Q: What is Jet Fuel?

A: Jet fuel, aviation turbine fuel (ATF), or avtur, is a type of aviation fuel designed for use
in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The
most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are
produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly
used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-
weather performance.
Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. Because the exact
composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet
fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance
specification rather than a chemical compound. Furthermore, the range of molecular mass
between hydrocarbons (or different carbon numbers) is defined by the requirements for the
product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A
and Jet A-1) has a carbon numberdistribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per
molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15.
Jet fuels are sometimes classified as kerosene or naphtha-type. Kerosene-type fuels include
Jet A, Jet A-1, JP-5 and JP-8. Naphtha-type jet fuels, sometimes referred to as "wide-cut" jet
fuel, include Jet B and JP-4.

Q: What are the test items of lubricating oil？

A:

Acidity------------------------ASTM D3242 Gum Existent Gum----------ASTM D381

Aniline point------------------ASTM D611
API Gravity-----------------ASTM D4052
Density-----------------------ASTM D1298
Carbon Residue--------------ASTM D524
Color----------------------------ASTM D156
Conductivity ----------------ASTM D2624
Corrosion------------ASTM D130&IP227
Distillation----------------------ASTM D86
Flash Point-------------ASTM D56 & D93
Freezing Point---------------ASTM D2386
JFTOT--------------------------ASTM D3241
Particle Count--------------------ISO 4406
Smoke Point-----------------ASTM D1322
Vapor Pressure---------------ASTM D323
Viscosity------------------------ASTM D445
Water Reaction-------------ASTM D1094
Hydrocarbon----------------ASTM D1319
Sulfur--------------------------ASTM D5453
Mercaptan Sulfur----------ASTM D3227
Acidity

The sample is dissolved in a mixture of toluene and isopropyl alcohol containing a

small amount of water. The resulting single phase solution is blanketed by a stream
of nitrogen bubbling through it and is titrated with standard alcoholic potassium
hydroxide to the end point indicated by the color change (orange in acid and green
in base) of the added p-naphtholbenzein solution.

Apparatus:

HK-12574A Automatic Total Acid Value Tester for Jet Fuel conforms to the ASTM
D3242 Standard testing method of total acid value for jet fuel. It is used to test the
total acid value of jet fuel. The measuring range is 0.000~0.100mgKOH/g,can link the
automatic equipment of nitrogen generator.
Aniline Point

Specified volumes of aniline and sample, or aniline and sample plus n-heptane, are
placed in a tube and mixed mechanically. The mixture is heated at a controlled rate
until the two phases become miscible. The mixture is then cooled at a controlled
rate and the temperature at which two phases separate is recorded as the aniline
point or mixed aniline point.

Apparatus:
HK-262 Aniline Point Apparatus conforms to ASTM D611 Standard Test Methods for Aniline
Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
API Gravity

A small volume (approximately 1 to 2mL) of liquid sample is introduced into an

oscillating sample tube and the change in oscillating frequency caused by the change
in the mass of the tube is used in conjunction with calibration data to determine the
density, relative density, or API Gravity of the sample. Both manual and automated
injection techniques are described.

Apparatus:

HK-4052 Electronic Liquid Density Meter (U-tube oscillation method) conforms to

ASTM D4052 Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity
of Liquids by Digital Density Meter. It is based on the principle of different
oscillating frequency when the double U-tube is filled with different media.
Density
1. Accurate determination of the density, relative density (specific gravity), or API
gravity of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of
measured volumes to volumes or masses, or both, at the standard reference
temperatures of 15°C or 60°F during custody transfer.
2. This procedure is most suitable for determining the density, relative density
(specific gravity), or API gravity of low viscosity transparent liquids. This
procedure can also be used for viscous liquids by allowing sufficient time for the
hydrometer to reach temperature equilibrium, and for opaque liquids by
employing a suitable meniscus correction. Additionally for both transparent and
opaque fluids the readings shall be corrected for the thermal glass expansion
effect and alternate calibration temperature effects before correcting to the
reference temperature.
Apparatus

