JOURNAL GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA

Vol.74, August 2009, pp.267-274

Geniculate Coralline Algae from the Neogene-Quaternary

sediments in and around Porbandar,
Southwest Coast of India

P. KUNDAL1 and SHYAM N. MUDE2

1
Postgraduate Department of Geology, RTM Nagpur University, Law College Square, Nagpur - 440 001
2
Department of Geology, Fergusson College, Pune - 410 004
Email: ppk_kundal@rediffmail.com; shyammude25@yahoo.co.in

Abstract: The present paper documents nine geniculate coralline algal species, namely Arthrocardia cretacica,
Calliarthron antiquum, Corallina hayasaki, C. marshallensis, C. prisca, C. typica, Jania mengaudi, J. sripadaraoi and
J. vetus from Neogene-Quaternary sediments of Porbandar area, Saurahtra, Gujarat. Out of nine species, six species
namely Arthrocardia cretacica, Calliarthron antiquum, Corallina hayasaki, C. marshallensis, C. prisca and C. typica
occur in the Dwarka Formation (lower-middle Miocene), one species Jania sripadaraoi occurs in the Adatiana Member
of the Miliolite Formation (early middle-late Pleistocene) and two species namely, Jania mengaudi and J. vetus occur
in the Porbandar Calcarenite Member of the Chaya Formation (late Pleistocene-late Holocene). These species indicate
that the Dwarka Formation and the Adatiana Member of the Miliolite Formation were deposited in tropical marine
environment with moderate to low energy conditions at depths ranging from intertidal to 60 m, and that the Porbandar
Calcarenite Member of the Chaya Formation was deposited in a tropical marine environment under moderate to low
energy conditions at depths ranging from 40 m to 60 m.

Keywords: Geniculate coralline algae, Neogene-Quaternary sediments, Porbandar, Saurashtra, Gujarat.

INTRODUCTION recovered geniculate coralline algal taxa, in order to establish

The Neogene-Quaternary sediments of the Porbandar taxonomic data from the Neogene-Quaternary sediments of
area, Saurashtra, Gujarat, are classified into four lithounits,
namely, Gaj Formation (lower Miocene), Dwarka Formation 69° 23' 70° 00'
21°
(lower-middle Miocene), Miliolite Formation (early middle- 21°
BHAVPARA
50'
50'
late Pleistocene) and Chaya Formation (late Pleistocene- TUKDA MIYANI
late Holocene) (Table 1, Fig.1). From the Neogene- VISAVARA
RATADI

Quaternary sediments of Dwarka–Okha area, Kundal and SRINAGAR BHARVARA

BOKHIRA
ADATIANA
BHOD
Dharashivkar (2003a, b) described and illustrated 8 species N DEGAM DHOBALIYA TALAV

of Amphiroa, 8 species of Lithothamnion and 2 species of 0 5

KUNCHHADI
10 Km PORBANDAR AERODROME
Lithophyllum. Kundal and Mude (2009) recorded 5 PORBANDAR
CHAYA
nongeniculate coralline algal species from the Dwarka Alluvium (Holocene)
RATANPUR
Coastal deposits (Holocene)
Formation namely, Lithothamnion tectifons, Lithophyllum Chaya Formation
(Porbandar Calcarenite member) ODADAR
dentatum, Lithoporella melobesioides, Mesophyllum (Late Pleistocene to Late Holocene)

curtum and Sporolithon statiellense, 3 species from the Adatiana member

(Middle to Late Pleistocene) Miliolite
TUKDA
Adatiana Member of the Miliolite Formation, namely Dhobaliya Talav member
(Early Middle Pleistocene)
Formation NAVIBANDAR

Lithothamnion tectifons, Lithoporella melobesioides and Dwarka Formation

(Early to Middle Miocene)
Sporolithon statiellense and 1 species namely, Lithophyllum Deccan Trap 21°
21° RATIA
incrustans from the Porbandar Calcarenite Member of the 15'
(Upper Cretaceous to Eocene)
UNTADA
15'

Chaya Formation.
The purpose of the present paper is to document the Fig.1. Geological map of Porbandar area (after Mathur et al. 1988).

