THE EFFECT OF WORK PROCEDURE ERRORS ON THE RESULT OF

MAKING SOLUTIONS AND INDICATORS

Written by :
Name : Vikhaulie Ramadhani
Student Registration Number : PO.71.34.1.18.078
Class : I.B
Lecturer : Siti Nuraziza Tuzzuhro, M.Pd

HEALTH POLYTECHNIC
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018/2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ....................................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................ ii

CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY ............................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problems ........................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Purposes......................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Benefits .......................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION ................................................................................... 3

2.1 Understanding of Solution............................................................................. 3
2.2 Making the solution correctly........................................................................ 4
2.3 Making the indicator correctly ...................................................................... 6
2.4 The consequences of errors in making solutions or indicators ..................... 7

CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION ................................................................................. 8

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................... 9

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 CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background
Chemicals are a form of material or component that has a chemical
composition and constant. Chemicals can be chemical elements, chemical
compounds or solutions that can be solid, liquid and gas. Many chemicals used for
practicum are in the form of solutions.and there is also an indicator solution.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which
dissolves each other and each of its constituent substances cannot be distinguished
physically. Solutions have an important role in everyday life. In nature most of the
reactions occur in liquid solutions. The human body absorbs minerals, vitamins
and food in the form of a solution.
And indicators are complex compounds that can react with acids and bases.
And can be used during the titration process to see the end point of the titration.
Almost all chemical processes occur in solutions so it is important to
understand their properties. Especially when going to make a solution, of course,
you must know the properties of each substance first or when you will make an
indicator solution must also recognize its properties.
Make a solution and the indicator has its own procedure so that no errors
occur. Errors in making solutions or indicators can be caused by procedural errors,
tool errors or worker errors. So that it takes carefulness, care and knowledge in
making it.

1.2 Problems
1. How to make the solution correctly?
2. How do you make indicators correctly?
3. What are the consequences of errors in making solutions or indicators?

1.3 Purposes
1. To find out how to make the solution correctly
2. To find out how to make indicators correctly

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 3. To find out the consequences of errors in making a solution or indicator

1.4 Benefits
So that readers get insight or knowledge about how to make solutions and
indicators correctly according to procedures so as to minimize errors or accidents
that can occur during the work process and notify the reader of the consequences
of errors in making solutions or indicators.

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 CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION

2.1 Understanding of Solution

A mixture of substances that are mixed or homogeneous is called a solution,
which has the same content or composition evenly. A solution contains one solute
or more than one solvent. Soluble substances are components that are small in
number, whereas solvents are components that are present in large quantities.
(Achmad, 1996).
A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture between two or more
dissolved substances whose composition can vary. The solution can be gas, liquid,
or solid. A dilute solution is a solution containing a small portion of solute
(dissolved), relative to the amount of solvent. While the concentrated solution is a
solution containing most solutes (dissolved). Whereas solvents (solvents) are the
medium in which solute dissolves (Baroroh, 2004). A solution is defined as a
homogeneous mixture between two or more dissolved substances whose
composition can vary. The solution can be gas, liquid, or solid. A dilute solution is
a solution containing a small portion of solute (dissolved), relative to the amount
of solvent. While the concentrated solution is a solution containing most solutes
(dissolved). Whereas solvents (solvents) are the medium in which solute dissolves
(Baroroh, 2004).
If two or more substances that do not react are mixed, the mixture that
occurs is 3 possibilities, namely a mixture of coarse, solid dispersion, and true
solution. The first two types of mixture are heterogeneous and can be separated
mechanically. While the solution is homogeneous and cannot be separated
mechanically. On this basis a mixture of solutions is defined as a homogeneous
mixture between two or more substances. (Sukardjo, 1997)
The two components that are important in a solution are solvents and
solutes. A solution containing a large amount of solute is called a concentrated
solution. If the amount of solute is small, the solution is called a liquid where
liquid, solid or gas is a dissolved substance. The solution can be solid and gas,
because the gas molecules are far apart, the molecules in the gas mixture blend

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randomly, all the gases are there; solution, the best example of solution is air
(Karyadi, 1994)
In general, the substance used as a solvent is water (H2O), besides water that
can be used as a solvent are alcohol, ammonia, chloroform, benzene, oil, acetic
acid, but if the solvent used is water then it is not mentioned. (Gunawan, 2004).
Gas solutions are made by mixing a gas with another gas. Because all gases
mix in all comparisons, each gas mixture is homogeneous it is a solution. A liquid
solution is made by dissolving gas, liquid or solid in a liquid. If part of the liquid
is water, then the solution is called an aqueous solution. Solid solutions are solids
in which one component is irregularly distributed to atoms or molecules from
other components (Syukri, 1999).
Factors that affect solubility are temperature, solvent properties, similar ion
effects, different ion effects, pH, hydrolysis, complex effects and others (Khopkar,
2003).
To express the composition of the solution quantitatively used
concentration. Concentration is defined as the amount of solute in each unit of
solution or solvent, expressed in units of volume (weight, moles) of the solute in a
certain amount of volume (weight, mole) of the solvent. The concentration units
commonly used, namely mole fraction, molarity, molality, normality, ppm and
added with mass percent and volume percent (Baroroh, 2004).
As a practitioner, we must know and understand basic theories or work
procedures in making solutions or indicators and are skilled in applying the theory
when working. The need to understand work procedures to minimize errors that
might occur, such as inappropriate concentration or other errors.

