1.

Powe
rLawFl
uid(
UnknownFl
owRat
e)

Thepr
obl
ems
tat
eme
nti
s

Gi
ven:DF,
D,L,
m,n,ρ Fi
nd:Q

Thesi
mple
stapproac
hfort
hispr
obl
emi
sal
soani
ter
ati
onpr
oce
dur
ebas
edonan
as
sumedv
alueoff:

1.Areasonab
lest
art
ingval
uef
orfi
s0.
005,b
ase
dona‘‘dar
tthr
ow’’ att
he
(e
qui
vale
nt)Moodydiag
ram.

2.
Cal
cul
ateQf
romEq
.(6-
68)
,i.
e.
,

e
qu6.
75

3. Cal
cul
ate t
he Re
ynol
ds numb
er f
rom Eq
. (
6-71)
, i
.e
.,

e
qu6.
76

4.Cal
cul
ateff
romEq
.(6-
47)
.

e
qu6.
47

Whe
re

e
qu6.
48
 e
qu6.
49

e
qu6.
50

e
qu6.
51

e
qu6.
52

andNRe.plci
sthec
rit
icalpowe
rlawRe
ynol
dsnumb
eratwhi
chl
ami
narf
lowc
eas
es:

e
qu6.
53

Equati
on(6-48)appli
esforNRe.pl<NRe.plc,
Eq.(6-
49)appli
esfor4000<NRe.pl<105,
Eq.(6-
50)appli
esforNRe.plc<NRe.pl<4000,andal
l
ar
eencompassedbyEq .(6- 47)f
oral lNRe.pl.

5.Comparethev
alue
sofffr
oms te
p4andste
p1.Iftheydonotag
ree
,usetheres
ultof
ste
p4i nstep2andrepe
atst
eps2–5unt
ilagre
ementisre
ache
d.Conve
rge
nceus ual
ly
requi
resonlytwo orthre
et r
ialsatmost,unles
sv er
y unus
ualconditi
onsar e
encount
ere
d.
 2.Powe
rLawFl
uid(
UnknownDr
ivi
ngFor
ce)

Theequi
val
entpr
obl
ems
tat
ementi
s
Giv
en:Q,m,n,ρ,D,L Find:DF

Not et
hatwehaveanaddi
ti
onalf
lui
dproper
ty(m andninste
adofμ ),b
utweal s
o
assumethatpi
peroug
hnes
shasanegli
gib
leef
fec
t,sothet
otalnumb
erofvar
iab
lesis
thesame.

Thecorr
espondingdimens
ionl
essvar
iabl
esar
ef,NRe.pl,andn[whi
char
ere
lat
edb
yEq
.
(6-
47)]
,andt heunknown(DF=e f)appe
arsi
nonlyoneg r
oup(f)
.

Theproce
durej
ustf
oll
owedforaNewtoni
anf l
uidcanthusal
sob
eappl
ie
dtoapowe
r
l
awfluidift
heappr
opri
atee
quat
ionsar
eused,asfol
lows.

2.Calc
ulat
et heReynoldsnumb e
r( NRe.pl)
,us
ingEq
.(6-
45)andt
hev
olume
tri
c
fl
owr at
einst
eadofthevel
oci
ty,i.
e.,

t
heshears
tres
sa nds
hearrat
earene
gat
ivei
npi
pef
low,t
heappr
opr
iat
efor
moft
hepowe
rlaw
modelf
orlaminarpi
pefl
owi s

e
qu6.
42

Byequat
ingthes
hearstr
essf
rom Eqs
.(6-
42)and(
6-4)
,sol
vingf
ort
hev
eloc
ityg
radi
ent
,and
i
ntr
oduci
ngthere
sulti
ntoEq.(6-
7)

Eq
.(6-
7)

(
aswasdonef
ort
heNe
wtoni
anf
lui
d),t
hef
lowr
atei
sfoundt
obe

e
qu6.
4
Thisist hepowerlaw e q
uivalentoftheHag e
n–Poise
uil
leeq
uation.I tcanb ewr i
tt
eni n
dimensi
onles
sformbye xpre
ssingthewalls
tre
ssinter
msofthefr
ict
ionf act
orusi
ngEq .(6-5)
,
sol
vingforf,andequatingther es
ultt
o16/NRe(i.
e.
,thefor
m oftheNe wtonianresul
t).The
res
ulti
sane xpr
ess
ionthatisidenti
calt
othedimens
ionle
ssHage
n–Poiseuil
leeq
uation:

Eq
u6.
44

i
ftheRe
ynol
dsnumb
erf
ort
hepowe
rlawf
lui
disde
fine
das

Eq
.(6-
45)

e
qu6.
71

2.Cal
cul
ateff
romEq
.(6-
47)
.

e
qu6.
47

Whe
re

e
qu6.
48
 e
qu6.
49

e
qu6.
50

e
qu6.
51

3.Cal
cul
atee
f(he
nceDF)f
romEq
.(6-
68)
.

e
qu6.
68
And

e
qu6.
69

From theresul
ti
ngval
ueofDF,t
here
quir
edpumphead(-w/
g)canbede
ter
mine d,for
example,fr
om aknowledg
eoft
heups
tre
am anddowns
tre
am pr
ess
ure
sande l
evations
usingEq .(
6-69)
.

3.Powe
rLawFl
uid(
UnknownDi
ame
ter
)
Inthisproble
m,itisde si
redtodete
rmi nethes i
zeofthepipe(D)thatwil
ltrans
porta
give
nf l
uid( Newtonianornon- Newt onian)atag i
venflow r
ate(Q)ov erag i
ven
dist
ance(L)withag ivendriv
ingforc
e( DF) .Becauset
heunknown( D)appearsi
neach
ofthedimens i
onl
essv ari
able
s,itisappr opriat
et ore
groupthes
ev ar
iab
lesinamor e
conveni
entformforthisproble
m.

Thepr
obl
ems
tat
eme
nti
s

Gi
ven:DF,
Q,m,n,ρ,L Fi
nd:D

Thepr
oce
dur
eisanal
ogoust
othatfortheNewt
onianfl
uid.Inthisc
ase
,thec
omb
ine
d
gr
oup (whic
hweshallc
allK,forc
onve
nienc
e)isinde
pende
ntofD:

e
qu6.
82

Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oce
dur
ecanb
eus
edt
ofi
ndD:

1.Cal
cul
ateKf
romEq
.(6-
82)
.

2.As
sumef=0.
005

3.Cal
cul
ateNRe
;plf
rom

e
qu6.
83

4.Cal
cul
ateff
romEq
.(6-
47)
,us
ingt
hev
alueofNRe.plf
roms
tep3.
e
qu6.
47

Whe
re

e
qu6.
48

e
qu6.
49

e
qu6.
50

e
qu6.
51

e
qu6
.52

andNRe.plci
sthec
rit
icalpowe
rlawRe
ynol
dsnumb
eratwhi
chl
ami
narf
lowc
eas
es:

e
qu6.
53

5.Compar
ethere
sul
tofst
ep4wit
ht heas
sumedvalueinst
ep2.Ifthe
ydonotag
ree
,
uset
heval
ueofff
romst
ep4ins
tep3,andrepe
ats
teps3–5unti
lthe
yagree
.

Thedi
ame
terDi
sob
tai
nedf
romt
hel
astv
alueofNRe
;plf
roms
tep3:
 4.Powe
rLawDar
by(
Powe
rlawFl
uid)

Theprob
lemst
ate
menti
s
Giv
en:DF,Q,
m,n,ρ,L Fi
nd:D

Thepr
oce
dur
eisanal
ogoust
othatfortheNewt
onianfl
uid.Inthisc
ase
,thec
omb
ine
d
gr
oup (whic
hweshallc
allK,forc
onve
nienc
e)isinde
pende
ntofD:

e
qu6.
82

Thef
oll
owi
ngpr
oce
dur
ecanb
eus
edt
ofi
ndD:

1.Cal
cul
ateKf
romEq
.(6-
82)
.

2.As
sumef=0.
005

3.Cal
cul
ateNRe
;plf
rom

e
qu6.
83

4.Cal
cul
ateff
romEq
.(6-
47)
,us
ingt
hev
alueofNRe.plf
roms
tep3.

e
qu6.
47

Whe
re

e
qu6.
48
 e
qu6.
49

e
qu6.
50

e
qu6.
51

e
qu6
.52

andNRe.plci
sthec
rit
icalpowe
rlawRe
ynol
dsnumb
eratwhi
chl
ami
narf
lowc
eas
es:

e
qu6.
53

Equati
on(6-48)appli
esforNRe.pl<NRe.plc,
Eq.(6-
49)appli
esfor4000<NRe.pl<105,
Eq.(6-
50)appli
esforNRe.plc<NRe.pl<4000,andal
l
ar
eencompassedbyEq .(6- 47)f
oral lNRe.pl.

5.Compar
ethere
sul
tofst
ep4wit
ht heas
sumedvalueinst
ep2.Ifthe
ydonotag
ree
,
uset
heval
ueofff
romst
ep4ins
tep3,andrepe
ats
teps3–5unti
lthe
yagree
.
Thedi
ame
terDi
sob
tai
nedf
romt
hel
astv
alueofNRe
;plf
roms
tep3:
 1.Bi
nghamPl
ast
ic (
UnknownFl
owRat
e)

Thepr
oce
dur
eisv
erys
imi
lart
otheoneab
ove
.

Gi
ven:DF,
D,L, , ,ρ Fi
nd:Q

1.As
sumef=0.
005.

2.Cal
cul
ateQf
romEq
.(6-
75)
.

3.
Cal
cul
atet
heRe
ynol
dsandHe
dst
romnumb
ers
:

e
qu6.
77

4.Cal
cul
ateff
romEq
.(6-
65)
.

5.Comparethevalueofffr
om step4withtheassumedvalueinstep1.Ifthe
ydonot
agr
ee,uset
hevalueofffr
oms te
p4i ns
tep2andrepeatste
ps2–5unt ilt
heyagr
ee.
Notethatani t
erati
onisrequir
edtodeter
minef LinEq .(6-65)
,b utthi
sproce
dur
e
normall
yconver
gesrapi
dlyunle
ssunus
ualcondit
ionsareencounte
red.

2.Bi
nghamPl
ast
ic(
UnknownDr
ivi
ngFor
ce)
Theprob
lems
tat
eme
ntis
Giv
en:Q,μ∞ , ,ρ,d,
L Fi
nd:DF

Thenumberofv
ari
abl
esist
hesameasi
nthef
ore
goi
ngpr
obl
ems
;he
ncet
henumb
erof
gr
oupsre
lat
ingt
hes
evari
abl
esi
sthes
ame.

FortheBi
ngham pl
asti
c,thes
ear ef
,NRe,andNHe,whi
char
ere
lat
edb
yEq
.(6-
65)
[al
ongwit
hEqs.(
6-60)and(6-63)
].

Theunknown(DF=ef)appear
sonl
yinf,asb
efore
.Thes
olut
ionpr
oce
dur
eiss
imi
lar
t
othatfol
lowe
dforNewt
onianandpowe
rlawfl
uids.

1.Cal
cul
atet
heRe
ynol
dsnumb
er.

e
q6.
72

2.Cal
cul
atet
heHe
dst
romnumb
er:

e
q6.
73

2.De
ter
mineff
romEq
s.(
6-65)
,(6-
63)
,and(
6-60)
.

[
Not
ethatani
ter
ati
oni
sre
qui
redt
ode
ter
minef
Lfr
omEq
.(6-
60)
.]

e
qu6.
60

e
qu6.
63
 e
qu6.
64

Thef
ri
cti
onf act
orforaBing
ham pl
asti
ccanbecalc
ulat
edf
oranyRe
ynol
dsnumb
er,
f
romlaminarthroug
htur
bule
nt,f
romtheequat
ion

e
qu6.
65

e
qu6.
66

I
nEq
.(6-
65)
,fTi
sgi
venb
yEq
.(6-
63)andf
Lisg
ive
nbyEq
.(6-
60)
.

4.Cal
cul
atee
f,he
nceDF,f
romEq
.(6-
68)
.

e
qu6.
68
And

e
qu6.
69

From theresul
ti
ngval
ueofDF,t
here
quir
edpumphead(-w/
g)canbede
ter
mine d,for
example,fr
om aknowledg
eoft
heups
tre
am anddowns
tre
am pr
ess
ure
sande l
evations
usingEq .(
6-69)
.
 3.Bi
nghamPl
ast
ic(
UnknownDi
ame
ter
)

Thepr
obl
emv
ari
abl
esar
e

Gi
ven:DF,
Q, , ,
ρ,L Fi
nd:D

Thec
omb
ine
dgr
oupt
hati
sinde
pende
ntofDi
seq
uiv
ale
ntt
oEq
.(6-
78)
,

Eq
.(6-
78)
,

Theproc
edur
eis
1.Cal
cul
ate f
romEq
.(6-
85)
.

Eq
.(6-
85)
.

2.Ass
umef=0.01.
3.Cal
cul
ateNRef
rom
4.Cal
cul
ateDf
rom

5.Cal
cul
ateNHef
rom

6.Cal
cul
ateff
romEq
.(6-
65)us
ingt
hev
alue
sofNReandNHef
roms
teps3and5.

e
qu6.
65

e
qu6.
66

I
nEq
.(6-
65)
,fTi
sgi
venb
yEq
.(6-
63)andf
Lisg
ive
nbyEq
.(6-
60)
.

e
qu6.
63

e
qu6.
64
 ¼

e
qu6.
60

e
qu6.
61

e
qu6.
62

7.Comparetheval
ueofffr
om s
tep6withtheas
sumedval
ueins t
ep2.Ifthe
ydonot
agr
ee,inse
rtt
heres
ultofs
tep6forfi
ntost
ep3inplac
eof0.01,andrepe
atSteps3–7
unti
ltheyagr
ee.

Ther
esul
ti
ngv
alueofDi
sde
ter
mine
dins
tep4.
 4.Bi
nghamPl
ast
icDar
byDe
sig
n

Thepr
obl
emv
ari
abl
esar
e

Gi
ven:DF,
Q, , ,
ρ,L Fi
nd:D

Thec
omb
ine
dgr
oupt
hati
sinde
pende
ntofDi
seq
uiv
ale
ntt
oEq
.(6-
78)
,

Theproc
edur
eis
1.Cal
cul
ate f
romEq
.(6-
85)
.

Eq
.(6-
85)
.

2.As
sumef=0.01.