0016-7622/2009-74-2-267/$ 1.00 © GEOL. SOC. INDIA

268 P. KUNDAL AND SHYAM N. MUDE

Table 1. Classification of Neogene-Quaternary sequence of Porbandar Area, Saurashtra (modified

after Mathur et al. 1988; Bhatt, 2003; Pandey et al. 2007)

Stratigraphic Unit Lithology Age

Freshwater alluvium (sands,clays)

Coastal deposits

Alluvium and coastal (Lime mud; rann clays with carbonaceous

deposits material /marine shells; unconsolidated Holocene
calcareous sands)

PORBANDAR GROUP
Chaya Formation
Porbandar Calcarenite Semiconsolidated to consolidated limestone Late Pleistocene
Member (Calcirudites); shell limestone; coral reef, oyster to Late Holocene
beds and Calcarenites with megafossils

Miliolite Formation
Adatiana Member Pelletoid limestone (Calcarenites) Middle to Late
Pleistocene

Dhobaliya Talav Alternating sequence of pelletoid limestone Early Middle

Member and fine-grained limestone (micrites) Pleistocene

Dwarka Formation Flaggy; arenaceous limestone with Early to

recrystallised shells; clays Middle Miocene

Gaj Formation, Laterite and Deccan Trap

the Porbandar area. Table 1 shows the Neogene-Quaternary Length of cortical cells, WCC = Width of cortical cells.
sequence exposed in the study area.
At Visavara (Fig.2b), the sample no. V3 from the 2.5 m Division: Rhodophyta Wittstein, 1901
thick brownish limestone of the Dwarka Formation has Class: Rhodophyceae Rabenhorst, 1863
yielded 5 geniculate coralline algal species namely, Order: Corallinales Silva and Johansen, 1986
Calliarthron antiquum, Corallina hayasaki, C. Family: Corallinaceae Verheij, 1993
marshallensis, C. prisca and C. typica while geniculate Subfamily: Corallinoideae
coralline algae are absent in the sample nos. V1 and V2. At
Genus: Arthrocardia ( Harvey) Areschoug
Bhavpara (Fig.2d), the sample no. BH1 from 0.5 m thick
brownish limestone of the Dwarka Formation has yielded 1 Arthrocardia cretacica Raineri
species namely, Arthrocardia cretacica. At Ratanpur ACC Pl. 1, Fig. 7
quarry (Fig.2a), the sample no. CHR1 from 0.5 m thick white
limestone of the Porbandar Calcarenite Member of the Arthrocardia cretacica Raineri: Johnson, 1969, pp.17-18,
Chaya Formation has yielded 2 geniculate algal species, pl.7, fig.3.
namely, Jania mengaudi, and J. vetus. The sample nos. Arthrocardia cretacica Raineri: Kundal and Humane, 2002,
CHR and CHR2 do not contain any algae. At Bhod village p.94, figs.7,a, b, c, e.
(Fig.2c), the sample no. BP1 from 1 m thick dirty white Material: Specimen Nos. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/ 474, 475.
limestone of the Adatiana Member of the Miliolite
Formation has yielded only one geniculate algal species Dimensions (mm):
namely, Jania sripadaraoi. SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC
474 187 75 8-10 Nil Nil
475 156 75 10-12 Nil Nil
SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY
Description: Thallus shows erect growth habit.
The following abbreviations have been used for the Intergenicula are subcylindrical and medullary region
dimensions of geniculate coralline algae: SN= Specimen displays regular tiers of cells. The medullary cells are more
Number, WS = Width of segment, LMC= Length of or less flattened or horizontal. Cortical region is not
medullary cells, WMC= Width of medullarly cells, LCC = preserved. Conceptacles are absent.

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 GENICULATE CORALLINE ALGAE FROM NEOGENE-QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS, SW COAST OF INDIA 269

(a) (b) (c)

•

2.5 m
Dirty white limestone Brownish limestone Dirty white limestone
CHR2 (Dwarka Formation) BP1 (Adatiana Member)
(Chaya Formation) V3

1.0 m
3.5 m

0.25 m
(Base not seen)
Paleosol
V2
Yellow marly limestone
(Dwarka Formation) (d)
2.0 m
0.5 m

0.5 m
White limestone Brownish limestone
CHR1 (Chaya Formation) (Dwarka Formation)
V1 • BH1

1.0 m
Whitish/Pinkish clays
(Dwarka Formation)
CHR BH2
Dirty white limestone (Base not seen)

0.5 m
(Chaya Formation) Deccan Trap
2.0 m

(Base not seen)

Fig.2. Lithosections. (a) ACC quarry; (b) Visavara; (c) Bhod and (d) Bhavapara.

