI: 1.110-16.440)
 and did so with people other than
their husband (adjusted
OR=12.701, CI: 1.132-142.55)
were more likely for late
diagnosis.
An Abiodun O.A, Cervical cancer is a leading This is an Cross- 2000 The study showed that the
assessment of Fatungase O.K, cause morbidity and insight into sectional women awareness of cervical cancer and
women’s Olu-Abiodun mortality in women women’s (aged screening was very low (6.5%
awareness O.O, Idowu- especially in sub-Saharan understandin 20 to 64 and 4.8% respectively). The
and Ajiboye B.A African countries. The g of cervical years) knowledge about cervical and
knowledge and Awosile most important risk factor cancer risk screening was very poor. Only
about cervical J.O in developing countries is factors, 2.3% of the women could
cancer and infrequent cervical symptomatol identify a virus as the cause of
screening and screening or lack of ogy, cervical cancer while 4.1%
the barriers to accessible cervical prevention identified cervical screening as a
cervical screening services. and way to prevent cervical cancer.
screening in screening. 97.7% and 97.9% had no or poor
Ogun State, knowledge of risk factors and
Nigeria knowledge of symptoms of
(2013) cervical cancer. 90.5% identified
lack of awareness as the barrier to
uptake of cervical screening.
1.4% of the women have had
cervical screening done.In order
to step up the campaign for the
control of cervical cancer in
Nigeria, it is therefore very
important to concentrate much of
the effort on creation of
awareness and enhancing the
knowledge of women about
cervical cancer and screening.
Understandin L A V Marlow, Women from Black, Asian This study 720 Mix BAME women were more likely
g cervical J Wardle and J and Minority Ethnic explored women method to be non-attenders than white
screening Waller (BAME) backgrounds are sociodemogr aged 30– British women (44–71% vs 12%)
non- less likely to attend aphic and 60 years and fell into two groups: the
attendance cervical screening than attitudinal disengaged and the overdue.
among ethnic White British women. correlates of Migrating to the United
minority cervical Kingdom, speaking a language
women in screening other than English and low
England non- education level were associated
(2015) attendance with being disengaged. Being
among overdue was associated with
BAME older age. Three attitudinal
women. barriers were associated with
being overdue for screening
among BAME women: low
perceived risk of cervical cancer
due to sexual inactivity, belief
that screening is unnecessary
without symptoms and difficulty
finding an appointment that fits
in with other commitments.
Comprehensi Frehiwot Cervical cancer is the first The aim of Cross- 633 Of all the respondents, 495
ve knowledge Getahun, most common cancer in this study was sectional women (78.7%) of them had heard about
about cervical Fekadu women in sub-Saharan to assess the survey aged 15 cervical cancer and only 195
cancer is low Mazengia, Africa followed by breast knowledge of years (31%) of them were
among Mulunesh cancer. In Ethiopia, the women about and knowledgeable about the disease.
women in Abuhay2 and incidence of cervical cervical above The knowledge of women on
Northwest Zelalem cancer is high i.e. 35.9 per cancer and cervical cancer was found to be
Ethiopia Birhanu 100,000 women. Low level associated poor. Education about the disease
(2013) of awareness, lack of factors. must include information on risk
effective screening factors, sign and symptoms of
programs, overshadowed cervical cancer.
by other health priorities
 (such as acquired immune
deficiency syndrome,
tuberculosis and malaria)
and insufficient attention to
women’s health are the
possible factors for the
observed higher incidence
rate of cervical cancers in
the country. Data on
knowledge of Ethiopian
women regarding cervical
cancer is lacking
Correlation Dian Y Lestari Cancer of the cervix uteri is This study Observatio 100 From the analysis using the chi-
between the 4th most common aims to nal study respond square obtained a significant
cervical cancer among women determine the analytic ents correlation (p = 0.034) between
cancer worldwide, ranks as the women’s with cross the level of knowledge about
knowledge 2nd cause of female cancer awareness of sectional cervical cancer with an
and and 2nd most common the Pap approach awareness of Pap smear.
awareness of female cancer in women smear, which
pap smear in aged 15 to 44 years in is associated
Malang city Indonesia. The majority of with the level
cervical cancer is late to of knowledge
diagnose as not having about
symptoms. Therefore it is cervical
important to do cervical cancer in
screening. The most Malang city.
common test used for
cervical abnormality
screening in general
population is conventional
Pap smear.

INTERVENSI (MOBILE PHONE) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PARTISIPASI DETEKSI DINI KANKER SERVIKS
No Judul Peneliti/ Latar Belakang Tujuan Metode Sampel Hasil
Tempat
1 A Lot of Jacqueline Mobile phones have To Systematic 594 A total of 295 apps from the
Action, But Lorene Bender, become nearly ubiquitous, characterize review articles smartphone app stores met the
Not in the PhD; Rossini offering a promising means the purpose inclusion criteria. The reported
Right Ying Kwan to deliver health and content of app purpose was predominantly
Direction:Sys Yue, MSCE; interventions. However, cancer- to raise awareness about cancer
tematic Matthew Jason little is known about focused (32.2%, 95/295) or to provide
Review and To, BMSC; smartphone applications smartphone educational information about
Content Laetitia (apps) for cancer. apps cancer (26.4%, 78/295), followed
Analysis of Deacken, available for by apps to support fundraising
Smartphone MSCE; use by the efforts (12.9%, 38/295), assist in
Applications Alejandro R general early detection (11.5%, 34/295),
for the Jadad, MD, public and the promote a charitable
Prevention, DPhil evidence on organization (10.2%, 30/295),
Detection, their utility or support disease management
and effectiveness. (3.7%, 11/295), cancer
Management prevention (2.0%, 6/295), or
of Cancer social support (1.0%, 3/295). The
(2013) majority of the apps did not
describe their organizational
affiliation (64.1%, 189/295).