3.Cal
cul
ateNRef
rom

4.Cal
cul
ateDf
rom
5.Cal
cul
ateNHef
rom

6.Cal
cul
ateff
romEq
.(6-
65)us
ingt
hev
alue
sofNReandNHef
roms
teps3and5.

7.Comparetheval
ueofffr
om s
tep6withtheas
sumedval
ueins t
ep2.Ifthe
ydonot
agr
ee,inse
rtt
heres
ultofs
tep6forfi
ntost
ep3inplac
eof0.01,andrepe
atSteps3–7
unti
ltheyagr
ee.

Ther
esul
ti
ngv
alueofDi
sde
ter
mine
dins
tep4.
 1.PIPEFLOW PROBLEMS
Therearethr
e etypicalproblemse nc ounter
edinpi pef l
ows,dependinguponwhati s
knownandwhati st ob ef ound.The searet he‘‘unknowndr i
vingf orc
e,’’
‘‘unknownf l
owr ate
,’’ and‘‘unknowndi ameter
’’ pr oblems ,andwewi l
l
outl
ineheret
hepr ocedureforthes olutionofeachoft hes
eforbothNe wtonianandnon
-Newtonian(powe rlaw a ndBi ng ham plasti
c)f l
uids.A four
thpr oble
m,pe r
hapsof
evenmor epract
icali nt
erestf orpi pingsyste
m de sign,isthe‘‘mos teconomic
al
diamete
r’’ pr oblem,whi chwi llbec onsi
dere
dinChapt er7.

Wenot
efi
rstt
hatt
heBe
rnoul
lie
quat
ionc
anb
ewr
it
ten

e
qu6.
67

Whe
re

e
qu6.
68

And

e
qu6.
69

DFr epr
ese
ntsthene te
nerg
yi nputintothefluidpe runitmass(orthene t‘‘dr i
ving
for
ce’’)andi st
hecomb i
nationofs t
ati
che ad,pr ess
uredif
fer
ence,andpumpwor k.
Whe nanyoft heter
msi nEq.(6-69)arenegati
ve ,theyrepr
ese
ntapos iti
ve‘‘dr i
ving
for
ce’’ f ormov i
ngthefl
uidthroughthepipe( pos i
ti
veter
msr e
pres
e ntfor
cesres
ist
ing
theflow,e.g.
,ani ncre
aseine lev
ati
on,pre ss
ur e,etc.andcorres
pondt oane gati
v e
dri
vingfor
ce).Inmanyapplicat
ionsthekineti
ce nergytermsarenegl
igibl
eorc anc
elout,
alt
houg ht
hisshouldbever
ifi
edforeachsit
uat i
on.

Wewi llus
et heBernoull
iequationintheform ofEq .(6-
67)foranalyzi
ngpipeflows,
andwewi llusethet ot
alvolume t
ri
cflow rat
e( Q)ast hefl
ow vari
ab l
einst
eadoft he
vel
oci
ty,becausethisistheus ualmeasureofc apac
ityinapi pel
ine
.ForNe wtonian
fl
uids
,theproble
mt husreducestoarel
ationbetweenthethre
edimensionle
ssvari
ab l
es:
 , , e
qu6.
70

A.UnknownDr
ivi
ngFor
ce

Forthisprobl
em,wewanttoknowthenetdri
vingf
orc
e(DF)thati
sre
quir
edt
omovea
gi
venf luid(μ,ρ)atas pe
cif
iedr
ate(Q)throug
has pec
ifi
edpipe(D,L,
ε).The
Bernoullie
quati
oni
ntheformDF=e fappl
ie
s

1.Ne
wtoni
anFl
uid

The‘‘knowns
’’ and ‘‘unknowns
’’ i
nthi
scas
ear
e

Gi
ven:Q,
μ,ρ,
D,L,
ε Fi
nd:DF

Al
lther
ele
vantv
ari
abl
esandpar
ame
ter
sar
euni
que
lyr
elat
edt
hroug
hthet
hre
e

di
mens
ionl
essv
ari
abl
esf
,NRe,and b
ytheMoodydi
agr
am ort
heChur
chi
ll
e
quat
ion.Fur
the
rmor
e,t
heunknown(
DF=e
f)appe
arsi
nonl
yoneoft
hes
egr
oups(f)
.

Thepr
oce
dur
eist
huss
trai
ght
for
war
d:

1.Cal
cul
atet
heRe
ynol
dsnumb
erf
romEq
.(6-
70)
.

2.Cal
cul
ateε /
D.

3.
Det
ermi
neff
romt
heMoodydi
agr
amorChur
chi
lle
quat
ion[
Eq.(
6-41)
];

Whe
re
And

Equati
on( 6.
41)ade
quate
lyrepre
sent
sthefanni
ngfr
ict
ionfact
orove
rt heenti
rer
ange
ofReynoldsnumb e
rswithi
nt heaccur
acyofthedatausedtoconst
r uc
tt hemoody
di
agram,i nc
ludi
ngar e
asonableest
imatefort
heinte
rmediat
e ortransi
tionre
gion
be
tweenlaminarandtur
bule
ntflow.

(
ifNRe<2000,us
ef=16/
NRe)
.

4.Cal
cul
atee
f(he
nceDF)f
romt
heBe
rnoul
liEq
uat
ion,Eq
.(6-
68)
.

e
qu6.
68
And

e
qu6.
69

From theresul
ti
ngval
ueofDF,t
here
quir
edpumphead(-w/
g)canbede
ter
mine d,for
example,fr
om aknowledg
eoft
heups
tre
am anddowns
tre
am pr
ess
ure
sande l
evations
usingEq .(
6-69)
.

DFr epr
ese
ntsthene te
nerg
yi nputintothefluidpe runitmass(orthene t‘‘dr i
ving
for
ce’’)andi st
hecomb i
nationofs t
ati
che ad,pr ess
uredif
fer
ence,andpumpwor k.
Whe nanyoft heter
msi nEq.(6-69)arenegati
ve ,theyrepr
ese
ntapos iti
ve‘‘dr i
ving
for
ce’’ f ormov i
ngthefl
uidthroughthepipe( pos i
ti
veter
msr e
pres
e ntfor
cesres
ist
ing
theflow,e.g.
,ani ncre
aseine lev
ati
on,pre ss
ur e,etc.andcorres
pondt oane gati
v e
dri
vingfor
ce).Inmanyapplic
ationsthekine
t i
ce nergytermsarenegl
igibl
eorc anc
elout,
al
thoug
hthi
sshoul
dbev
eri
fi
edf
ore
achs
ituat
ion.
 2Ne
wtoni
anf
lui
dUnknownFl
owRat
e

Inthiscase,thefl
ow ratei
st obedeter
mi nedwhe nag ivenflui
di stranspor t
edina
give
npi pewi thaknownne tdriv
ingforce( e
.g.
,pumphe ad,pressur
ehe ad,and/or
hydros
tatichead)
.Thes ametotalvar
iable
sar einvol
ved,andhe ncethedime nsi
onle
ss
vari
able
sar ethes
ameandar erel
atedi
nt hesamewayasf ortheunknowndr ivingfor
ce
probl
ems .Themai ndiff
ere
nceisthatnow t heunknown( Q)appe arsint wooft he
dimensi
onlessvar
iabl
es(fandNRe),whichr e
quiresadi
ffere
ntsolut
ions tr
ateg y.

1.Ne
wtoni
anFl
uid

Theprob
lemstat
ementi
s
Giv
en:DF,D,L,μ,ε,ρ Fi
nd:Q

Thestr
ate
gyistorede
finet
her e
lev
antdime
nsionle
ssv ar
iabl
esbycombini
ngt
he
or
igi
nalgr
oupsi
nsuc
hawayt hatt
heunknownvariab
leappear
sinonegr
oup.

Fore
xampl
e,fandNRec
anb
ecomb
ine
dtoc
anc
elt
heunknown(
Q)asf
oll
ows
:

e
qu6.
74

Thus,ifweworkwiththethr
eedime
nsi
onl
essvar
iabl
es ,NRe,andε/D,the
unknown(Q)appe
arsi
nonlyNRe,whi
cht
henbec
ome st
heunknown (di
mens
ionl
ess
)
var
iabl
e.

The r
earevari
ousapproachesthatwec antaketosolv
et hisprobl
em.Si ncet heReynolds
numb erisunknown,ane xpli
citsolut
ionisnotpossib l
eusingtheestab l
ishedrel
ati
ons
betweenthefr
ict
ionfact
orandRe ynol
dsnumb er(e.
g.,theMoodydi ag ramorChur chil
l
equati
on).Wec an,howeverproceedbyatrial-
and-er
rorme thodthatreq uiresaniniti
al
guessforanunknownv ari
able,usethebasicrel
ati
onst osolveforthisv ariabl
e,re
v i
se
theg ues
sac cor
dingl
y,andr epeatthepr oce
ss( i
terati
ng)unt ilagre e
me ntb et
we en
cal
culate
dandg uess
edvaluesisachiev
ed.

Notethatint hisc
ontext
,e i
therforNRec anb econs i
dere
dt heunknowndi mensionle
ss
var
iable,becausetheybothi nv olvetheunknownQ.Asanai di nmakingt hec hoi
ce
bet
we enthes e
,ag l
anceatt heMoodydi agram showst hatt heprac
ticalrang eof
possi
blev alues of f is appr oximately one or der of mag ni
tude,whe reas the
cor
respondingpossibl
erangeofNRei soverfiv
eor dersofmag ni
tude!Thus,thechances
ofouri ni
ti
alg ues
sb e
ingc l
oset ot hefinalanswe raregreatlyenhancedifwec hooseto
it
erat
eonfi ns t
eadofNRe .Us ingt hisapproach,theprocedureisasfoll
ows.
1.Areas
onabl
egues
smi ghtbebas
edontheassumpti
onthatthef
lowc
ondi
ti
onsar
e
tur
bul
ent
,forwhi
chtheCole
brooke
quat
ion,Eq
.( 6-
38)
,appl
ie
s.

2.Cal
cul
atethev
alueof f
romgiv
env al
ues.
3.Cal
cul
atefusi
ngtheCol
ebr
ookeq
uation,Eq.(6-
38)
.

4.Cal
cul
ate ,us
ingff
roms
tep3.

5.Usi
ngtheNRev
aluef
rom st
ep4andtheknownval
ueofε/D,de
ter
mineff
rom t
he
Moodydi
agramorChur
chil
lequat
ion(
ifNRe<2000,us
ef=16/
NRe).

Whe
re

And
6.Ift
hisval
ueoffdoesnotagre
ewiththatf
roms
tep3,i
nse
rtt
hev
alueofff
roms
tep5
int
ostep4togetare
vise
dv al
ueofNRe.

7.Re
peats
teps5and6unt
ilfnol
ong
erc
hang
es.

8.Cal
cul
ate
4.
Rec
omme
nde
dde
sig
nme
thodsf
org
as-
li
qui
dhor
izont
alpi
pe
Ent
ranc
eef
fec
ts

The
rea
renoc
onf
ir
medme
thodst
opr
edi
ctr
eli
abl
ythel
eng
thofpi
pei
nwhi
cht
hef
low
pat
ter
nde
vel
opsort
hec
hang
esi
nthef
lowpat
ter
n,hol
dup,andpr
ess
ureg
radi
entwi
th
t
hee
ntr
anc
ere
gion.
(
A).f
orar
oug
hes
timat
eoft
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
handi
tsi
mpor
tanc
e,f
oll
owt
heme
thods
de
scr
ibe
dins
ect
ion5.
2ofc
hapt
er4as
sumi
ngt
hatt
hec
ont
inuousphas
eisf
lowi
ngat
t
hemi
xtur
eve
loc
ity.

Ent
ranc
eef
fec
tsar
enor
mal
lyr
athe
rmode
standi
nthe
irc
alc
ulat
ionwemayas
sume
c
ons
tanc
yofde
nsi
tyandv
isc
osi
ty(
atav
erag
eval
uesi
fconv
eni
ent
).Al
soweas
sumef
or
c
onv
eni
enc
ethatD,K/
D,Q(
orV)andt
hef
lui
dpr
ope
rti
esar
eknown.Thee
ffe
ctsmay
b
ees
timat
edasf
oll
ows
.
1.Cal
cul
ateRef
ort
heknownD,Q(
orV)andt
heav
erag
efl
uidpr
ope
rti
es.
2.I
fRei
sle
sst
han2100,
a)Thee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hmayb
ees
timat
edf
rome
quat
ion3;
Thedi
sta
ncef
rom ane
ntr
anc
ere
qui
redf
ort
hede
vel
opme
ntshasb
eenf
oundt
o
de
pendupon:
-
 t
henat
ureoft
hemot
ionups
tre
amoft
hee
ntr
anc
e
 t
henat
ureoft
hee
ntr
anc
e
 andwhe
the
rtheul
ti
mat
est
abi
li
zedf
lowi
slami
narort
urb
ule
nt
wewi
llc
ons
ide
rfi
rstt
hes
ituat
ion whe
ret
heul
ti
mat
efl
ow i
slami
nar
.Se
ver
al
i
nve
sti
gat
orshav
eat
tempt
edb
ythe
ore
tic
als
tudi
esandb
ysomee
xpe
rime
ntalwor
kto
de
ter
minet
het
rav
eldi
stanc
eXE r
equi
redf
ort
hef
ulle
stab
lis
hme
ntoft
hel
ami
nar
v
eloc
itypr
ofi
lef
oll
owi
ngt
hee
ntr
anc
eofaf
lui
dtoapi
pe.
Ther
esul
toft
hes
einv
est
igat
ionsmayb
eexpr
ess
edi
nthef
orm

-
---
---
---
---
--1

As
sumi
ngv
isc
osi
tye
ffe
ctsne
gli
gib
lei
ntheaxi
alf
lui
dfi
lame
ntf
rom t
he
e
ntr
anc
etot
hepoi
ntoff
ullde
vel
opme
ntoft
hel
ami
narv
eloc
itypr
ofi
le
,Mc
Comas
de
riv
est
her
elat
ion

-
---
---
---
---
-2

whe
reC=4.
Re.
f,andK=1.
333ov
eral
lve
loc
ityde
vel
opme
ntc
oef
fi
ci
ent

t
hee
quat
ion2r
educ
est
o {f
ig4.
1}

-
---
---
---
---
---
-3

b
)Ift
hee
ntr
anc
eisl
esst
han10pe
rce
ntoft
het
otall
eng
th;i
tse
ffe
ctmayb
e
ne
gle
cte
d;
c
)Ifot
her
wis
e,Δ Pff
ort
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hma
ybec
alc
ulat
edt
hroug
heq
uat
ion4
and5.
Kl
ineandShapi
roc
orr
elat
ion {f
ig4.
3}

-
---
---
---
---
---
--4

Spar
row e
tal
.ext
ende
dthe
iranal
ysi
stoi
ncl
udet
hepr
ess
uredr
opi
nthee
ntr
anc
e
s
ect
ion

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-5

whe
reK(
X)i
s ac
orr
ect
iont
ermt
oac
countf
ort
hee
ffe
ctsoff
low de
vel
opme
nta
nd
g
ive
nasaf
unc
tionof
 i
nthef
ig4.
7

3.I
fRei
sgr
eat
ert
han2100,t
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hmayb
eoft
heor
derof50D,as
i
ndi
cat
edb
yeq
uat
ion6orFi
gur
e4.
1.The
rei
snome
thodav
ail
abl
etousf
ort
he
ac
cur
atepr
edi
cti
onoft
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
handt
hepr
ess
uredr
opov
ert
hisl
eng
th.
Expe
cti
nthec
aseofv
erys
hor
tpi
pel
ine
s,i
tisus
ual
lyac
cept
abl
etoas
sumeXE
=0
Knuds
onandKat
z(I
fRei
sgr
eat
ert
han2100,whe
nthef
lowpat
ter
nist
urb
ule
nt)

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---6

(
B).I
fthel
eng
the
sti
mat
edi
nst
ep(
A)i
sle
sst
hanab
out10pe
rce
ntoft
het
otalpi
pe
l
eng
th,e
ntr
anc
eef
fec
tsmayb
ene
gle
cte
d.
(C)I
fthee
sti
mat
ede
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hexc
eedsab
out10pe
rce
ntoft
het
otalpi
pel
eng
th,a
r
oug
hide
aoft
hef
low pat
ter
n,hol
dup,andpr
ess
ureg
radi
entwi
thi
nitmayb
e
ob
tai
nedb
yas
sumi
ngt
hatc
ondi
ti
onsc
hang
eli
near
lyf
rom t
hos
eatt
hee
ntr
anc
eto
t
hos
eunde
rst
abl
efl
owc
ondi
ti
on.

