paduan

paduan dan padu

&
klasifikasi titanium
paduan
paduan

Tapany

Udomphol

paduan

dan paduan

paduan

May-Agustus
Kuliah 5

2007
 akan dibahas dalam kaitannya dengan aplikasi.

dan penggunaan berbagai jenis pemain dan titanium

paduan.

Tapany

Udomphol

May-Agustus

2007
 logam

-
titanium

Ilmenite(FeTiO
Tapany

in
Udomphol
nature but as oxides , i.e., ilmenite( FeTiO
3)

dan padu
mineral.galleries.com
3)

homepage.mac.com

Rutile (TiO Titans

May-Agustus

2)

2007
 -3
C) )

expensive .
BCCHCP
16674.54 0.320

Tapany
(<882.5
(>882.5 o o

Udomphol

C) C)

allotropic transformation ( α ααα

β
22

47.87
Titanium
Ti
HCP,BCC

βββ ) at 882.5 o
C.
May-Aug

2007
 Three

times as Al and higher than steel

Tapany

Udomphol
Specific strength vstemperature

Density of selected metals

alloys

May-Aug

2007
 memory alloy Hip-joint component

Shape
marine, chemical, biomedical applications

Titanium

alloys
claddedGuggenheim Aerospace

Spain at sunset.

Bilbaomuseum, Motorcycle
Sports
May-Aug

2007
 of mill products by applications in Japan 2005

•General
•Pulp•Metal
• Finishing
& Subsea
•Offshore
•Petrochemical •Space
•Military
•

Tapany Civil

Paper
Udomphol

Engineering INDUSTRIAL AEROSPACE

alloys

•Sports
•Bicycle
•Marine •Motor•Ultrasonic
Equipment
•Body Jewellery
W
•Surgical
SPECIALIST •Dental
•Trauma
•BonePlates
•Orthopaedic
Instruments
Fixtures Screws
MEDICAL
Implants

Racing Components
elding
May-Aug

2007
 Forming process
Casting
such Induction
: investmentPlasma
as rolling, Electron
Skull
Arc
Vacuum
Melting
extrusion,
casting, Melting
Beam
ElectroslagRefining
laser
forging.(PAM) Kroll extraction
fabrication (ESR) process

Arc Remelting (VAR)

Melting (EBM)

Tapany

Udomphol

alloys

May-Aug

2007
 2
of TiCl
Distillation Mg
(
MgCl
)
+
2
4 is reacted with either Mg or Na under an iner
2) is converted into tita
TiCl
(4
TiCl
4.
l)

→
4

www.toho-titanium.co.jp
2

Mg
MgCl
TiO
ll
2
(2 sponge +
)
+ 2
Cl
Ti
(
s
) 2 +
C
production
→

TiCl
4
sponge by
+
Ti sponge CO
Titanium

2
based on Kroll process

May-Aug
sponge

2007
 The briquettes

Pressing

are welded together to produce first melt electrode or ‘stick’.

Briquette

to produce sound ingot.

W
elding

Tapany - alloys
Process

Udomphol

www.toho-titanium.co.jp
melting Primary melting

Secondary

Ingot

furnace
and alloying elements are blended together and then hydraulically pressed to

May-Aug

2007
 variables such by
briquette

compacted

as

melting rate, molten pool depth, stirring, contamination is carefully control to ob

Tapany - alloys
melting

Udomphol

Mould

Furnace

VAR

furnace

Electrode
Arc

Ingot

Vacuum

Cooling
May-Aug
Cooling

water
vent
water

2007
 where
currentits
. end dips into the slag pool heated b
ingot.

intended
metal poolmolten metal drop down through the slag to form
and then

Tapany
alloys

Udomphol

www.avalloys.com

May-Aug

2007
 arc source

Ingot Ingot
molten
pool

being pulled down

• • using • - alloys
Tapany Improved method over VA
High The
The skull
Udomphol
(solid
the hearth. hearth.
alloyTi) is contacted with the hearth and leave the molten titanium

the heat source ( plasma torch or electron beam ).

density
of inclusions are separated on to the bottom

May-Aug

floating
the on the top, preventingmetal is melted in
contamination a water- cooled copper ves
from

2007
 Melting (EBM)

EBM

ingot

www.toho-titanium.co.jp
Note:Used

alloys
•
Material

www.antares.com.ua

for melting of reactive materials such as Ti, Ni, Ta, Zr.

is fed
•
The

through
similar the hearth and melte
to PAM.

floating

May-Aug

metal is on the top of the skull, giving a sound ingot.

2007
 copper crucible is used to avoid cont

W is charged inside the crucible by induction powe

Molten
ater-cooled

system

alloy production.
Tapany metal in the skull alloys

Udomphol

wall, producing a shell or skull with molten metal in it.

and

Charged

May-Aug

2007 metal melted with ISM

 β (b) Isomorphous 882.3

xa
o
C
β β β stabilising
transformation

β (c) Eutectoid
β phase

Tapany
alloys
BCC
structure z of titaniu
β β β stabilising
Udomphol

•
Zr, Si, Sn Eutectoid:
Mo, V, W •
Isomorphous: Al, O, N• Alloying elements
Neutrual Beta stabilisersAlpha stabilisers
,
Nb, Ta.

alloys

May-Aug Fe, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Mn.

2007
 treatments to produce different types of alloy microstructures to suit the required mechanical

to high strength, good creep strength

strength,

alloys
of heat
good creep strength, good corrosion resistan

Tapany alloys
ductility
and near alpha titanium
alloys
Udomphol

manipulation

alpha alloys
allow

May-Aug

2007
 the βββ transformation (typically

field gives lowest strength but after ageing, the maximum treatment
strength is obtained.