Remarks: The habit, length and width of medullary cells Dimensions (mm):
of present fragments exhibit similarity with those of SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC
Arthrocardia cretacica Raineri. Therefore, they are kept 479 450 112 12 Nil Nil
under Arthrocardia cretacica Raineri. 480 187 75 10 Nil Nil
Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Early 481 200 87 10 Nil Nil
Cretaceous of Tripoli, Libya (Johnson, 1969); Maniyara Fort 482 293 75 10 Nil Nil
Formation (Oligocene) at Bermoti Nadi section and Chhasra
Formation (late early Miocene) at Rampur (Kundal and Description: The thalli show erect growth habit.
Humane, 2002). Intergenicula are subcylindrical to elliptical and medullary
Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Dwarka Formation region possesses regular tiers of cells with some intermixing.
(early to middle Miocene) at Bhavpara village. The medullary cells are irregular, sinuous and inter-
lacing. Cortical region is not preserved and conceptacle is
Genus : Calliarthron Manza absent.
Remarks: The present fragments have similar length and
Calliarthron antiquum Johnson
width of cells like Calliarthron antiquum Johnson.
Pl. 1, Fig.1
Therefore, they are kept under Calliarthron antiquum
Calliarthron antiquum Johnson: Johnson, 1957, pp. 237, Johnson.
pl. 52, figs. 1, 9. Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Early
Calliarthron antiquum Johnson: Johnson, 1964a, Miocene of Saipan, Marina Islands (Johnson, 1957); early
pp. G 31. Miocene of Guam (Johnson, 1964a); late Paleocene of
Calliarthron antiquum Johnson: Wanjarwadkar, 2000, middle Andaman Island, Andaman (Wanjarwadkar, 2000)
pp.97-98, pl. 28, figs.1,2,4,5. and Maniyara Fort Formation (Oligocene) at Bermoti Nadi
Calliarthron antiquum Johnson: Kundal and Humane, 2002, section and Chhasra Formation (late early Miocene) at
pp. 98, figs. 5 a, b, c, d; 6 d; 8 d. Rampar (Kundal and Humane, 2002).

Material: Specimen Nos. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/ 479, 480, Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Dwarka Formation
481, 482. (early to middle Miocene) at Visavara village.

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270 P. KUNDAL AND SHYAM N. MUDE

Plate 1. (1) Calliarthron antiquum, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/481. (2) Corallina prisca, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/490.
(3) Corallina prisca, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/489. (4) Corallina marshallensis, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/485.
(5) Corallina hayasaki, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/487. (6) Corallina typica, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/488. (7) Arthrocardia
cretacica, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/475. (8) Corallina typica, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/484. (9) Jania sripadaraoi,
Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/497. (10) Jania mengaudi, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/498. (11) Jania vetus, Specimen No.
PGTDG/MF/SCA/493. (12) Jania sripadaraoi, Specimen No. PGTDG/MF/SCA/494.

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 GENICULATE CORALLINE ALGAE FROM NEOGENE-QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS, SW COAST OF INDIA 271

Genus: Corallina Linnaeus are elongated. Cortical region is thin but conceptacle is
unknown.
Corallina hayasaki Ishijima
Remarks: The present fragments have similar length and
Pl. 1, Fig. 5
width of medullary and cortical cells like Corallina
Corallina hayasaki Ishijima: Ishijima, 1954, pp. 72, pl. 40, marshallensis Johnson. Therefore, the present fragments
figs. 3,5,7,8; pl. 41, fig.12. are placed under Corallina marshallensis Johnson.
Corallina hayasaki Ishijima: Kundal and Humane, 2003, Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Miocene
pp. 261-262, pl. 1, fig. 1. limestone of Eniwetok (Johnson, 1961a); Fulra Limestone
Formation at Babia Hill; Maniyara Fort Formation
Material: Specimen No. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/ 487. (Oligocene) at Bermoti Nadi section; Chhasra Formation
(late early Miocene) at Rampar (Kundal and Humane,
Dimensions (mm): 2003).
SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Dwarka Formation
487 300 125 10-12 Nil Nil (early to middle Miocene) at Visavara village.