Ef
fec
tofb
endsandf
it
ti
ngs

Thepr
oce
dur
esout
li
nedi
nse
cti
on8.
3ofc
hapt
er8mayb
efol
lowe
d.

Pr
eci
seme
thodst
oac
count
sforb
endsandf
it
ti
ngsar
enotav
ail
abl
ebutan
appr
oxi
mat
eac
countmayb
etake
nbyi
ncr
eas
ingt
hepi
pel
eng
thb
ythes
um oft
he
e
qui
val
entl
eng
thoft
hef
it
ti
ngsi
nthepi
pes
yst
em.Thi
smayb
ees
timat
edb
ythe
me
thods
,us
ingat
hec
rit
eri
onoff
lowaRe
ynol
dsnumb
er

Whe
reρcandμc r
efe
rtot
hec
ont
inuousphas
e.Car
emus
tbe
t
ake
nnott
oinc
reas
ethee
lev
ati
onc
hang
eonwhi
chΔPHH orΔPPEi
scal
cul
ate
d.

 Thee
ffe
ctofb
ends
,fi
tt
ing
s,v
alv
es,e
nlar
geme
nts
,andc
ont
rac
tionsi
nthepi
pe
s
yst
emi
ses
timat
edus
ingt
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thc
onc
ept
.
 Thepi
pel
eng
thf
orpur
pos
esoft
hef
ri
cti
onpr
ess
uredr
opc
alc
ulat
ioni
sinc
reas
ed
b
ythes
umoft
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thsoft
hef
it
ti
ngsi
nthes
yst
em.
 Whe
nthef
low i
slami
nart
hei
ndi
vidualLE Val
uesar
ede
ter
mine
dfr
om
e
quat
ion7andTab
le4.
1whe
nthef
lowi
stur
bul
entTab
le4.
1isus
eddi
rec
tl
y.
Theme
chani
cale
ner
gyb
alanc
eappl
ic
abl
ewi
th

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
-7

Fort
henor
malc
asei
nlami
narf
low ofani
ncompr
ess
ibl
efl
uidwemayi
nte
grat
e
ov
ert
hel
eng
thofpi
peLi
nanyc
ons
tantdi
ame
ters
ect
iont
oob
tai
n
I
nte
rmsoft
hef
ri
cti
onf
act
or

-
---
-8

I
nte
rmsoft
heHage
n-Poi
seui
ll
e

-
---
---
-9

i
nthe
see
quat
ions =0.
50i
sthev
eloc
ityc
orr
ect
ionf
act
ori
ntheKEt
ermsand
LE=L+Lf,whe
reLfi
sthee
qui
val
entl
eng
thunde
rlami
narf
lowc
ondi
ti
onsofany
f
it
ti
ngs
,val
vesorde
vic
esi
nthepi
pes
ect
ion.
Eq
uiv
ale
ntl
eng
thf
orl
ami
narf
lowar
enotwe
llknownb
utmayb
eappr
oxi
mat
ed
f
rom t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low t
hroug
hther
elat
ions
hip(
Crane
c
ompany,1957)
 -
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---

10
Appl
ic
abl
etoc
ondi
ti
onswhe
reRe
<1000;whe
reRe
>1000t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thar
e
as
sume
dthes
ameasf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low.
 Not
ethatt
hes
umoft
heLE t
ermsi
snotadde
dtot
hepi
pel
eng
thf
orpur
pos
esof
c
alc
ulat
ingahydr
ost
ati
che
adorpot
ent
iale
ner
gye
ffe
ct.

Pot
ent
iale
ner
gyorhydr
ost
ati
che
ade
ffe
cts

1.I
fthepi
peiscomple
tel
yhorizontalPPE = PHH = 0
2.I
fthepipei
sincl
inedthehydrostat
icheadef
fec
t PHH ,maybec
alc
ulate
dfr
om
t
hesec
ondter
mofe quati
on10. 74wi t
hEH det
ermi
nedf r
omfi
gur
e10.33.

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
-10.
74

Ac
cel
erat
ionorki
net
ice
ner
gye
ffe
cts

Acce
ler
at i
one ff
ectsareusual
lynegli
gib
lewi t
hl i
qui
d-l
iqui
dsys
temsbutmanybe
si
gnif
icantwi t
hg as-li
quidmixt
urespart
icul
arl
yinthesl
ugandannul
ar-mi
stf
low
pat
ter
ns .Alt
ernatewaystocal
cul
ate PKE are:

1.t
hequant
it
ymayb eest
imat
edfr
om theappr
opr
iat
ete
rm oft
heme
chani
cal
e
ner
gybal
ance(e
quat
ion7.
60),i
.e.
,

Wi
thα t
ermst
ake
nas0.
8

2.i
tmayb
ecal
cul
ate
dfr
omt
hes
impl
if
iedf
ormg
ive
nase
quat
ion10.
62
 -
---10.
62

f
low patt
ern,holdup,andpre
ssur
egr
adi
ent f
orthes
teadyf
low ofi
ncompr
ess
ibl
e
mixt
ures(liq
uid-gasmixt
ure
swhenP<0.10P1)

Pr
edi
cti
onb
yge
ner
alme
thods

1. a. Themodif
iedGovi
er-
Ome rf i
gure10.
14mayb euse
dt opre
dic
tthefl
ow
pat
ter
nforai r-
waterors imil
arsyste
msflowinginr e
lat
ive
ly
smal
lsi
ze pi
pes.Thiscorre
lat
ionmayb euse
dwithothe
rsyst
emsfor
or
ientat
ionpurpos
es.

b
. f org
as-
oilf
lowi
ncomme r
cials
izepi
pes
,thefl
owpat
ter
ncor
rel
ati
onsof
Bake
r,Hoog
endoor
ne tal.orAl-She
iketal
.maybeus e
d.Fig
10.
11,
10.
12

2 a. Thehol
duporEG maybees
timat
edbyt heLockhar
tandMartine
ll
i
cor
rel
ati
onf
ors
mallsi
zepi
pes.Bot
hoft he
sear
egi
venin
f
igur
e10.
18.

b
. forai
r-wat
erandsi
mil
arsyst
emsins
mallpi
pes
,fi
gur
e10.
6bas
edont
he
dataofGovi
erandOmerr
ecommende
d.

c. thecal
cul
ation of2a or2b may beche
cke
db ythemethodsof
Hoogendoor
n andBuite
laar
,Eatonetal
.orHughmar
k.The
seare
di
scus
sedinsec
tion 3.
2

3. a. t
hepr es
suredropmayb ee s
timatedfr
om theLockhartandMar t
ine
ll
i
corr
elat
ion(fi
gure10.24oreq uat
ion10.
14)forlargecomme r
cialsi
ze
pipe
sBake r
’smodi fi
cati
onoft hi
scor
rel
ati
ongiv
e nasequat
ions10.44
to10.48orfi
gure10.
25mayb eus e
d.

-
---
---
--10.
14
Fors
trat
if
iedf
low

-
---
---
--10.
44

Fort
hee
long
ate
dbub
blef
low

-
---
---
--10.
45

Fort
hedi
spe
rse
dbub
blef
low

-
---
---
--10.
46

Fort
hes
lugf
low

-
---
---
--10.
47

Fort
heannul
armi
stf
low

-
---
---
--10.
48

4. b
. thecalc
ulati
onsof3amayb echec
kedusi
ngthecor
rel
ati
on ‘sof
Hoogendoorn(eq
uat
ion10.
56to10.
60)orofDukl
eretal.(e
quat
ion
10.
61)orb ot
h.

Fort
hee
long
ate
dbub
ble,
sl
ugandf
rot
hfl
ow
 -
---
-10.
56

-
---10.
57

Fors
trat
if
iedandwav
efl
ow

-
--10.
58

Fort
heannul
armi
stf
low

-
--10.
59

Whe
re

-
--10.
60

-
---10.
61

Whe
re
Conf
ir
mat
ionb
yspe
cif
icf
lowpat
ter
nme
thods

(
A)Bub
blef
lowpat
ter
n

1.The r
ear enor el
iableme t
hodsf ore sti
mat i
ngt hede tailsoft heb ub bl
eflow
pattern.Thee xperime ntalobservati
onsr eport
edins ection2. 1and4. 1andt he
continuityrelati
onsdi scussedins ec
tion4.
2mays erv
easag uide
.
2.Thei ns ituv olumef rac t
iong asEG,mayb epre di
ctaedus i
nge quation10.82
otherme asur esofhol dupar er el
atedt oEG t hr
oug ht her el
ationdi s
c us
sedi n
sect
ion7ofc hapter7.
3.Thepr oc
edureus edf orpr edi
cti
ngt hepr ess
uredropi nt hebubb l
eflowpat tern
basedupont hes i
ng l
e-phasefri
c t
ionfac t
or.
Forallpr act
icalpur poseswewoul de xpe c
tthepressureg r
adi entduet ofrict
ioni n
thebub bleregi
ont ob ethes ameast hatforal iq
uidphas eofde nsit
ye qualtot he
aver
ag emi xt
ur eflowingatanav eragev e
locit
yVM.Wet he r
eforemayappl y
 -
---
---
---
---4.
24

Whe
re

i
sev
aluat
edf
roms
ing
lephas
ecor
rel
ati
onsat

(
B)St
rat
if
iedf
lowpat
ter
n

Thepr
ocedur
eforpr
edi
cti
ngthede
tai
lsoft
hestr
ati
fi
edf
lowpatt
ernandthehol
dup
andpress
uredropinthisfl
ow patt
ernaredi
scus
sedinsect
ion5.4the
pr
inci
pals
teps areasf
oll
ows.

1.determinei feachphaseisinl ami narori ntur bulentmot i

on( sec
tion5. 3)
2.Forl ami nar-laminarf low ( ReSG,Re SL<1 000) ,theholdupmayb epr e
dicted
fromf igure10.43andt hepr essuredropf r
omf igure10.44.
3.Fort hel iquidlaminar,g ast urbulentf l
ow c aset hereappearstob enob et
ter
me thodf oresti
matingt heins it
uv olumef ractionst hanthoseofLoc khar tand
Mar tinel
li,andBake r,asdi scussedi ns e
ction9. 61i tem 2a.Thepr ess uredrop
mayb epr e
dicte
dus i
ngf igure10.45b asedont hewor kofChar lesandLi ll
eleht
.
4.fort hetur bule
nt-t
urbulentf l
ow c aseal sot hereisnopr efe
rredal t
ernat i
vef or
eitherthehol duport hepr essuredr oppr e
di cti
ont ot heme thodsofLoc khart
andMar tinell
iandofBak erdiscussedunde ri t
ems2a,3a,and3bi nsection9.61

(
C)Wav eflowpatte
rn
Nome thodsofcalc
ulati
ons pe
cif
ictothewaveflowpatte
rnareavai
labl
e.There
ader
i
sref
err
edt osect
ion6foradiscuss
ionofani nt
erpolat
ionproc
edur
ewhi c
hmayb euse
d
t
ocheckther e
sul
tsofpredi
cti
onsdiscus
sedinsec
tion9.61.