2.2 Making the solution correctly

From the practicum, it can be obtained that the correct working procedure in
terms of making a solution consists of two ways.
The first way is :
1. Prepare the scales, tools and materials needed.
2. Connect the scales to the electric current then press the ON button.
3. Wait until the display screen shows the number 0,0000.

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4. Place the weighing container in the form of weighing paper, watch glass,
porcelain cup and others on top of the scales.
5. Enter the substance to be weighed into a container weighing a little bit to as
needed.
6. Enter the substance that has been weighed into the baker glass.
7. Weigh the residual substance
8. Add aquades to the baker glass then homogenize by stirring using a stirring rod.
9. After dissolving then put in a measuring flask using a funnel so that it doesn't
spill.
10. Add distilled water to the measuring flask and after approaching the limit, use
a drop pipette to make it easier to determine the lower miniscus.
11. The solution has been made.

The second way is :

1. Prepare the scales, tools and materials needed.
2. Connect the scales to the electric current then press the ON button.
3. Place the weighing container in the form of weighing paper, watch glass,
porcelain cup and others on top of the scales.
4. Press the zero button to show the number 0.0000 gr.
5. Enter the substance to be weighed into a container weighing a little bit to as
needed.
6. Enter the substance that has been weighed into the baker glass.
7. Add aquades to the baker glass then homogenize by stirring using a stirring rod.
8. After dissolving then put in a measuring flask using a funnel so that it doesn't
spill.
9. Add distilled water to the measuring flask and after approaching the limit, use a
drop pipette to make it easier to determine the lower miniscus.
10. The solution has been made.

From the results that have been obtained from laboratory practicum using
chemicals obtained in the laboratory where before the results of the first dilution

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occur a calculation is made wherein the dilution does not change the concentration
but only volume changes occur.

2.3 Making the indicator correctly

The procedure for making indicators correctly :
1. Weigh the indicator needed using a technical scale.
2. Use a watch glass as a container.
3. Enter the indicator into the baker glass.
4. Then add distilled water.
5. Homogenize by stirring using a stirring rod.
6. After finishing inserting methyl orange into the measuring cup using a funnel.
7. The indicator has been completed.

Figure 1 Methyl Orange

As a practitioner, we must know and understand basic theories or work

procedures in making solutions or indicators and are skilled in applying the theory
when working. The need to understand work procedures to minimize errors that
might occur, such as inappropriate concentration or other errors.

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2.4 The consequences of errors in making solutions or indicators
Errors in the manufacturing process that are not in accordance with the
procedure can return to the results obtained. Errors in making solutions that can be
used for suitable solutions are not in accordance with what is desired or cannot be
exemplified or not homogeneous due to errors in the use of solvents.
Work procedures are very influential on the results of making solutions or
indicators, have a large influence on the quality of the solutions and indicators
produced.
Errors in making solutions can be due to human errors, tool errors,
procedural errors, or unexpected errors.
Errors or deviations in the manufacture of chemical reagents (chemical
preparations) will result in the results of the observations (experimental data)
becoming unclear or the results of the analysis being incorrect, the desired
concentration of the solution is not reached and is not correct. This can cause
losses and waste that should not have happened, even the wrong manufacturing
techniques can threaten the health and safety of oneself and / or other people.
Therefore, the application of correct chemical preparation techniques is an
important work and determines success in chemical experiments or analyzes.
Making, diluting, and mixing a substance or solution requires high accuracy
and vigilance so that no errors occur at work.
The need for knowledge of the practitioner on the process or method of
making solutions and indicators so that during the manufacturing process there is
no error or at least minimize errors that can occur due to lack of knowledge
possessed by the practitioner so that before making the solution the practitioner
must be given basic knowledge in theory first then the knowledge applied directly
in the process of making a solution.

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 CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION

The process of making packets of substances derived from concentrated

liquids is called dilution. A solution is defined as a homogeneous mixture of two
or more substances dispersed either as molecules, atoms or ions whose
composition can vary. Solute is a dissolved substance solvent (solvent) is a
medium in which the solute. Aqueous solution is a substance containing a small
solute, relative to the amount of solvent. While the solution is a substance that
produces most of the solute.
After we carry out the practicum of making this solution, the conclusions
are obtained that making a solution of solid material and liquid material, can be
done directly by treating it directly with the appropriate solvent. Making, diluting,
and mixing a substance or solution requires high precision and vigilance. to make
a solution and an indicator requires an understanding of the basic theory in
making a solution and an understanding of work procedures so that when making
a solution or indicator according to work procedures and no mistakes occur.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adi, G., & Roeswati. (2004). Tangkas Kimia. Surabaya: Kartika.

Baroroh, U. L. (2004). Diktat Kimia Dasar 1. Banjarbaru: Universitas Lambung
Mangkurat.
Christian, G. D. (1980). Analytical Chemistry. Toronto: John Willey & Sons.
Hiskia, A. (1996). Kimia Larutan. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.
Hiskia, A. (2001). Kimia Larutan. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.
Karyadi, G. (1994). Kimia 2. Jakarta: DEPDIKBUD.
Khopkar, S. (1990). Konsep Dasar Kimia Analitik. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Sukardjo. (1997). Kimia Fisika. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Syukri, S. (1999). Kimia Dasar 2. Bandung: ITB.