HK-1884 Petroleum Products Density Analyzer---Conforms to ASTM D1298 Standard

Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
Carbon Residue

1. The sample, after being weighed into a special glass bulb having a capillary
opening, is placed in a metal furnace maintained at approximately 550°C. The
sample is thus quickly heated to the point at which all volatile matter is
evaporated out of the bulb with or without decomposition while the heavier
residue remaining in the bulb undergoes cracking and coking reactions. In the
latter portion of the heating period, the coke or carbon residue is subject to
further slow decomposition or slight oxidation due to the possibility of breathing
air into the bulb. After a specified heating period, the bulb is removed from the
bath, cooled in a desiccator, and again weighed. The residue remaining is
calculated as a percentage of the original sample, and reported as Ramsbottom
carbon residue.
2. Provision is made for determining the proper operating characteristics of the
furnace with a control bulb containing a thermocouple, which must give a
specified time-temperature relationship.
Apparatus
HK-1025 Ramsbottom Carbon Residue Apparatus conforms to ASTM D524 Standard
for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Color
Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing
control purposes and is an important quality characteristic, since color is readily
observed by the user of the product. In some cases, the color may serve as an
indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a
particular product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate
possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable
guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product
specifications.
Apparatus
HK-6540 Colorimeter for Petroleum Products conforms to the ASTM D1500
Standard Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products (ASTM Color Scale).
The apparatus covers the visual determination of the color of a wide variety of
petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, heating oils, diesel fuel oils, and
petroleum waxes.
Conductivity
The ability of a fuel to dissipate charge that has been generated during pumping and
filtering operations is controlled by its electrical conductivity, which depends upon
its content of ion species. If the conductivity is sufficiently high, charges dissipate fast
enough to prevent their accumulation and dangerously high potentials in a receiving
tank are avoided.
Apparatus
HK-NIM1 Electrical Conductivity of Aviation Fuel is designed by ASTM D2624 Standard
Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels, which covers the
determination of the electrical conductivity of aviation and distillate fuels with and without a
static dissipater additive. The test methods normally give a measurement of the conductivity
when the fuel is uncharged, that is, electrically at rest (known as the rest conductivity)
Copper Strip Corrosion
Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during
refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product,
some can have a corroding action on various metals and this corrosivity is not
necessarily related directly to the total sulfur content. The effect can vary according
to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present. The copper strip corrosion test is
designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product.
Apparatus
HK-5096D Semi Automatic Metal bath Copper Strip Corrosion conforms to the ASTM
D130 Standard Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products
by Copper Strip Test
Silver Strip Corrosion
Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during
refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product,
some can have a corroding action on various metals and this corrosivity is not
necessarily related directly to the total sulfur content. The effect can vary according
to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present. The silver strip corrosion test is
designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product.
Apparatus

HK-0023B Silver Strip Corrosion Test for Petroleum Products Conforms to IP227
Determination of Corrosiveness to Silver of Aviation Turbine Fuels – Silver Strip
Method
Distillation
The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons have an important effect
on their safety and performance, especially in the case of fuels and solvents. The
boiling range gives information on the composition, the properties, and the behavior
of the fuel during storage and use. Volatility is the major determinant of the
tendency of a hydrocarbon mixture to produce potentially explosive vapors.
Apparatus
HK-6536D Automatic Distillation Apparatus for Petroleum Products Conforms to
ASTM D86 Standard Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Atmospheric Pressure
Tag Closed Cup Flash Point
1. Flash point measures the tendency of the specimen to form a flammable mixture
with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of
properties that shall be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of
a material. Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define
flammable and combustible materials. One should consult the particular
regulation involved for precise definitions of these classes.
2. Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable
materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material. For example, an
abnormally low flash point on a sample of kerosene can indicate gasoline
contamination.
Apparatus
HK-21929A Automatic Tag Closed Cup Flash Point Apparatus conforms to the ASTM
D56 Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
Closed Cup Flash Point
1. The flash point temperature is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen
to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is
only one of a number of properties which must be considered in assessing the
overall flammability hazard of a material.
2. Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and
combustible materials. One should consult the particular regulation involved for
precise definitions of these classifications.
Apparatus
HK-261B Automatic Pensky-Martens Closed-Cup Flash Point Apparatus conforms to
the ASTM D93 Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed
Cup Tester.
Freezing Point
The freezing point of an aviation fuel is the lowest temperature at which the fuel
remains free of solid hydrocarbon crystals that can restrict the flow of fuel through
filters if present in the fuel system of the aircraft. The temperature of the fuel in the
aircraft tank normally falls during flight depending on aircraft speed, altitude, and
flight duration. The freezing point of the fuel must always be lower than the
minimum operational tank temperature.
Apparatus
HK-0090 Freezing Point Apparatus for Engine Coolant and Aviation Fuels conforms to
the ASTM D2386 Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Gum
The true significance of this test method for determining gum in motor gasoline is
not firmly established. It has been proved that high gum can cause induction-system
deposits and sticking of intake valves, and in most instances, it can be assumed that
low gum will ensure absence of induction-system difficulties. The user should,
however, realize that the test method is not of itself correlative to induction-system
deposits. The primary purpose of the test method, as applied to motor gasoline, is
the measurement of the oxidation products formed in the sample prior to or during
the comparatively mild conditions of the test procedure.
Apparatus
HK-8019D Existent Gum Content Apparatus, conforms to ASTM D381 Standard Test
Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation.
JFTOT
The test results are indicative of fuel performance during gas turbine operation and
can be used to assess the level of deposits that form when liquid fuel contacts a
heated surface that is at a specified temperature.
Apparatus
HK-9169 is the only JFTOT in China that passed all standards set by China’s Aviation Fuel
Committee. It conforms to ASTM D3241 Standard Test Method for Thermal Oxidation
Stability of Aviation Turbine Fuels
Particle Count
In hydraulic fluid power systems, power is transmitted, and controlled, through a
liquid under pressure within an enclosed circuit. Solid particle contaminant is always
present in the hydraulic fluid and the amount needs to be determined because the
contaminant may cause serious problems.
Apparatus
HK-L02A Oil Liquid Particle Counter is in line with ISO4406, with high-pressure pump, of
which pressure is up to 1MPa, the maximum viscosity is up to1500cST. It is widely used in
aerospace, electric power, petroleum, chemical industry, transportation, port, metallurgy,
machinery, automobile manufacturing and other fields
Smoke Point
The smoke point (and Luminometer number with which it can be correlated) is
quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion
products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the
metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section
parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel
characteristics with the life of these components.