(
D)Sl
ugf
lowpat
ter
n

1.i
tisnotyetposs
ibl
etopredic
tthedetai
lsofthes l
ugflowpatt
ern wit
hany
c
ert
ainlybutthe
yma yb edet
erminedapproxi
mat el
yb yes
timati
ngVbf r
om
e
quation10.
125,wfrom equati
on10.129,Lsf rom eq
uati
on10.127andLb
f
rom e q
uati
on8.95s
ect
ion7. 2give
sr e
lat
ionf orotherdet
ail
soft hefl
ow
 patte
n
2.t heins ituv olumef ract
iongas ,EG mayb ees
ti mate
dfrom equati
on10134
withEGbob t
ainedf r
ome quat
i on10.122or10. 123
3.t hepressur egradientmayb ees t
imatedfrom eq uati
on10.133otherme t
hods
ofestimat i
ngEGandΔpdi sc
us se
dins e
ction7. 4
(E)Annul ar-
Mi stflowpat tern
Thef l
owpat terndetail
smayb ee
s ti
matedfromt hepr oce
dureoutl
inedinsteps1
through5ofs ection8. 5.Thehol dupi onb asedont heg enralmethodsofs ecti
on
9.61mayb efuturec onf i
rme db eequation8.221.Thepr ess
uredropc alc
ulati
onof
sect
ion9.61shoul db econfirmedb ythespeci
alannul ar-
mi stfl
owpatter
nc or
relat
ionof
Bake ra
ndt hatofHoog e
ndoor ndisc
usse
di nsecti
on8. 3.
 5.
Rec
omme
nde
dDe
sig
nMe
thodsf
ort
hev
ert
icalf
lowof
Gas–Li
qui
dmi
xtur
einpi
pes
1.I
ntr
oduc
tion
De
sig
nme
thodf
ort
hepi
pef
low oft
imei
nde
pende
ntnon-
Newt
oni
anf
lui
dar
e
mor
ecompl
ext
hanf
orNe
wtoni
an.I
tisf
ir
stne
ces
sar
ytoi
dent
if
ythatt
hef
lui
d
ormi
xtur
eisps
eudo-
homog
ene
ousandb
ehav
esasat
imei
nde
pende
ntnon-
Ne
wtoni
anf
lui
d.Thene
xts
tepi
stoc
las
sif
yitast
otypeandt
ode
ter
minei
ts
r
heol
ogi
calpr
ope
rti
es.
2.Ent
ranc
eEf
fec
ts
The
rear
enoc
onf
ir
medme
thodst
opr
edi
ctr
eli
abl
ythel
eng
thofpi
pei
nwhi
cht
he
f
lowpat
ter
nde
vel
opsort
hec
hang
esi
nthef
lowpat
ter
n,hol
dup,andpr
ess
ure
g
radi
entwi
tht
hee
ntr
anc
ere
gion.
(
A).f
orar
oug
hes
timat
eoft
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
handi
tsi
mpor
tanc
e,f
oll
ow t
he
me
thodsde
scr
ibe
dins
ect
ion5.
2ofc
hapt
er4as
sumi
ngt
hatt
hec
ont
inuousphas
e
i
sfl
owi
ngatt
hemi
xtur
eve
loc
ity
.

Ent
ranc
eef
fec
tsar
enor
mal
lyr
athe
rmod
estandi
nthe
irc
alc
ulat
ionwemay
as
sumec
ons
tanc
yofd
ens
ityandv
isc
osi
ty(
atav
erag
eval
uesi
fconv
eni
ent
).Al
so
weas
sumef
orc
onv
eni
enc
ethatD,K/
D,Q (
orV)andt
hef
lui
dpr
ope
rti
esar
e
known.Thee
ffe
ctsmayb
ees
timat
edasf
oll
ows
.
1.Cal
cul
ateRef
ort
heknownD,Q(
orV)andt
heav
erag
efl
uidpr
ope
rti
es.
2.I
fRei
sle
sst
han2100,
a)Thee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hmayb
ees
timat
edf
rome
quat
ion3;
Thed
ist
anc
efr
om ane
ntr
anc
ere
qui
redf
ort
hede
vel
opme
ntshasb
eenf
ound
t
ode
pendupon:
-
t
henat
ureoft
hemot
ionups
tre
amoft
hee
ntr
anc
e
t
henat
ureoft
hee
ntr
anc
e
  andwhe
the
rtheul
ti
mat
est
abi
li
zedf
lowi
slami
narort
urb
ule
nt
wewi
llc
ons
ide
rfi
rstt
hes
ituat
ionwhe
ret
heul
ti
mat
efl
ow i
slami
nar
.Se
ver
al
i
nve
sti
gat
orshav
eat
tempt
edb
ythe
ore
tic
als
tudi
esandb
ysomee
xpe
rime
ntal
wor
ktode
ter
minet
het
rav
eldi
stanc
eXE r
equi
redf
ort
hef
ulle
stab
lis
hme
ntoft
he
l
ami
narv
eloc
itypr
ofi
lef
oll
owi
ngt
hee
ntr
anc
eofaf
lui
dtoapi
pe.
Ther
esul
toft
hes
einv
est
igat
ionsmayb
eexpr
ess
edi
nthef
orm

-
---
---
---
---
--1

As
sumi
ngv
isc
osi
tye
ffe
ctsne
gli
gib
lei
ntheaxi
alf
lui
dfi
lame
ntf
rom t
he
e
ntr
anc
etot
hepoi
ntoff
ullde
vel
opme
ntoft
hel
ami
narv
eloc
ity pr
ofi
le
,
Mc
Comasde
riv
est
her
elat
ion

-
---
---
---
---
-2

whe
reC=4.
Re.
f,andK=1.
333ov
eral
lve
loc
ityde
vel
opme
ntc
oef
fi
ci
ent

t
hee
qua
tion2r
educ
est
o {f
ig4.
1}

-
---
---
---
---
---
-3

b
)Ift
hee
ntr
anc
eisl
esst
han10pe
rce
ntoft
het
otall
eng
th;i
tse
ffe
ctmayb
e
ne
gle
cte
d;
c
)Ifot
her
wis
e,Δ Pff
ort
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hmayb
ecal
cul
ate
dthr
oug
h
e
quat
ion4and5.
Kl
ineandShapi
roc
orr
elat
ion {f
ig4.
3}

-
---
---
---
---
---
--4
Spar
rowe
tal
.ext
ende
dthe
iranal
ysi
stoi
ncl
udet
hepr
ess
uredr
opi
nthee
ntr
anc
e
s
ect
ion

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-5

whe
reK(
X)i
s ac
orr
ect
iont
ermt
oac
countf
ort
hee
ffe
ctsoff
low de
vel
opme
nt
andg
ive
nasaf
unc
tionof

i
nthef
ig4.
7

3.I
fRei
sgr
eat
ert
han210
0,t
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hmayb
eofheor
derof50D,
asi
ndi
cat
edb
yeq
uat
ion6orFi
gur
e4.
1.The
rei
snome
thodav
ail
abl
eto
usf
ort
heac
cur
atepr
edi
cti
onoft
hee
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
handt
hepr
ess
uredr
op
ov
ert
hisl
eng
th.Expe
cti
nthec
aseofv
erys
hor
tpi
pel
ine
s,i
tisus
ual
ly
ac
cept
abl
etoas
sumeXE=0
Knuds
onandKat
z(I
fRei
sgr
eat
ert
han2100,whe
nthef
lowpat
ter
nist
urb
ule
nt)

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---6

(
B).I
fthel
eng
the
sti
mat
edi
nst
ep(
A)i
sle
sst
hanab
out10pe
rce
ntoft
het
otal
pi
pel
eng
th,e
ntr
anc
eef
fec
tsma
ybene
gle
cte
d.
(C)I
fthee
sti
mat
ede
ntr
anc
ele
ngt
hexc
eedsab
out10pe
rce
ntoft
het
otalpi
pe
l
eng
th,ar
oug
hide
aoft
hef
lowpat
ter
n,hol
dup,andpr
ess
ureg
radi
entwi
thi
nit
mayb
eob
tai
nedb
yas
sumi
ngt
hatc
ondi
ti
onsc
hang
eli
near
lyf
rom t
hos
eatt
he
e
ntr
anc
etot
hos
eunde
rst
abl
efl
owc
ondi
ti
on.
3.Ef
fec
tofBe
ndsandFi
tt
ing
s
Pr
eci
seme
thodst
oac
count
sforb
endsandf
it
ti
ngsar
enotav
ail
abl
ebutan
appr
oxi
mat
eac
countmayb
etake
nbyi
ncr
eas
ingt
hepi
pel
eng
thb
ythes
um of
t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thoft
hef
it
ti
ngsi
nthepi
pes
yst
em.Thi
smayb
ees
timat
edb
y
t
heme
thods
,us
ingat
hec
rit
eri
onoff
lowaRe
ynol
dsnumb
er

Whe
reρcandμc r
efe
rtot
hec
ont
inuousphas
e.Car
emus
t

b
etake
nnott
oinc
reas
ethee
lev
ati
onc
hang
eonwhi
chΔPHH orΔPPE i
s
c
alc
ulat
ed.

 Thee
ffe
ctofb
ends
,fi
tt
ing
s,v
alv
es,e
nlar
geme
nts
,andc
ont
rac
tionsi
nthe
pi
pes
yst
emi
ses
timat
edus
ingt
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thc
onc
ept
.
 Thepi
pel
eng
thf
orpur
pos
esoft
hef
ri
cti
onpr
ess
uredr
opc
alc
ulat
ioni
s
i
ncr
eas
edb
ythes
umoft
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thsoft
hef
it
ti
ngsi
nthes
yst
em.
 Whe
nthef
low i
slami
nart
hei
ndi
vidualLE Val
uesar
ede
ter
mine
dfr
om
e
quat
ion7andTab
le4.
1whe
nthef
low i
stur
bul
entTab
le4.
1isus
ed
di
rec
tl
y.
Theme
chani
cale
ner
gyb
ala
nceappl
ic
abl
ewi
th

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
--

7
Fort
henor
malc
asei
nlami
narf
low ofani
ncompr
ess
ibl
efl
uidwemay
i
nte
grat
eov
ert
hel
eng
thofpi
peLi
nanyc
ons
tantdi
ame
ters
ect
iont
oob
tai
n
I
nte
rmsoft
hef
ri
cti
onf
act
or
 -
---
---
---
-8

I
nte
rmsoft
heHage
n-Poi
seui
ll
e

-
---
---
---
---9

i
nthe
see
quat
ions =0.
50i
sthev
eloc
ityc
orr
ect
ionf
act
ori
ntheKEt
erms
and LE=L+Lf ,whe
reLfi
sthee
qui
val
entl
eng
th unde
rlami
narf
low
c
ondi
ti
onsofanyf
it
ti
ngs
,val
vesorde
vic
esi
nthepi
pes
ect
ion.
Eq
uiv
ale
ntl
eng
thf
orl
ami
narf
low ar
enotwe
llknown b
utmay b
e
appr
oxi
mat
edf
rom t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low t
hroug
hthe
r
elat
ions
hip(
Cranec
ompany,1957)

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---

10
Appl
ic
abl
etoc
ondi
ti
onswhe
reRe
<1000;whe
reRe
>1000t
hee
qui
val
ent
l
eng
thar
eas
sume
dthes
ameasf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low.
 Not
ethatt
hes
um oft
heLE t
ermsi
snotadde
dtot
hepi
pel
eng
thf
or
pur
pos
esofc
alc
ulat
ingahydr
ost
ati
che
adorpot
ent
iale
ner
gye
ffe
ct.
4.Pot
ent
ialEne
rgyorHydr
ost
ati
che
adEf
fec
ts
Fort
hev
ert
icalf
low c
ons
ide
rint
hisc
hapt
ert
hepr
ess
urec
hang
eduet
o
pot
ent
iale
ner
gyort
hehydr
ost
ati
che
ade
ffe
ctsi
sof
tenofg
reati
mpor
tanc
e.The
e
quat
ionspr
ese
nte
dandr
efe
rre
dtoi
nse
cti
on8.
6al
linc
ludet
ermsf
orΔPHH or
ΔPPE.
5.Ac
cel
erat
ionorKi
net
icEne
rgyEf
fec
ts
Ac
cel
erat
ione
ffe
ctsar
eus
ual
lyne
gli
gib
lewi
thl
iqui
d-l
iqui
dsys
temsb
utmayb
e
s
igni
fi
cantwi
thg
as-
li
qui
dmi
xtur
es,par
ti
cul
arl
yint
heannul
armi
stf
low
pa
tte
rn.Thepr
ess
uredr
opduet
oac
cel
erat
ion,ΔPKE,mayb
ecal
cul
ate
dfr
om
e
quat
ion8.
24or8.
26ort
heappr
opr
iat
ete
rmofe
quat
ion8.
224or8.
226.

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
8.24

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
-8.
26

-
---
---
---
---
---
8.224

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-8.
226

6.Fl
owpat
ter
n,Hol
dupandPr
ess
ureGr
adi
entf
ort
heSt
eadyFl
owof
I
ncompr
ess
ibl
eMi
xtur
es
6.
1 Predi
cti
onbygener
almethods
:
A.De
ter
minethepr
obabl
efl
owpat t
ernf
romf
igur
e.I
fthec
ondi
ti
onsar
e
 c
loset
of l
owpatter
nboundar
ytheac
tualpat
ter
nmayb
eone
ithe
r
s
ideoftheboundar
y.

B.Esti
matethehol
dupor G f
rom f
igur
e8.
10or8.
11asappe
arsmos
t
appl
icab
le.

C.Esti
matet he pres
sur
e dr
op due t
o e
lev
ati
on c
hang
e and
i
rre
ver
sib
ili
ti
esasf
oll
ows.

a)Ifthesys
temisair
-wate
rorg asofdensit
ycompar
ableto
airat30to100psiaandwate r,de
termineft
PLfrom fi
g
8.17andc al
cul
atethepre
ssureg r
adientfr
om eq
uation
8.16

-
---
---
---
---8.
16

b
)Ift
hes
yst
emi
snat
ureg
as-oi
l

 De t
erminefPC f
rom fig8.12,8.
13,8.14,8.
15,or8.16as
appear
smos tappropr
iateandcal
cul
atethepr
ess
ureg
radie
nt
fr
ome quat
ion8.10,or

-
---
---
---
---
--8.
10

 Est
imatet heeff
ect
iveinsit
uv olumef
rac
tion g
asf r
om
f
igur
es8.26,8.
27and8.28;c
alc
ulat
e Mfr
ome quat
ion8.29,
 ReHB f
rom e
quat
ion 8.
30,ob t
ainffrom f
igur
e4.
16and
es
timateΔP/Δzfromequat
ion8.
28,or

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
--8.
29

Whe
re i
sane
ffe
cti
veav
erag
evol
umef
rac
tiong
asoft
hei
nsi
tumi
xtur
e.

i
sthee
ffe
cti
veme
ande
nsi
tyi
nthei
nsi
tumi
xtur
e.

-
--8.
28

Whe
reQ’Lt
otall
iqui
dpr
oduc
tionr
ateb
arr
elspe
rday.

-
---
---
---
---
-8.
30

 Usethecorr
elationsofDunsandRosg
iveni
ns e
cti
on3.
32
anfi
gure8.
19t hr ough8.
25or
 Cal
culat
ethepre ssuredr
opasi
nal
lofi
temsabov
ecompar
e
andmakeas uitab l
echoi
ce.
6.
2Conf
ir
mat
ionb
ySpe
cif
icf
lowPat
ter
nMe
thods

(
A)Bub
blef
lowpat
ter
n

1.Ache
ckthatt hef
lowisintheb
ubb
lefl
owre
gionmayobtai
ned
b
ydeter
mineingwhethe
rVSG<V’SG wi
thV’SG e
sti
mat
edfr
om
e
quat
ion8.85.