Description: The thallus shows erect growth habit. Corallina prisca Johnson
The intergeniculum is rectangular to subcylindrical. Pl. 1, Figs. 2,3
Medullary region displays regular rows of cells with
smooth outline. Cortical region and conceptacle are not Corallina prisca Johnson: Johnson, 1957, pp. 239,
preserved. pl. 37, fig. 4; pl. 40, fig. 10, pl. 44, figs.1, 2, 7, 11.
Remarks: The length and width of medullary cells of Corallina prisca Johnson: Johnson, 1961a, pp. 940.
present material are similar to that of Corallina hayasaki Corallina prisca Johnson: Johnson, 1961b, pp. 70, pl. 14,
Ishijima. Therefore, the present material is described under fig. 1.
Corallina hayasaki Ishijima. Corallina prisca Johnson: Misra, Jauhri, Kishore and
Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Miocene Singh, 2002, pp. 724-725, pl. 1, fig. 4.
limestone of Binangonan, Rizal state, Ruzon Island, Corallina prisca Johnson: Kundal and Humane, 2003,
Philippine, Western Pacific (Ishijima, 1954); Chhasra pp. 269-270, pl.1, figs. 2,3,4; pl.2, fig. 1.
Formation (late early Miocene) at Rampar (Kundal and
Humane, 2003). Material: Specimen Nos. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/ 489, 490.
Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Dwarka Formation
(early to middle Miocene) at Visavara village. Dimensions (mm):
SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC
Corallina marshallensis Johnson 489 162-262 68-75 12-16 Nil Nil
Pl. 1, Fig. 4 490 325 87 12 Nil Nil

Corallina marshallensis Johnson: Johnson, 1961a, pp. 941, Description: The thallus shows erect growth habit.
pl. 277, figs. 2,3. The intergenicula are slender, tapering and subrectangular
Corallina marshallensis Johnson: Kundal and Humane, having swelling and pinching outline. Medullary region
2003, pp.267, pl.3, fig. 3; pl.4, fig. 2; pl.5, fig.2. displays regular rows of cells with smooth outline. Cortical
region and conceptacle are not preserved.
Material: Specimen Nos. PGTDG/MF/ SCA/ 485, 486. Remarks: The present fragments are described under
Corallina prisca Johnson because they show close
Dimensions (mm): similarities like dimension of medullary cells, gross
SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC appearance, etc., as that of Corallina prisca Johnson.
485 262 106 12 16 8 Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Late
486 262-275 106 10 Nil Nil Miocene Matansa limestone, Marina Islands (Johnson,
1957); late Eocene of Eniwetok, Saipan (Johnson, 1961a);
Description: The thalli show erect growth habit. The late Paleocene Lakadong Formation, Shillong, NE India
intergenicula are subcylindrical. Medullary region displays (Misra et al. 2002) and Chhasra Formation (late early
regular rows of cells with smooth outline. Medullary cells Miocene) at Rampar (Kundal and Humane, 2003).

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.74, AUGUST 2009

272 P. KUNDAL AND SHYAM N. MUDE

Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Dwarka Formation
(early to middle Miocene) at Visavara village.
Corallina typica Ishijima
Pl. 1, Figs 6, 8
Corallina typica Ishijima: Ishijima, 1954, pp. 70, pl. 44,
figs. 2a, b, 4.
Corallina typica Ishijima: Kundal and Humane, 2003,
pp. 272-274, pl. 1, figs. 1,5; Pl. 4, fig. 1.
Material: Specimen Nos. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/ 488,
484.
intergenicula are subcylindrical to elongated. Medullary
region displays irregular rows of cells with zig-zag outline.
Medullary cells are elongated to wedge shaped. Cortical
region and conceptacle are not preserved.
Remarks: The present fragments are subcylindrical to
elongated and length of medullary cells are comparable to
that of Jania mengaudi. Therefore, they are described under
Jania mengaudi.
Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Paleocene
of Northern Iraq (Johnson, 1964b).
Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Porbandar
Calcarenite Member (Chaya Formation; late Pleistocene to
late Holocene) at ACC quarry, Ratanpur.