2 Assessing the M. M. Caster & Cervical cancer is a To developed Experimen 243 After the intervention, 93 % of
Acceptability A. H. Norris & common and deadly and al design women women indicated a desire for
, Feasibility, C. Butao & P. disease, especially in implemented with cervical cancer screening.
and Carr Reese & developing countries. an interactive, pretest and Despite lack of familiarity with
Effectiveness E. Chemey & J. tablet-based postest computers (96 %), most women
of a Tablet- Phuka & A. N. educational (94 %) found the tablet easy
Based Turner interventiont to use. A tablet-based
Cervical o improve educational program was an
Cancer cervical effective, feasible, and
Educational cancer acceptable strategy to
knowledge disseminate cervical cancer
 Intervention among information to women with low
(2015) women in education in rural Malawi.
rural Malawi.
3 m-Health Sharon The majority of adults To Literature 28 The potential for mobile
Education Watkins Davis worldwide own a mobile summarize review articles applications to help overcome the
Applications & Ingrid phone, including those in the literature “health care gap” has not yet
Along the Oakley-Girvan under-resourced related to been realized in the studies from
Cancer communities. Mobile mobile phone the USA that were reviewed for
Continuum health (mhealth) education (mhealth) this paper. However, early
(2014) technologies present a applications recommendations are emerging
promising mechanism for for patient that support the use of mHealth
improving cancer education communications to change
prevention, treatment, and specific to behaviors for cancer prevention,
follow-up. cancer and early detection, and symptom
identify management and improved
current patient-provider communication.
recommendat Recommendations include short
ions from messages,use of multiple
randomized modalities as patient
studies characteristics dictate comfort
with mHealth communication,
and the inclusion of patients and
health professionals to develop
and test applications.
4 Mobile Hery Harjono Information and The positive 100 This mobile learning
Learning for Muljo, communication technology impact of this particip development is a solution to the
Early Anzaludin continues to grow and effort has led ants in challenges above. It can educate
Detection Samsinga affects many areas of life, to mobile medical new healthcare workers and
Cancer Perbangsa, including the field of applications centers medical personnel and improved
(2018) Yulius, Bens health, especially cancer. for learning their early detection of cervical
Pardamean The development of health about early cancer knowledge without
knowledge can be detection of geographical, time, physical
disseminated by utilizing barriers (for those with physical
 mobile application based cancer in disabilities) and at minimum
learning technology as Indonesia. cost.
media. Many things have
been done by the
government through
special programs, among
others, carried out breast
cancer awareness
campaign through breast
self-screening program
5 Smartphone Ambarish There is an increased This study Literatur 77 There were 24.6 % apps
Apps as a Pandey & interest in smartphone aims to review relevant uploaded by health-care
Source of Sayeedul applications as a tool for identify and applicat agencies, and 36 % of the apps
Cancer Hasan & delivery of health-care analyze ions were aimed at health-care
Information: Divyanshu information. There have cancer- were workers. Among the apps, 55.8
Changing Dubey & been no studies which related identifi % provided scientifically
Trends in Sasmit Sarangi evaluated the availability applications ed validated data. The difference in
Health and content of cancer- available on scientific validity between the
Information- related smartphone the Apple apps aimed at general population
Seeking applications. iTunes versus health-care professionals
Behavior platform. was statistically significant
(2012) (P<0.01).Seventy-nine percent of
the apps uploaded by health-care
agencies were found to be backed
by scientific data. There is lack of
cancer related applications with
scientifically backed data. There
is a need to improve the
accountability and reliability of
cancer related smartphone
applications and encourage
participation by health-care
agencies to ensure patient safety.
6 A Mobile Kelly Quercia, Barriers to efficient The aim of Report 151 The percentage of missing data
Health Data Med Cand, cervical cancer screening this study was women for the key variables was less
Collection Phuong Lien in low- and medium- to assess the aged than 0.02%, corresponding to one
System for Tran, MD, Je income countries include feasibility of 30–65 woman’s medical history data,
Remote ´romine Jinoro, the lack of systematic a mobile years which was not sent to the central
Areas to MD, Jose ´a monitoring of the health (m- database. Technical problems,
Monitor Lea participants’ data. Health) data including transmission of photos,
Women Herniainasolo, collection human papillomavirus test
Participating MD, Manuela system to results, and pelvic examination
in a Cervical Viviano, MD, facilitate data, have subsequently been
Cancer Pierre monitoring of solved through a system update.
Screening Vassilakos, women The quality of the data was
Campaign MD, PhD, participating satisfactory and allowed
(2017) Caroline to cervical monitoring of cervical cancer
Benski, MD, cancer screening data of participants.
and Patrick screening
Petignat, MD, campaign.
PhD