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---8.
85

Whe
reV’SGi
sthet
rans
iti
ons
upe
rfi
ci
alg
asv
eloc
ity
.

2.Ifthedetail
softheb ub
b l
eflowpatter
nar eofint
eres
t,t
he ymay
bepredi
c te
d,approximatelyonly,asdesc
ribe
dinterms1t hrough
7ofsection4.11.
3.Thehol dupmayb epredict
edasde sc
rib
edi nsec
tion4.
12f r
om
equati
on8. 78,withVbf( Risevel
ocit
yofb ubbl
es)
dete
rminef r
om
theappropriat
eofeq uati
ons8.68to8.73.

Whe
reVti
sthev
olumeoft
het
ube
 -
---
--8.
78

There
lat
ionsf
orVbf(Ab
sol
uteav
erag
eRi
sev
eloc
ityofb
ubb
les
)mays
ummar
ize
as:
-

Di
scr
eteBub
ble
sinanaxi
alTr
ain

Re
b<2
Conti
nuouss
warmsofBubb
les
Reb<2(Laminarb
ubbl
y)
ds<0.
05cm

2.
0>ds
>0.
05c
m

Re
b>2(Chur
n–t
urb
ule
ntb
ubb
ly)
 4.Thepr
essur
egr
adie
nti
scal
cul
ate
dasde
scr
ibe
dins
ect
ion4.
13
f
romequati
on8
.81

-
---
---
---
---
---
8.81

wher
efLisde
ter
minedf
rom t
heconve
nti
onalRe
ynol
dsnumb
erf
ri
cti
onf
act
or
pl
otFig
ure4.
16usi
ngaReynol
dsnumber

Whe
reVM i
stheLi
qui
dphas
eav
erag
emi
xtur
eve
loc
ityVM=VSL+VSG

(
B)Sl
ugf
lowpat
ter
n
6.
RECOMMENDEDDESI
GNMETHODSFORGAS-
SOLI
DHORI
ZONTALPI
PE
FLOW

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Thef i
rsts tepi nde s
igningf ort hepi peflow ofl iquid-solidmi xtur esistode te
rmi ne
whe thert hemi xturemayb ee xpe c
tedt ob ehaveasaps eudo- homog e neouss ys
tem.I fit
may,t hede signme t
hodsoft hef l
owofNe wt oni
an,Non- Ne wt onian( Timede pendent
andt imei ndepe ndent)wi l
lappl y;ot her
wiset heme thodsout linedhe remayb efoll
owe d.
Al s
o,asdi scusse dinv e
rtic
alf l
owofg as-
solidandg as-l
iquidmi xtures,Ifthemi xtureis
oneofs ol idandg aswhe rethee xpe cte
dpr essuredropi sles
st he nab out0. 10P1,itmay
bec onsider e
di nc ompr e
ssibl
eandt heme t
hodsdi scussedint hef oll
owi ngmayb eapplied
inas i
ng lec omput ati
ont ot hef ul
ll engthoft hepi pe.Ifothe rwise,t heequationsmay
requireint egrationorappl icationi ns te
pwi secalc
ulationstos ect
ionoft hepipe.
Fors impl ic
ityinpr esentation,weas sumet hatt her ateoff lows oli
dandf l
uid,
thepr ope rti
esoft hes ol
idsandf luid,andt hedi ame t
erandl engt hoft hepi pear e
specifi
edandt hatt hede si
gnpr oblemi stode t
erminet heflowpat ternandhol dupa nd
toc alc
ul atet hepr essuredrop.Theappr oac htoal t
e r
natepr ob l
emss houl dbeappar ent
fromwhati sdi scussed.

TheProce
dureforde
ter
mini
ngt
hemi
xtur
emayb
eexpe
cte
dtob
ehav
easaps
eudo-
homog
e ne
oussyst
em:

Ont heb asisofthel i

ter
atur ei
tispossiblet ose
toutapr oce
durefordete
rmining
whetherornoti napar t
icularcaseafluid–fluidoraf lui
d–s ol
idsyste
mmayb etre
ated
aspseudo-homog eneousforpipelinefl
owc alculationpurposes
.Ifami xturemayb eso
tre
ated,de s
ignme t
hodsf orhomog enousf l
uidsa reappli
cable
;ifnot,t hedesign
me t
hodsmus ttakeac countoft hepr es
enceoft hetwoormor ephases,itisass
ume d
thatthev ol
umef racti
ons andt heseparateprope rt
iesoftwophas es.thesiz
eors i
ze
rangeandt hes hapeoft hedisper
s edphase,andt heappr
oximatev e
loci
tyatwhi chthe
mixtureistob etransportedareallknown.Thepr oce
dureisasfol
lows:

1.Ift hemi xtur eist r

ul yhomog eneousori fthedispers
edpar t
icl
esar eultrafine
andt hepr opos e
dt ransportv e
lociti
esar ehighpr ovi
dede l
ec t
rostat
ice ff
ectsare
notpr e
sent ,i tma yb eappar entwi thoutf urthercons i
de r
ati
ont hatde sign
me thodsf orhomog enousf l
uidsar esuitable
.
2.ift hemi xt ureisc learl
yoneofs eparatephas es
,whi chwi l
lte ndt os e
parate
rapi dly(asi nthec aseofc oarsec oalpar ti
cl
esinwat er
),i tmayb eappar ent
wi thoutf ur thercons i
derati
ont hatmul tiphasedesi
gnme t
hodsmus tb eused.
3.ifne ither1nor2i sappl i
cable
,i tisnec es
sarytoe s
timatet hephas es e
paration
veloc i
tyoft hemi xtureandde termine,hav ingr e
gardfort hepr oposedmi xture
trans portv elocit
yandt helengthoft hepi pel
ine,whetherthes ystemwi llbehave
asonewhi chi spseudohomog eneousornot.
4.Ideal l
y ,l ab oratoryt e
stss houldb ec onducte
d wi tht he s ys
tem at t he
conc entrationi nt e
resttod e
ter
mi netheac tualphaseseparati
onv eloci
ty.
5.int heab se nceofl aborat
oryt eststhel ow concentrati
on phas es e
paration
 v
eloc
ityi
nani nfini
temedi
um mayb ee
sti
matedfors
phe
ric
alpar
ti
cl
esf
rom
e
quati
on1.9,1.
10,or1.
11ordi
rec
tl
yfr
omfigur
e1.3.

Lami
narmot
ion,

s
toke
slaw -
---
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
9

Tr
ans
iti
onRe
gion

-
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
10

Tur
bul
entRe
gion

Ne
wtonsl
aw -
---
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
11

6.ifthepart i
cl
esarenots pheri
calornearl
ys o,t
hes eparat
ionv e
loci
tymayb e
cor
rect
edf orpar
ti
c l
eshapefromfigur
e1.5
7.ift
hepr oposedpipel
ineIstob eve
rti
cal
,thewalleff
ectont hephaseseparat
ion
vel
oci
tymayb eesti
mat e
dfrome quat
ion1.16or1.17(seealsofi
g.8.30,chapte
r
8)

ForLa
minarFl
ow

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.16

ForTur
bul
entFl
ow

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.17

8.iftheconc
entr
ationofthedispe
rse
dphase
sexc
eeds2-
3v ol
ume%,theef
fec
tof
parti
cl
einte
rfe
renceorhinde
redset
tl
ingmaybeest
imate
dfrom e
q.1.
27orfig
.
1.8

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.27
 9.g
iventhees
timat
e dphasese
parat
ionve
loci
tycorr
ect
edf
orpart
icl
eshape
,wall
e
ffe
ct,andparti
cleconce
ntr
ati
on,itssi
gnif
icanc
einde
ter
miningthepi
pel
ine
f
lowbehav
iorofthesyst
emisgive
n

A.f
orhor
izont
all
ami
narf
low,
.Bye
q.1.
28or1.
29

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.28

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.29

Vsm t
hemaxs ettl
ingveloc
ity
Vav egpi
peflowv eloc
ity
xtheaveginterpart
icl
edist
ance
LandDt hepipelengthanddiame
terr
espe
cti
vel
y

B.f
orv
ert
icall
ami
narf
low,b
yeq
.1.
30

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.30

C.forhor
izont
alturbul
entfl
owoffi
nepar
ti
cl
es,b
yeq
.1.
33,a
nd
ofcoar
separt
icl
es,byeq.1.
34,

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
33

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.34

D.forver
ti
calt urbul
entf
low,b yar e
lati
onshi
psi
milartoeq.1.
30
fort
hetur b
ul e
ntflowprofi
leexpect
ed;andtheappli
cab
ilit
yor
othe
rwiseofpi pel
inedes
ignme thodsforhomogene
oussystem
isde
ter
mi ned.

Ent
ranc
eEf
fec
ts

Entrancee f
fec
tsoft hetypee ncounte
redwiths i
ngle
-phas
ef luidandi nvolv
ingt he
growthoft heb oundarylaye
rar enotnormallyimport
antinc onnectionwi t
ht hefl
ow
offluid-soli
dmi xtur
e.Ont heot he
rhand,andg as-
soli
dmi xture,thet r
aveldist
ance
ande nergyrequiredfort
heac cel
erat
ionofthesoli
dsfr
om essential
lyz er
otos t
ab i
li
zed
pipev el
oci
tymayb esi
gnif
icant.Theme t
hodofr oseandDuc kwort hdisc
ussedand
i
nvol
vinge
quat
ions9.
64and9.
65i
sappl
ic
abl
efort
hee
sti
mat
ionoft
hes
equant
it
ies
.

Theme
thodofr
oseandDuc
kwor
th:

Rosea ndDuc kworth( 1969)hav ede vel

ope dthemos ts yst
emat i
cal
lyb asedg eneral
cor
relati
onforthepredic
tionoft hepress
ur egradie
nt.Theircorrel
ati
oni sappli
cab l
et o
ver
tic
al,incl
inedandhor izontalfl
owofg ass ol
idandl i
quids ol
idsuspension.Itd oes
notappl ytofinel
ydi vi
d e
ds olidsuspende dinl i
quidswhe renon-Ne wtoniane ff
ects
occ
ur,t ogas-s
oli
ds uspensionwhe reel
ectrost
aticeff
ect
sar esigni
fic
ant,ort oflow in
horiz
ontalorincl
inedpipeswhe resoli
dsar edeposi
tedonthepi pewall.Thec or
relat
ion
isbasedupontheme chanicalener
gyb al
anc eintheform

(
9.5)

dL (
9.61)

(
9.62)

(
9.63)

= wal
lshearst
res
s
Supe
rfic
ialmassve
loc
ityoff
lui
d=
Supe
rfi
ci
almas
sve
loc
ityofs
oli
ds=
L = l e
ngthofpipe
i
sde
fine
dwithoutas
sumpt
ion,i
ebye
quat
ion9.
28a

The i
re xpres
sionoft hekinet
icenergyterms( e
quation9.62)i snott hesameasi n
equation7.73r e
duc ingtoitonlyif e qual .applyi
ng di mens ionalanalysi
st o
theindi vi
dualc ompone nt
sofe q
uation9.5andf rom theirowne xt ensi
vedataon
horizontal
,incli
ne dandv er
tic
alflowofav ari
e t
yofs oli
dsinb othai randwat e
r,and
thedat aofotherst heydev
iseme t
hodsforthepr e
dicti
onoft hetraveldi st
anceandt he
press
ur edroprequiredtoaccel
erat
ethesoli
dstoav eloci
tyande achoft heotherf
actors
involvedinequation9. 5
The i
rr e
sultandt heb as
ice
lementofthei
rcorr
elati
onar easfoll
ows :

Fort
heac
cel
erat
iondi
stanc
e,
 (
9.64)

Whe
re

LA= l
eng
thofpiper
equi
redforf
ullac
cel
erat
ionoft
hes
oli
ds,
Ms=mas sf
lowrat
eofsoli
d,lb
m/s e
c;

Fort
heac
cel
erat
ionpr
ess
ureduet
othes
oli
ds,

(
9.65)

Whe
re

i
saf
unc
tionof asg
ive
ninf
igur
e9.
16,

i
saf
unc
tionoft
hei
ncl
inat
ion,,asg
ive
ninf
igur
e9.
20;

Fort
hepr
ess
uredr
opduet
ofr
ict
ionandhydr
ost
ati
che
ad,

(
9.66)

Whe
re

i
sev
aluat
edat andatt
heappr
opr
iat
ere
lat
iver
oug
hne
ss,

,
=i
saf
unc
tionof asg
ive
ninf
ig9.
21

=i
saf
unc
tionof g
ive
ninf
ig9.
22
 =i
saf
unc
tionof ,thecoe
ffi
ci
entofr
est
it
uti
on,asg
ive
ninf
ig9.
23,
=i
saf
unc
tionofsg
ive
ninfi
g9.24

Ψ5 I
sthef
unc
tionoft
hit
aasg
ive
ninf
igur
e9.
25&
Ψ6 I
sthef
unc
tionof asg
ive
ninf
ig.9.
26

Fort
hev
eloc
ity,
Vs/vsf = 0
.56Ǿ4Ǿ5 (9.
67)
Fort
het
otalpr
ess
uredrop,

(
9.68)

Fort
hemi
nimumt
rans
por
tve
loc
ity

(
9.69)

Whe
re

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
--9.
70

(
VM)min=t
hemi
nimumt
rans
por
tve
loc
ityf
orv
ert
icalf
lowande
qualv
M2f
orhor
izont
al
f
low.

ForCompar
isonwi t
hsomeoft heothe
rc or
rel
ati
onswemaywr i
tetheRoseand
Duckwor
thc
orre
lat
ionsf
orv
ert
icalf
lowintheabs
enceofac
cel
erat
ionef
fec
tsas

Whe
re v/visgivenbyequation9.67
s
f s

Thesuitabi
li
tyoftheRos eandDuc kwort
hc or
rel
ati
ons e
emsc onfir
medf orawi de
var
iet
yandnume roussiz
esofmateri
alsinarangeofpipesiz
es.Itisre
comme ndedas
bei
ngapowe rf
ulgener
almethodforest
imati
ngallcomponentsofthepres
suredropin
t
hev e
rti
calf
lowofflui
d-s
oli
dmi xt
ure
s.