Dimensions (mm): Jania sripadaraoi Kundal and Humane

SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC Pl. 1, Figs 9, 12
488 425 75 8 Nil Nil
484 250 100 10 Nil Nil Jania sripadaraoi Kundal and Humane: Kundal and
Humane, 2006, p. 635, pl.1, figs.1-2
Description: The thalli show erect growth habit. The
Material: Specimen No. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/ 497, 494.
intergenicula are typically cylindrical. Medullary region
displays regular rows of cells with smooth outline. Cortical Dimensions (mm):
region is thin but conceptacle is unknown. SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC
Remarks: Typical cylindrical habit of intergenicula and 497 250-275 137 8 Nil Nil
dimensions of the medullary cells of present material are 494 150 62-87 8 Nil Nil
similar to that of Corallina typica Ishijima. Therefore, the
present material is described under Corallina typica Ishijima. Description: The thallus shows erect growth habit. The
Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Miocene intergenicula are cylindrical to elongate. Medullary region
limestone of Kuboi, oishi-mura, Minamitsuru-gun, displays irregular rows of cells with zig-zag outline.
Yamanashi Prefecture, Western Pacific (Ishijima, 1954); Medullary cells are elongate to wedge shaped. Cortical
Chhasra Formation (late early Miocene) at Rampar and region and conceptacle are not preserved.
Charopadi (Kundal and Humane, 2003). Remarks: The present fragments are elongate and
Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Dwarka Formation wedge shape with erect thallus. The dimension of fragment
(early to middle Miocene) at Visavara village. as well as cells of medullary region show close similarities
with Jania sripadaraoi Kundal and Humane. Therefore,
Genus : Jania Lamouroux they are described under Jania sripadaraoi Kundal and
Jania mengaudi Lemoine Humane.
Pl. 1, Fig. 10 Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Fulra
Limestone Formation (late middle Eocene) at Babia hill and
Jania mengaudi Lemoine: Johnson, 1964b, p. 210, pl. 3, Maniyara Fort Formation (Oligocene) at Bermoti hill and
fig. 3. Nadi section (Kundal and Humane, 2006).
Horizon and Locality: Limestone of Adatiana Member(
Material: Specimen Nos. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/ 498, 499. middle to late Pleistocene) at Bhod village.

Dimensions (mm): Jania vetus Johnson

SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC Pl. 1, Fig. 11
498 275 62-68 4-6 Nil Nil
499 262 58-68 10-12 Nil Nil Jania vetus Johnson: Johnson, 1957, p. 237, pl. 52, fig.2.
Jania vetus Johnson: Kundal and Wanjarwadkar, 2000,
Description: The thallus shows erect growth habit. The p. 236, pl.2, fig. 4.

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 GENICULATE CORALLINE ALGAE FROM NEOGENE-QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS, SW COAST OF INDIA
Jania vetus Johnson: Kundal and Humane, 2006, p. 634,
pl. 1, fig.3.
Material: Specimen Nos. PGTDG / MF/ SCA/
493,495,496,500.
Dimensions (mm):
SN WS LMC WMC LCC WCC
493 187 75 6-4 Nil Nil
495 287-312 87 8 Nil Nil
496 325 82 8 Nil Nil
500 75 56-60 6 Nil Nil
Description: The thallus shows erect growth habit. The
intergenicula are cylindrical to arched. Medullary region
displays irregular rows of cells with zig-zag outline.
Medullary cells are elongate to wedge shaped. Cortical
region and conceptacle are not preserved. One of the
fragments consists of genicula with dimension 125 mm x
100 mm.
Remarks: The present fragments have cylindrical to
arched intergenicula, erect thallus and medullary cells are
elongate to wedge shaped. All characters and dimension of
medullary cells of present fragments show close similarities
to that of Jania vetus Johnson. Hence, they are described
under Jania vetus Johnson.
Stratigraphic and Geographic Distribution: Miocene
of Saipan, Mariana Islands; Miocene of Eniwetok atoll,
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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Present paper reports nine geniculate coralline algal
species from Neogene-Quaternary sediments of the
Porbandar area. Out of these, six species (Arthrocardia
cretacica, Calliarthron antiquum, Corallina hayasaki,
C. marshallensis, C. prisca and C. typica) occur in the
Dwarka Formation), one species (Jania sripadaraoi) is
present in the Adatiana Member of the Miliolite Formation
and two species (Jania mengaudi and J. vetus) are from the
Porbandar Calcarenite Member of the Chaya Formation.
These species indicate that (i) the Dwarka Formation and
the Adatiana Member of the Miliolite Formation were
deposited in tropical marine environment under moderate
to low energy conditions at depths from intertidal to 60 m;
and (ii) the Porbandar Calcarenite Member of the Chaya
Formation accumulated in relatively shallower tropical
marine environment under moderate to low energy
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(Received: 29 April 2008; Revised form accepted: 15 October 2008)

JOUR.GEOL.SOC.INDIA, VOL.74, AUGUST 2009