Apparatus
HK-382 Smoke Point Apparatus for Kerosene conforms to the ASTM D1322 Standard
Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene.
Vapor Pressure
This test method is used to determine the approximate chloride content of crude oils,
a knowledge of which is important in deciding whether or not the crude oil needs
desalting. The efficiency of the process desalter can also be evaluated.
Excessive chloride left in the crude oil frequently results in higher corrosion rates in
refining units and also has detrimental effects on catalysts used in these units
Apparatus
HK-8017B Reid Vapor Pressure Bath conforms to ASTM D323 Standard Test Method for
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method).
Vapor Pressure
This test method is used to determine the approximate chloride content of crude oils,
a knowledge of which is important in deciding whether or not the crude oil needs
desalting. The efficiency of the process desalter can also be evaluated.
Excessive chloride left in the crude oil frequently results in higher corrosion rates in
refining units and also has detrimental effects on catalysts used in these units
Apparatus
HK-8017B Reid Vapor Pressure Bath conforms to ASTM D323 Standard Test Method for
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method).
Viscosity
Many petroleum products, and some non-petroleum materials, are used as
lubricants, and the correct operation of the equipment depends upon the
appropriate viscosity of the liquid being used. In addition, the viscosity of many
petroleum fuels is important for the estimation of optimum storage, handling, and
operational conditions. Thus, the accurate determination of viscosity is essential to
many product specifications.
Apparatus
HK-265B Semi Automatic Kinematic Viscosity Apparatus conforms the ASTM D445
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and
Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity).
Water Reaction
When applied to aviation gasoline, water reaction volume change using the
technique reveals the presence of water–soluble components such as alcohols.
When applied to aviation turbine fuels, water reaction interface rating using the
technique is not reliable in revealing the presence of surfactants which disarm filter-
separators quickly and allow free water and particulates to pass; but can reveal the
presence of other types of contaminants.
Apparatus
HK-1793 Automatic water reaction tester for jet fuel conforms to ASTM D1094 Standard
Test Method for Water Reaction Tester of Aviation Fuel.
Hydrocarbon
The determination of the total volume % of saturates, olefins, and aromatics in
petroleum fractions is important in characterizing the quality of petroleum fractions
as gasoline blending components and as feeds to catalytic reforming processes. This
information is also important in characterizing petroleum fractions and products
from catalytic reforming and from thermal and catalytic cracking as blending
components for motor and aviation fuels.
Apparatus
HK-11132 Fluorescent Indicator Absorption Apparatus conforms to ASTM D1319
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by
Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption.
Sulfur
Some process catalysts used in petroleum and chemical refining can be poisoned
when trace amounts of sulfur bearing materials are contained in the feed stocks.
This test method can be used to determine sulfur in process feeds sulfur in finished
products, and can also be used for purposes of regulatory control.
Apparatus
HK-0689 Ultraviolet Fluorescence Sulfur Tester conforms to ASTM D5453 Standard
Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in Light Hydrocarbons, Spark
Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
Mercaptan Sulfur
Mercaptan sulfur has an objectionable odor, an adverse effect on fuel system
elastomers, and is corrosive to fuel system components.
Apparatus
HK-DP-LC200 Mercaptan Sulfur Content(Potentiometric Titration Method) conforms to
ASTM D3227 Standard Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gasoline, Kerosine,
Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels (Potentiometric Method) .