Ef
fec
tofb
endsandf
it
ti
ngs
 Nome thodsareavail
abl
efortheac c
urat
epre di
cti
onoft
heeff
ect
sofbendsand
fi
ttinginthefl
owoff lui
d–s ol
idmixture
s.approxi
mat i
onsmaybemadeb as
edonthe
equival
entlengtht e
chnique
s.(Wear enotde al
ing herewi
th prob
lemsofl ocal
accumulat
ionore r
osionwhichmayb eencounte
red.
)

Prec
isemethodstoaccountsf
orbendsandf i
tt
ingsarenotavail
abl
ebutan
approximat
eaccountmayb etakenb
yincreasi
ngt hepipel
engt
hb ythesum oft
he
equival
entle
ngthoft hefi
tti
ngsi nt
hepipes ys
tem.Thi smayb ees
timate
db yt
he
me t
hods,usi
ngathec r
it
eri
onoff l
owaReynoldsnumb e
r

Whe
reρcandμcrefert
othec
ont
inuousphas
e.Car
emus
tbe

t
ake
nnott
oinc
reas
ethee
lev
ati
onc
hang
eonwhi
chΔPHH orΔPPEi
scal
cul
ate
d.

 Thee
ffe
ctofb
ends
,fi
tt
ing
s,v
alv
es,e
nlar
geme
nts
,andc
ont
rac
tionsi
nthepi
pe
s
yst
emi
ses
timat
edus
ingt
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thc
onc
ept
.
 Thepi
pel
eng
thf
orpur
pos
esoft
hef
ri
cti
onpr
ess
uredr
opc
alc
ulat
ioni
sinc
reas
ed
b
ythes
umoft
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thsoft
hef
it
ti
ngsi
nthes
yst
em.
 Whe
nthef
low i
slami
nart
hei
ndi
vidualLE Val
uesar
ede
ter
mine
dfr
om
e
quat
ion7andTab
le4.
1whe
nthef
lowi
stur
bul
entTab
le4.
1isus
eddi
rec
tl
y.
Theme
chani
cale
ner
gyb
alanc
eappl
ic
abl
ewi
th

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
-7

Fort
henor
malc
asei
nlami
narf
low ofani
ncompr
ess
ibl
efl
uidwemayi
nte
grat
e
ov
ert
hel
eng
thofpi
peLi
nanyc
ons
tantdi
ame
ters
ect
iont
oob
tai
n
I
nte
rmsoft
hef
ri
cti
onf
act
or

-
---
-8

I
nte
rmsoft
heHage
n-Poi
seui
ll
e
 -
---9

i
nthe
see
quat
ions =0.
50i
sthev
eloc
ityc
orr
ect
ionf
act
ori
ntheKEt
ermsand
LE=L+Lf,whe
reLfi
sthee
qui
val
entl
eng
thunde
rlami
narf
lowc
ondi
ti
onsofany
f
it
ti
ngs
,val
vesorde
vic
esi
nthepi
pes
ect
ion.
Eq
uiv
ale
ntl
eng
thf
orl
ami
narf
lowar
enotwe
llknownb
utmayb
eappr
oxi
mat
ed
f
rom t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low t
hroug
hther
elat
ions
hip(
Crane
c
ompany,1957)

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---

10
Appl
ic
abl
etoc
ondi
ti
onswhe
reRe
<1000;whe
reRe
>1000t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thar
e
as
sume
dthes
ameasf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low.
 Not
ethatt
hes
umoft
heLE t
ermsi
snotadde
dtot
hepi
pel
eng
thf
orpur
pos
esof
c
alc
ulat
ingahydr
ost
ati
che
adorpot
ent
iale
ner
gye
ffe
ct.

pot
ent
iale
ner
gyorhydr
ost
ati
che
ade
ffe
cts

1.i
fthepi
pei
scompl
et
el
yhor
izont
al

ΔPPE =ΔPHH =0

2.i
fthepi
pei
sinc
li
ned

ΔPPE ≠ ΔPHH ≠ 0
andanadj ust
me ntmus tbemadetothepress
uredr opΔPf,cal
cul
atedfor
hori
zontalfl
ow.Thet ermΔPHH ,whichincor
poratestheeff
ectofhol
dupisthe
appropri
ateadjus
tingquant i
tyalt
houghwheni tisnotpossibl
etoest
imateΔPPE
Isareasonabl
eappr oximati
onthepote
ntialener
gyc hangemayb ecal
cul
ate
d
dir
ectl
yfromt heappropriat
eter
mofe quat
ion7.60i.e.
 3.I
ft hepi
peisi nc
li
nedandifthesoli
dsar eful
lysuspende
dt hehydrost
ati
chead
e
ffectmaybeac c
ounte
dforbyus i
ngt heRoseandDuc kworthme t
hod( 9.
66and
r
elatede
quations)
.Thehydrostat
icheadc omponentsofthetot
alpr e
ssur
edrop
mayb ese
paratel
yeval
uat
ed,ifdesi
red,by

I
nanyc as
eanyincli
nedsec
tionofpipeshouldbetr
eat
edsepar
atel
yfromthe
re
mainderoft
hepipe.
4.Ifthepipeisi
ncli
nedands omeoral loft hesol
idareinthesol
idsareinthe
movi
ngb e
dpatte
rn,
a.thee f
fec
tofanuphi l
lincl
inemayb eest
imatedconse
rvat
ive
ly
by
ΔPHH =g /gc
LρM s i
nθ
Whe reρmi st hei
ns it
umi xtur
edensi
ty:

b
.thee ff
ectofadownhi llincl
inedshouldbees
timatednegl
ect
ing
t
hec ontri
butionoft hes oli
dt othedensi
tyoft hefoll
owing
mixture,i
.e
.,by
ΔPHH =g /
gcLρfs inθ
Whereρf i sthecarr
ierfl
ui ddensi
ty.wenotethatfordownhil
l
f
low,sinθ isane g
at i
vequanti
ty

ki
net
ice
ner
gyorac
cel
erat
ione
ffe
cts

Asme nt i
one dins ecti
on4. 2ki neticener
gye ff
e ctmayb ei mport
antint hee ntrance
sec
tionoft hepi peandme thodf orest
imatingt hem hav ebeenrefer
redt o.fort he
re
mi nde roft hepi pe,kineti
ce ff
ectares mallexc eptint hecaseofg assolidmi xture
wheret heov e r
allpressuredr opi slar
geandc onsequentlythev el
ocit
yc hang eis
si
gni f
icant.Theme thodde sc ribedb e
low isrec omme nde dforesti
mat i
ngt hisl att
er
port
ionoft heki net
icenergye ffec
t.
Ac c
elerati
one ffe
ctsov ert hes t
abil
ize
df low portionofpi peareus uall
ys mal l
,
alt
houg ht hey may b es ignificantf orgas-solid mixtur eifthepr ess
ur edr op is
si
gni f
icant.Thepr ocedurefore sti
matingΔPKE ov e
rthel engt
hoft hepipewhe r ethe
fl
owi ss tabili
zedisthefollowi ng:

1. Theave
rageve
loc
ityofthes
oli
ds,VS,ma
ybees
timat
edfr
omEquati
on9.
25.
Fr
omEq uati
on9.27theval
ueofESmaybec
alc
ulat
edandfr
omitVFmaybe
de
ter
minedas
 -
---
---
---
---
---9.
25

-
---
---
---
---
---9.
27

ot
hermet
hodofcal
cul
ati
ngav
erag
ephas
eve
loc
iti
esar
edi
scus
sedi
n
Sect
ion3.
2.

2. Theq
uant
it
y,ΔPKEmayb
ecal
cul
ate
dfr
omt
heappropri
atet
ermsofEq
u
9.
4.
--
---
---
---
9.4
3. Thetotalki
neti
cene
rgyef
fect
,inc
ludi
ngthatfortheentr
anc
ese
cti
on,i
s
obt
aine
db yaddi
ng(ΔPKE)
entandΔPKEasdet
erminei
ns t
ep2.

fl
ow pat
ter
n,holdupandpre
ssur
eg radi
entfort
hes
teadyfl
ow ofi
ncompr
ess
ibl
e
mixt
ure(
li
quid-
sol
idmi
xtur
e:g
as-s
oli
dmi xtur
ewhe
nΔp<0.10P1)

1.
pre
dic
tionsb
yge
ner
alme
thods

1.thefl
owpat t
ernt obee xtr
ac t
edmayb edete
rmineb ye s
timati
ngtheappr opri
ate
ofVm1,Vm2,
Vm3,Vm4 fr
om me thodsdis
cusse
di nsect
ion3. 22.ifitise s
pecial
ly
desi
redto de s
ignf ors l
iding bedcondit
ion,Vm s houldlieint her ange
Vm3<Vm<Vm2b utnor mallyandf orfl
owint hesus pensi
onVm s houldexceed
Vm2.
2.Forflowinsus pe
nsion( Vm>Vm2) ,t
hepress
uregradientandholdup,forliquid
–sol
idandg as-s
oli
dmi xt uremayb ee s
timate
db yt heroseandduc kwort
h
me t
hoddicus
s e
di ndetailins e
cti
on3.33ofchapt
er9.

3. i
fthemi xtur
eisoneofliq
uidandg r
anula
rsol
ids
,andregar
dle
ssoft
heflow
patt
ern,theholdupandpress
ur eg
radientmaybeest
imat
edbyt heme
thodof
gaes
slerdis
cussinde
tai
linsec
tion3.42

4.ifthemi xturei
soneofl i
qui dandg ranul
ars ol
id,andthes ol
idarein
suspens
ions(vm>vm2),thedes i
gnpr oc
edureofwaspetal
.di
scus
sedins
ect
ion
3.42mayb eappli
ed.Thispr ocedureisespec
ial
lyrec
ommendedformixtur
e
cover
ingawi der
angeofpart
icalesize
s.
 THEWASPe
tal
.CALCULATI
ONMETHOD

Was pe tal.(1963,1968)hav epoint e

doutnotonl ythatmos tpr act
icalappl i
cati
onsof
hyd raulictransportinvolvemi xeds i
zesofpartic
les,butthatl ongdi stancetransportis
facil
itatedb yapr operlyde si
gnedmi xofpar ti
clesizes.Wi thar eas onablerangeof
particlesizethes mall
e s
tpar ti
clewi l
lnor mall
yb einthes ymme tri
cconc entrat
ionflow
pattern,thei nter
me diateandl argeint heasymme tr
icpatternandt hel arges
tmays lide
ont heb ottom oft hepipe.Was petal.de s
cri
beane mpi ri
calme thodf orc alc
ulati
ngt he
pr e
ssureg radientast hes um oft heg radie
ntduet ot he( mor eorl ess)s ymme t
ric
ally
suspe ndedmat er
ialandt ot heas ymme tri
call
ys uspendedands l
idingmat eri
al.The
me thodpr ovi
dest hatifal lthesolidswe reuniformlys uspende d(aspr edi
cte
db yt he
me thod)t hecalculate
dpr essuregradientwouldb ethes ameast hatforahomog ene
ous
fluidhav ingthede nsi
tyoft hemi xture.

Ont heot herhandi fthemateri

alwe r
es oc oars
eorsettl
ings of as
tt hate s
senti
all
yal lof
itwoul db eas ymme tr
icsuspe
ns i
onands li
dingbed( t heme t
hodal sopr e
dictsthis
conditi
on) ,thec al
culate
dpress
ureg radientwouldb eident i
calwi tht hedeter
mi nedb y
theDur and c orre
lat
ion.I neffe
ct,t hisme t
hod prov idesa s ymme tr
icme ansof
inte
rpolatingb etweenthetwoflowpat ter
ne xtr
emesfort heus ualmi xeds i
zesystems.It
hasde fi
ni tepos si
bil
iti
esforr ef
ineme ntasourunde rs tandingoft heflow pattern
improves.Thewor kofWas petal.isofg r
eatpart
icl
es i
g nifi
cances inceitisbasedon,
andc onfirme db yextensi
vetes
tsonl arg
edi amete
rc omme rci
alpipe li
nestransporting
coalwa terslurrie
s.

Thepr
oce
dur
einv
olv
efi
ves
epar
ates
tepsasf
oll
ows
:-

1.Theappr oxi
mateaver
agevolumefracti
onofthesol
idsinsymmet
ri
csuspe
nsion
isdete
rmi ne
db ytheme t
hodb as
edonI smail
’s( 1951)workasthevol
ume
fr
acti
onc alc
ulat
edfr
ome quati
on11. 45atanel
evat
ion0.80Dabovet
hebott
om
ofthepipeandassumingthatє(s
, 30)
0. =Cs,i .
e.
,

-
---
---
---
---
---11.
67

Whe r
eCi,
sandє( i
,s
)aret
heval sofCsandє
ue sf
orparti
cal
sint
hesizerang
ei.
Equati
on11.67isappli
edsuc
ces
siv
elytoe
achsmal
lsi
ze–rang
eint
erv
al,i,
fol
lowi
ngwhi c
ht hetot
alvol
umefract
ionofs
oli
dsate
lev
ation0.
80Dis
det
ermineas

2.Thepres
sur
egr
adientat
tri
but
ablet
othes
ymmet
ri
cal
ly(
ornear
lyso)sus
pended
sol
ids
,(ΔP/L)
sym ,i
sthendet
ermi
nebyWaspetal
.bysingl
e-
phasemethods
 as
sumi
ngNe
wtoni
anb
ehav
iorandav
eloc
ityVm.Heus
esade
nsi
ty ρm,
0.
80

andav iscos
ityμm, 80,e
0. i
thermeasure
dore st
imated(seeChapter2),fora
homogeneoussuspensionofs i
zecons
istandconcent
rati
onc or
res
pondingwi t
h
єs,80.T
0. heprocedurecouldbemademor ege
neralbytaki
ngac c
ountofanynon
-Newtonianpropert
ies.Addit
ional
lyourdis
cussi
onins e
cti
on3.43isappli
cabl
e.

3.Thepr opor
ti
onoft hetotalsol
idsineachsizerangefl
owinginasymme t
ri
c
suspe
ns i
on (poss
ibl
yincl
udingsomepart
icl
essl
idi
ngont hebot
tomofthepi
pe
thepi
pe )i
sdeter
minedbyasimplevol
umeb al
ance,i.
e.
,

-
---
---
---
---
---1
1.68

4.Thepr es
suregradi
entat t
ri
b utabletothesol
idsinasymme tr
icsuspens
ionorb e
d
fl
ow,( ΔP/L)as
ym,i
se sti
mat edb yamodi fic
ationoftheempiric
alcorre
lat
ionof
Dur andandCondol ios(1952)whi chwedi sc
ussins e
cti
on( 3.
44).Was petal.
re
comme ndedagai
nstt heus eofanov e
ral
lwe ig
hte
dav er
agedragc oe
ffi
cie
ntas
proposedb yCondoloisandChapus( 1963)andadv is
edthet r
eatmentofe ac
h
si
zef r
act
ionasas eparateentity
,i .
e.t
heevaluati
onof

Fur
therweshouldnotethatf
oreachsiz
efr
act
ionthepre
ssur
egr
adi
ent
,
(
ΔP/L)
i,
asym,isevaluat
edasthegr
adientine
xce
ssofthatf
orwate
ral
one,
(
ΔP/L)
w,atthetotalmixtur
evel
oci
ty,VM ,i.
e.

Whe
re(
ΔP/
L)i
,di
sthet
otalpr
ess
ureg
radi
entde
ter
mine
dbyt
heDur
and
c
orr
elat
ionf
ort
hes
izef
rac
tionIi
nthec
onc
ent
rat
ionεi
,s
,as
ym .

5.Thetot
alpr e
ssur
egr
adi
ent
,(ΔP/
L)i
stake
nast
hes
um of(
ΔP/
L)s
ym a
nd
(ΔP/
L)a
sym.

Figure11.
51t ake
nf r
om waspe tal.(1963)compar
espre
dicte
dandac t
ualwal
l
shearst
res
sesf
orcoal-
wate
rslurr
iesin10-and12-inc
hpipe
s.Thec he
cki
sgoodf
or
allve
loc
iti
esre
sult
ingint
urbule
ntflow(takenaswhenf<0.0072).

c
onf
ir
mat
ionsb
yspe
cif
icf
lowpat
ter
nme
thods
(
A)Symme
tri
csus
pens
ionf
lowpat
ter
n(v
m>v
m2)

1. Forgassol
idorl
iquidsol
idmixtur
es,t
heholdup,H,andtheinsi
tuv
olume
fr
act
ionssoli
d,Esmayb eesti
matedfr
omt heequat
ion11.
47and7.87.
the i
nsi
tu
mixt
urede ns
itymaybeesti
matedfromequati
on9.28

-
---
---
---
---
---11.
47
---
---
---
---
--9.
28
---
---
---
---
--9.
28a

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
28b

2. Foreit
hergas-
sol
idorli
qui
d-s
oli
dmixture
,thepre
ssur
egradie
ntmayb e
est
imatedfr
ome quati
on11.
75,wit
hEsrepl
aci
ngCsi ft
heholdupe f
fec
tis
sig
nif
icantwit
h.6<k<=de pe
ndi
ngupontheshape,c
oncent
rat
ionandsizeoft
he
sol
idparti
cl
easdiscus
sin3.43.

-
---
---
---
---
---11.
75

3. Alte
rnat
ive
lyf
org
as- s
oli
dsus
pens
iont
he,me
thodsofj
uli
nanddukl
ardi
scus
s
in chapt
er9inmaybeappl
ie
d.

(
B)As
ymme
tri
csus
pens
ionsf
lowpat
ter
n(v
m2<Vm<Vm1)

1. Forliq
uid-sol
idsys
tem wher
et herang
eofpar t
icl
esiz
eisnarrow,the
pre
ssur
eg radi
entmay bee s
t i
mate
df r
om theDur and and c
ondoli
os
cor
rel
ati
onoroneofi
tsmodif
icati
ons
.Equat
ion11.
86isre
commended.

-
---
---
---
---
---11.
86

2. Ift herangeofpar t
icl
es i
zeiswide,thetechniqueofWas petal.for
separate
lytr
eat
ingthesol
idsinps
eudohomogeneoussus
pens
ionandappl
ied
Dur and and condol
iose q
uati
on separ
ate
lyt o narr
ow s i
zerange
si s
sugg e
ste
d.
(
C)Fl
owwi
thaBe
dofs
oli
ds(
Vm3<Vm<Vm2)

Thisfl
owpat t
ernisonlyimpor t
antisthedesi
gnofsystemsforli
quid-
soli
dmi xture
s
ande v
enhereitisonlywi t
hs hortpi
pel i
nesthatde
signdel
iber
atel
ypr ov
ideforthe
pre
senceoft
hemov ingbe
ds.
1. Ar oughest
imateofthepress
uredropmayb emadeusingthecor
relati
on
ofGrafandAc ar
oglu,
equati
on11.137.

-
---
---
---
---
---11.
137

2. Thet
ypeofbedexpe
cte
dmayb eexce
pte
dmayb
ede
ter
mine
dfr
om t
he
f
lowpatt
ernmap,f
ig.11.62

3. Thehe
ightofb
ed& t
hemi
xtur
eve
loc
ityb
int
heuppe
rpor
ti
onoft
he
pi
pe
vmu ,maybepr
edic
tusi
ngt
heme
thodofwi
cksi
nvol
vinge
q.11.
89,& f
ig.
10.38,10.
40& 11.
56,

-
---
---
---
---
---11.
89

4. Af
urt
herest
imateofthepr ess
uredropmayb emade ,asdiscus
sed
f
oll
owing e
q.11.103,b y appl
ying t
heDur and & condol
ios
c
orr
elat
ion,or amodi f
icat
ionofit
,& subs
iti
tuti
ng,VMU& VM .

-
---
---
---
---
---11.
103

5. Ne
witt’s me
thod,invol
ving e
q .11.106,pr ov
idesa s ti
llfur
the
r
alt
erna
tiv
e est
imat
eoft hepr es
suredr op.Babcocks& t heothe
r
commentsofs
ect
ion 3.45withr
espec
ttothev al
ueofK3 shoul
dinmind.
-
---
---
---
---
---11
.106
 7.
RECOMMENDEDDESI
GNMETHODSGAS-
SOLI
DVERTI
CALPI
PEFLOW

I
ntr
oduc
tion

Wemus tfirs
tde t
ermine,byf ol
lowingt
heprocedureoutl
inedinchapte
r1,whe t
hert
he
gas-
sol
idorl i
quid-sol
idmi xturemayb econsider
edps e
udohomog eneous.Whenthe
mixtur
emayb esoc l
as s
ifi
ed,thedesi
gnme thodsoft heflow ofNe wtoni
an,Non-
Newtonian(Timede pendentandt i
meinde
pendent)willappl
y;ot
he r
wisewefoll
owthe
proc
edureoutl
inedhere.

TheProce
dureforde
ter
mini
ngt
hemi
xtur
emayb
eexpe
cte
dtob
ehav
easaps
eudo-
homog
e ne
oussyst
em:

Ont heb asisofthel i

ter
atur ei
tispossiblet ose
toutapr oce
durefordete
rmining
whetherornoti napar t
icularcaseafluid–fluidoraf lui
d–s ol
idsyste
mmayb etre
ated
aspseudo-homog eneousforpipelinefl
owc alculationpurposes
.Ifami xturemayb eso
tre
ated,de s
ignme t
hodsf orhomog enousf l
uidsa reappli
cable
;ifnot,t hedesign
me t
hodsmus ttakeac countoft hepr es
enceoft hetwoormor ephases,itisass
ume d
thatthev ol
umef racti
ons andt heseparateprope rt
iesoftwophas es.thesiz
eors i
ze
rangeandt hes hapeoft hedisper
s edphase,andt heappr
oximatev e
loci
tyatwhi chthe
mixtureistob etransportedareallknown.Thepr oce
dureisasfol
lows:

1.Ift hemi xtur eist r

ul yhomog eneousori fthedi spers
edpar t
icl
esar eultrafine
andt hepr opos edtranspor tv e
lociti
esar ehighpr ovi
dede le
c t
rostat
ice ff
ectsare
notpr e
sent ,i tma yb eappar entwi thoutf urthercons i
de r
ati
ont hatde sign
me thodsf orhomog enousf luidsar esuitable
.
2.ift hemi xt urei sclearl
yoneofs eparatephas es,whi chwi l
lte ndt os e
parate
rapi dly(asi nthec aseofc oarsec oalpar ti
clesinwat er
),i tmayb eappar ent
wi thoutf ur thercons i
derationt hatmul tiphasede si
gnme t
hodsmus tb eused.
3.ifne ither1nor2i sappl ic
ab le
,i tisnec es
saryt oe st
imatet hephas es e
paration
veloc i
tyoft hemi xtureandde termine,hav ingr egardfort hepr oposedmi xture
trans portv elocityandt hel engthoft hepi pel
ine,whe therthes ystemwi llbehave
asonewhi chi spseudohomog eneousornot.
4.Ideal l
y ,l ab oratoryt e
s t
ss houldb ec onduc te
d wi tht he s ys
tem at t he
conc entrationi nt e
resttod eter
mi netheac tualphas eseparati
onv eloci
ty.
5.int heab se nceofl aboratoryt eststhel ow c oncentrati
on phas es e
paration
veloc i
tyi nani nfiniteme dium mayb ee s
timat edfors pheric
alpar tic
lesfrom
equat ion1. 9,1. 10,or1. 11ordi rectl
yfromf i
gur e1.3.

Lami
narmot
ion,

s
toke
slaw -
---
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
9
Tr
ans
iti
onRe
gion

-
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
10

Tur
bul
entRe
gion

Ne
wtonsl
aw -
---
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
11

6.ifthepart i
cl
esarenots pheri
calornearl
ys o,t
hes eparat
ionv e
loci
tymayb e
cor
rect
edf orpar
ti
c l
eshapefromfigur
e1.5
7.ift
hepr oposedpipel
ineIstob eve
rti
cal
,thewalleff
ectont hephaseseparat
ion
vel
oci
tymayb eesti
mat e
dfrome quat
ion1.16or1.17(seealsofi
g.8.30,chapte
r
8)

ForLa
minarFl
ow

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.16

ForTur
bul
entFl
ow

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.17

8.iftheconc
entr
ationofthedispe
rse
dphase
sexc
eeds2-
3v ol
ume%,theef
fec
tof
parti
cl
einte
rfe
renceorhinde
redset
tl
ingmaybeest
imate
dfrom e
q.1.
27orfig
.
1.8

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.27

9.g
iventhees
timat
e dphasese
parat
ionve
loci
tycorr
ect
edf
orpart
icl
eshape
,wall
e
ffe
ct,andparti
cleconce
ntr
ati
on,itssi
gnif
icanc
einde
ter
miningthepi
pel
ine
f
lowbehav
iorofthesyst
emisgive
n

A.f
orhor
izont
all
ami
narf
low,
.Bye
q.1.
28or1.
29

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.28
 -
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.29

Vsm t
hemaxs ettl
ingveloc
ity
Vav egpi
peflowv eloc
ity
xtheaveginterpart
icl
edist
ance
LandDt hepipelengthanddiame
terr
espe
cti
vel
y

B.f
orv
ert
icall
ami
narf
low,b
yeq
.1.
30

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.30

C.forhor
izont
alturbul
entfl
owoffi
nepar
ti
cl
es,b
yeq
.1.
33,a
nd
ofcoar
separt
icl
es,byeq.1.
34,

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
-1.
33

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
1.34

D.forver
ti
calt urbul
entf
low,b yar e
lati
onshi
psi
milartoeq.1.
30
fort
hetur b
ul e
ntflowprofi
leexpect
ed;andtheappli
cab
ilit
yor
othe
rwiseofpi pel
inedes
ignme thodsforhomogene
oussystem
isde
ter
mi ned.

Asdi s
cus s
edi nthef lowofNe wt onianf luidsi npi pesandv erti
calf l
owofg as-
li
quidandl iquid-li
quidmi xturei npi pe s
,e it
he rthee ntiresys te
m mayb et reat
e das
incompr ess
ibl
eori tmayb edividedi ntos e
ctionsov ere achofwhi c
ht hemi xturemayb e
consideredtob eincompr es s
ible.He rewewi llde scribethepr oc edureforthec asewhe n
themi xturemayb econsid er
edasi ncompr essibl
eorf oras i
ngle-s te
pc alc
ulationf ort he
compr ess
iblecas e
.Themaxi mum pr essuredr opal l
owe dov e
ras e
ctionoft hepi pei n
whi c
ht hesystemi sas s
ume dtob ei ncompr essi
b l
ede pendsont hede siredaccuracyb uti s
usuallyisoftheor derof10pe rcentoft heups t
reampr essure.
Wewi llfoll
ow t hepr oc edureofv erti
calf low ofg as-liquidandl iquid-l
i qui d
mixtur einpi pesandg iv eme thodsofpr edicti
ngpr e ssuredr opandhol dupf r
om a
knowl edgeofot hersyste
mv ariables.Int heve r
ticaltrans portofs oli
dsb yg asorl iqui ds,
theflow pat t
erni se ss
ent i
allyt hes ameunde rallpr ac tic
alc onditions,andt heonl y
impor t
antas pectoft heflowpat ternde tailist hepr edictionoft hemi nimum t r
ans por t
vel
ocity.Whe nal t
ernateme t
hod sar es ugges t
ed,t hes elect
ionoft he“b est” me t hod
mustbebasedone xpe
rie
nceandj
udg
ment
.Ins uc
hcas
est
heappr
opri
atesec
tionsof
t
hischapte
rs houldbecons
ult
edf
oradis
cus
sionofther
angeofappl
icab
ili
tyand
c
harac
teri
sti
csofthemet
hods.

ENTRANCEEFFECTS

Theonlyimportantent
ranc
ee f
fec
tinthedes
ignofsoli
dtranspor
ts yst
emsi stheone
ass
oci
ated wit
ht heaccel
erat
ion ofsol
idsfrom es
senti
all
yz er
ov e
loci
tyt os ome
st
abil
iz
edpipev el
oci
tytos omes t
abi
li
zedpipeve
loc
ity.Thef ol
lowingpr oce
dureis
re
comme nde
d.

1. Theme hodofRos
t eandDuckwort
hande q
uati
on9.64mayb
eus
edt
ocal
cul
ate
thepi
peleng
th,LA,overwhi
chtheacc
ele
rat
iont
ackplac
e.

Theme
thodofr
oseandDuc
kwor
th:

Rosea ndDuc kworth( 1969)hav ede vel

ope dthemos ts yst
emat i
cal
lyb asedg eneral
cor
relati
onforthepredic
tionoft hepress
ur egradie
nt.Theircorrel
ati
oni sappli
cab l
et o
ver
tic
al,incl
inedandhor izontalfl
owofg ass ol
idandl i
quids ol
idsuspension.Itd oes
notappl ytofinel
ydi vi
d e
ds olidsuspende dinl i
quidswhe renon-Ne wtoniane ff
ects
occ
ur,t ogas-s
oli
ds uspensionwhe reel
ectrost
aticeff
ect
sar esigni
fic
ant,ort oflow in
horiz
ontalorincl
inedpipeswhe resoli
dsar edeposi
tedonthepi pewall.Thec or
relat
ion
isbasedupontheme chanicalener
gyb al
anc eintheform

(
9.5)

dL (
9.61)

(
9.62)

(
9.63)

= wal
lshearst
res
s
Supe
rfic
ialmassve
loc
ityoff
lui
d=
Supe
rfi
ci
almas
sve
loc
ityofs
oli
ds=
L = l e
ngthofpipe
i
sde
fine
dwithoutas
sumpt
ion,i
ebye
quat
ion9.
28a
The i
re xpres
sionoft hekinet
icenergyterms( e
quation9.62)i snott hesameasi n
equation7.73r e
duc ingtoitonlyif e qual .applyi
ng di mens ionalanalysi
st o
theindi vi
dualc ompone nt
sofe q
uation9.5andf rom theirowne xt ensi
vedataon
horizontal
,incli
ne dandv er
tic
alflowofav ari
e t
yofs oli
dsinb othai randwat e
r,and
thedat aofotherst heydev
iseme t
hodsforthepr e
dicti
onoft hetraveldi st
anceandt he
press
ur edroprequiredtoaccel
erat
ethesoli
dstoav eloci
tyande achoft heotherf
actors
involvedinequation9. 5
The i
rr e
sultandt heb as
ice
lementofthei
rcorr
elati
onar easfoll
ows :

Fort
heac
cel
erat
iondi
stanc
e,

(
9.64)

Whe
re

LA= l
eng
thofpiper
equi
redforf
ullac
cel
erat
ionoft
hes
oli
ds,
Ms=mas sf
lowrat
eofsoli
d,lb
m/s e
c;

Fort
heac
cel
erat
ionpr
ess
ureduet
othes
oli
ds,

(
9.65)

Whe
re

i
saf
unc
tionof asg
ive
ninf
igur
e9.
16,

i
saf
unc
tionoft
hei
ncl
inat
ion,,asg
ive
ninf
igur
e9.
20;

Fort
hepr
ess
uredr
opduet
ofr
ict
ionandhydr
ost
ati
che
ad,
 (
9.66)

Whe
re

i
sev
aluat
edat andatt
heappr
opr
iat
ere
lat
iver
oug
hne
ss,

,
=i
saf
unc
tionof asg
ive
ninf
ig9.
21

=i
saf
unc
tionof g
ive
ninf
ig9.
22
=i
saf
unc
tionof ,thecoe
ffi
ci
entofr
est
it
uti
on,asg
ive
ninf
ig9.
23,
=i
saf
unc
tionofsg
ive
ninfi
g9.24

Ψ5 I
sthef
unc
tionoft
hit
aasg
ive
ninf
igur
e9.
25&
Ψ6 I
sthef
unc
tionof asg
ive
ninf
ig.9.
26

Fort
hev
eloc
ity,
Vs/vsf = 0
.56Ǿ4Ǿ5 (9.
67)
Fort
het
otalpr
ess
uredrop,

(
9.68)

Fort
hemi
nimumt
rans
por
tve
loc
ity

(
9.69)

Whe
re

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
--9.
70

(
VM)min=t
hemi
nimumt
rans
por
tve
loc
ityf
orv
ert
icalf
lowande
qualv
M2f
orhor
izont
al
f
low.

ForCompar
isonwi t
hsomeoft heothe
rc or
rel
ati
onswemaywr i
tetheRoseand
Duckwor
thc
orre
lat
ionsf
orv
ert
icalf
lowintheabs
enceofac
cel
erat
ionef
fec
tsas
 -
---
---
---
---
---9.
71

Whe
re v/visgivenbyequation9.67
s
f s

Thesuitabi
li
tyoftheRos eandDuc kwort
hc or
rel
ati
ons e
emsc onfir
medf orawi de
var
iet
yandnume roussiz
esofmateri
alsinarangeofpipesiz
es.Itisre
comme ndedas
bei
ngapowe rf
ulgener
almethodforest
imati
ngallcomponentsofthepres
suredropin
t
hev e
rti
calf
lowofflui
d-s
oli
dmi xt
ure
s.

2. Thepressuredr
opduetotheac
cel
erat
ionofsoli
dsoverthele
ngt
h,LA ,i
.e
.
(ΔPKE)nt,
e mayb ecal
cul
ate
dfromEquati
on9.65.Wenot ethattheab
ove
method appli
estobot
hli
q ui
d-s
oli
dandg as-sol
idsys
tem.

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
--9.
65

onofV2SF/g 2
whe
re 4i
saf
unc
ti .ds asgi
veni
nfig9.
16
5i
saf
unc
tionoftheangleofinc
li
nat
ionasgi
veni
nfi
gur
e9.
20

4.
3Ef
fec
tofBe
ndsandFi
tt
ing
s

Nome thodsareav ail

abl
ef ortheac c
uratepredic
tionoft heeffe
ctofbendsandf it
ti
ngs
butanappr oximateaccountmayb etakenbyi ncreasi
ngt hepipel
engthb y∑LE,t he
sum ofthee quival
entlengthsoft hef i
tt
ingsint hepi pesyste
m.Wer ecomme ndthe
proce
dureoutlinedinverti
calflowofg as-l
iquidmi xtureswhichisbasedont heuseof
sing
lephaseme t
hodsforthef l
ui dphaseflowinga tthemi xtureve
loc
ity.(Wear enot
deal
ingherewit hprobl
emsofloc alacc
umul ati
onore r
osionwhi c
hmayb eenc
ountere
d.)

Thi
smayb
ees
timat
edb
ytheme
thods
,us
ingat
hec
rit
eri
onoff
lowaRe
ynol
dsnumb
er

Whe
reρcandμcrefert
othec
ont
inuousphas
e.Car
emus
tbe

t
ake
nnott
oinc
reas
ethee
lev
ati
onc
hang
eonwhi
chΔPHH orΔPPEi
scal
cul
ate
d.

 Thee
ffe
ctofb
ends
,fi
tt
ing
s,v
alv
es,e
nlar
geme
nts
,andc
ont
rac
tionsi
nthepi
pe
s
yst
emi
ses
timat
edus
ingt
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thc
onc
ept
.
 Thepi
pel
eng
thf
orpur
pos
esoft
hef
ri
cti
onpr
ess
uredr
opc
alc
ulat
ioni
sinc
reas
ed
b
ythes
umoft
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thsoft
hef
it
ti
ngsi
nthes
yst
em.
 Whe
nthef
low i
slami
nart
hei
ndi
vidualLE Val
uesar
ede
ter
mine
dfr
om
e
quat
ion7andTab
le4.
1whe
nthef
lowi
stur
bul
entTab
le4.
1isus
eddi
rec
tl
y.
Theme
chani
cale
ner
gyb
alanc
eappl
ic
abl
ewi
th

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
-7

Fort
henor
malc
asei
nlami
narf
low ofani
ncompr
ess
ibl
efl
uidwemayi
nte
grat
e
ov
ert
hel
eng
thofpi
peLi
nanyc
ons
tantdi
ame
ters
ect
iont
oob
tai
n
I
nte
rmsoft
hef
ri
cti
onf
act
or

-
---
-8

I
nte
rmsoft
heHage
n-Poi
seui
ll
e

-
---9

i
nthe
see
quat
ions =0.
50i
sthev
eloc
ityc
orr
ect
ionf
act
ori
ntheKEt
ermsand
LE=L+Lf,whe
reLfi
sthee
qui
val
entl
eng
thunde
rlami
narf
lowc
ondi
ti
onsofany
f
it
ti
ngs
,val
vesorde
vic
esi
nthepi
pes
ect
ion.
Eq
uiv
ale
ntl
eng
thf
orl
ami
narf
lowar
enotwe
llknownb
utmayb
eappr
oxi
mat
ed
f
rom t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low t
hroug
hther
elat
ions
hip(
Crane
c
ompany,1957)

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---
---

10
Appl
ic
abl
etoc
ondi
ti
onswhe
reRe
<1000;whe
reRe
>1000t
hee
qui
val
entl
eng
thar
e
 as
sume
dthes
ameasf
ort
urb
ule
ntf
low.
 Not
ethatt
hes
umoft
heLE t
ermsi
snotadde
dtot
hepi
pel
eng
thf
orpur
pos
esof
c
alc
ulat
ingahydr
ost
ati
che
adorpot
ent
iale
ner
gye
ffe
ct.

4.
4pot
ent
iale
ner
gyorhydr
ost
ati
che
ade
ffe
cts

Forvert
icalhydraul
icorpneumati
ctr
ansportt
hehydr
ost
ati
che
adandpot
enti
alene
rgy
ef
fec
tsareus ual
lydiff
erent
,theappr
opr
iateonedepe
ndi
nguponthec
orr
elat
iontobe
use
df ort
hepr es
suredropcal
cul
ati
on.

1. Whe
nΔPPE isre
qui
red
,itmayb
ecal
cul
ate
dfr
om t
heappr
opr
iat
ete
rm of
t
hee
quat
ion9.
4.

OR

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
9.4

2. WhenΔPHH isreq
uire
d,itmaybecalcul
ate
dfr
om theappropri
atete
rm of
t
heequat
ion9.
5.Vari
ousappr
oxi
mationsρm re
qui
redforthecal
culat
ionof
ΔPHH ar
egive
ninequati
on9.
28to9.33.

OR

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
9.5

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
28

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
28a

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
28b

I
fρFi
sne
gle
cte
d
 -
---
---
---
---
-9.
29

I
fhol
dupi
tse
lfi
sne
gle
cte
d
-
---
---
---
---
-9.
30

OR

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
30a

I
fal
ongwi
thρF,hol
dupi
sal
sone
gle
cte
d

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
31

Fur
the
rifVSFandVM ar
etake
nase
qual

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
32

Analt
ernat
iveappr
oxi
mat
ionof
tenus
edt
one
gle
ctt
hev
olumeoc
cupi
ed
b
ythes
oli
d

-
---
---
---
---
-9.
33

4.
5Ac
cel
erat
ionorKi
net
icEne
rgyEf
fec
ts

Accel
erati
onorki net
icene
rgyeffe
ctsmayb everyimportantint heentr
ancese
cti
onof
t
hepi pe,andapr oce
duret
ode t
ermi nethem hasbeengiv
e nins e
cti
on4.2.Acce
ler
ati
on
ef
fec
tsov ert
hestabil
ize
dfl
owpor tionofpi peareusual
lys mal
l,althoughthe
ymayb e
si
gnific
antforgas -
soli
dmixtureift hepre
ssuredropissignif
icant.Theproc
edurefor
es
timatingΔPKEov ert
hel
engthoft hepipewherethefl
owi sstabil
ize
disthef
oll
owing:

1. Theave
rageve
loc
ityofthes
oli
ds,VS,ma
ybees
timat
edfr
omEquati
on9.
25.
Fr
omEq uati
on9.27theval
ueofESmaybec
alc
ulat
edandfr
omitVFmaybe
de
ter
minedas
-
---
---
---
---
---9.
25
 -
---
---
---
---
---9.
27

Ot
hermet
hodsofcal
cul
ati
ngav
erag
ephas
eve
loc
iti
esar
edi
scus
sedi
n
Se
cti
on3.2.

2.Thequant
it
y,ΔPKEmayb
ecal
cul
ate
dfr
omt
heappr
opr
iat
ete
rmsofEq
uat
ion
9.
4.

OR

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
9.4

3. Thetotalki
neti
cene
rgyef
fect
,inc
ludi
ngthatfortheentr
anc
ese
cti
on,i
s
obt
aine
db yaddi
ng(ΔPKE)
entandΔPKEasdet
erminei
ns t
ep2.

4.
6 Fl
ow Patter
n,Hol dup,and Pres
sureGr
adie
ntforthes
teady Fl
ow of
Inc
ompress
ibl
eMi xt
ures(
Liqui
d-Soli
dMixt
ure
sandGas
-Sol
idMixtur
esand
Gas-Sol
idMixtur
ewhe nΔP<0. 10P1)

1.Det
ermi
nethese
tti
ngvel
oci
tyf
orthesoli
dbyt hemethodsout
li
nedi
nSe
cti
on
3.
5ofChapt
er1orEquat
ion9.
17and9.18asappropr
iat
e.

Fort
hec
oalandg
rav
els
uspe
nsi
ons

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
9.17

Fort
hes
andmi
xtur
es

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
9.18
2.Cal
cul
atethemini
mumtrans
por
tvel
oci
ty,(
VM)min,by
A.t heros
eandDuc
kworthmet
hodandEquation9.
69,or

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
9.69

B.Eq
uat
ion9.
12,or

-
---
---
---
---
---
---
9.12

C.TheZe
nzc
orr
elat
ionpr
ese
nte
dasFi
gur
e9.
13

3.Ifthefluidvel
ocit
yisspeci
fi
edi ntheproblem,itmus tthev aluecalc
ulat
edi n
ste
p2.I fonlyt hesoli
dt r
ansportr at
eisg i
ven,step2g ivesther eq
uired
minimum mas sv el
oci
tyandhe ncethemaxi mum pipediame tertoac c
omplish
thetranspor
t.Itshoul
db enote
dt hatthemi ni
mum t ransportv e
loc
itywillnot
neces
saril
yb et heoptimum f lui
dv el
oci
ty.Us uall
ys e v
eralpr es
suredr op
cal
culati
onus ingdiff
ere
ntf l
uidr ate
sar er e
quire
dt ode terminetheov eral
l
opti
mumc onditi
ons.

4.Thev ar
iousmeasur
eofthehol
dingEs,S,andH,ar ere
late
dasdi s
cuss
edi
n
Sec
tion7.2ofc
hapte
r7andSect
ion3.2oft
hisc
hapte
r.Thesequant
it
iesmayb
e
es
timatedby
A.theRoseandDuckworthmethod,e
quat
ion9.
27,or

-
---
---
---
---
---9.
27

B.Eq
uat
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15and9.
16

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15

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 Thi
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5.a. Thepres
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sys
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h ,
Equati
ons9.
71.

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b
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I
I.e
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one
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58

Whe
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on3.33.

i
. Est
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Equation 9.7 wit
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9.
49,andΔPfde t
ermi
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9.
50b asedonV=VL f orV>3ft/
sec

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9.50

whe
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i
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orf
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Fr
ome
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Whe
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Fr
ome
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Eq
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Agene
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smor
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Whe
ren’ i
sthes
lopeoft
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logpl
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