β βββ phase field gives maximum

strength

Tapany
transformation with improved strength (depending on compos

is
Udomphol

β βββ phase field gives a

For lowly alloyed Ti , rapid quenching from
For highly alloyed Ti , rapid quenching from

isomorphous
Heat treatment
titanium
diagram

alloys applied to α/β α

mainly

May-Aug
alloys
of β

βββ

2007
 creep resistance at high temperature.

alloys

alloys

Tapany
α

alloys
Udomphol

α Phase diagram

Solute content

of

May-Aug
ααα stabilised Ti alloy.
ααα phase and can be divided in

2007
 x 100 x
α α α phase structure present as impurities . H

of commercia
alloys
0.3%spheroidalparticles
HCP due to

α
Fe as impurity %
O
equiv

structure.
Tapany
α
=
%
Udomphol O
250 x
+

α α phase structure with β βββ

%0.2 embrittlement.
Feare
and interstitial elements such a

N
+
Hot-rolled structure
67.0
%
C

May-Aug

500

2007
 strength, depending on contents of O, N
improves corrosion resistance in HCl , H
2 SO

4, H

3 PO

4.

Tapany

Udomphol

Large

Plate
and typical ap
alloys
and

frame heat exchanger

structure used in bleaching section of pulp and paper

May-Aug

2007
Tapany

Udomphol

and applications
alloys

May-Aug

2007
 equivalent

Zr are are
equivalent

more
to prevent embrittlement due to ordering. alloy
Al soluble in the α ααα phase an
equiv

Tapany
=
Al
% also added in small amount to stabilise the α ααα phase and give strength .
Udomphol
+ and N
1 Sn

+
10
6 Zr
13

+
O
α Phase diagram

( Solute content
+
C

+
May-Aug N
)2 of
≤ ααα stabilised Ti alloy

2007
%9
 250 x

alloys

β βββ phase is due to 0.3%

Tapany

• •
Co-planar >
Udomphol embrittlement. Homogeneous

5-6%
Al
dislocations are produced dislocations in aged Ti 8%Al with 1780 ppm
of O
on
early fatigue cracking.
addition
α ααα
2 precipitation

produces coherent ordered α ααα

2 phase ( Ti

May-Aug

3 Al )

2007
 oxidation resistance and strength at 600 to 1100 o
F.
and Al
Al also reduces its density. alloys

Tapany

Udomphol

• • Applications:
High Aircraft

pressure cryogenic vessels at -423 o

C.

May-Aug

engine compressor blades, sheet-m

2007
 Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-Mo
and

700 x

βββ phase

Tapany

Udomphol
alloys
dispersed in the α ααα phase s

Forged

compressor
neat alloy IMIdisc
685made from

amounts of β βββ stabilis

creep strength than fully α ααα Ti alloy up to 400 o

C.
May-Aug

2007
 structure, fig the
(a).
ααα ’ phase

transformation contribute to only littlewith

strength. ααα phase
βββ phase field produces
Ti at high temperature gives a HCP
remained β β β β grains, figα(b).
of of
theCP Ti from
theCP Ti from βββ phase field change the HCP

α ααα plates, fig (c).

β βββ phaseand
field alpha t
Tapany

phase
(c)field.
Air-cooled from (a) Annealed at 700 o

Udomphol

βββ
β C/1h.

Microstructure phase
(b)field.
Quenched from

of CP
Ti alloy.
alloys
May-Aug

βββ
β

2007
 α+β
α ααα ’ which gives higher strength.
heated
α+β

α ααα α+β

up to T to obtain equal amount of α ααα and β βββ phases.

α+β phase field
cooling transforms β β β β amounts of Mo or V (beta stabilisers) are added to
Tapany

Udomphol
Pseudo-binary diagram

Ti-8%Al with Mo and V

addition
treatment
alloys

α α phase and W
IMI679
idmanstätten
for
α Air-cooled from
α+β α+β
α+β
α+β phase
field,
having white primary
α

May-Aug

α ααα

2007
 by β βββ phase,
the fig (b). the β

precipitation of fine α β
ααα
β phase dispersion.

ββ
β β phase

β β β phase field
field produces laths of martensitic α αα
β β phase field gives a basket weave structure of

Tapany

(a)
Udomphol

Near

C field and aged at 850 o

βββ phase treatment
alloys in
β α ααα Ti (IMI 685) oil-quenched, (b) quenched from
X

75

0.5 µ
β (b)

Near α
µµµ m
May-Aug

ααα Ti

βββ phase field

the (IMI 685) air- cooled from
2007
 /min

(b) 100 o
β phase field in lamellar micro
ββ
β
the
beta phase field on lamellar microstructure in Ti 6242 alloy
C

Tapany
/min

Udomphol

(a) 8000 o

treatment
alloys in
C

/min

May-Aug

2007
 Chemical compositions and typical applications

Tapany
alloys
Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 β βββ
the stabilisers to allow
alloys
•
thermo-mechanical • quenching and tempering.
annealing,
βββ
Heat treatment Microstructure
can be done in corporation with

or α+β

α+β contain

Tapany
α+β α+β phase field.

Udomphol
alloys
β βββ phase to retain at RT

processes to achieve desired microstructure/properties. ααα stabilisers

both α αααareand
used to give
β βββ .

May-Aug

depends on chemical composition, processing history and heat treatments , i.e.,

2007
 β

structure of similar crystal

the orientation.
β
β αβ ββ βββ phase
to
ααα field ( β
β
βββ annealed ) causes a

β
Tapany

β phase surrounding• with retained

Udomphol
Annealed from
β
Annealing from

βββ phase . β or
equiaxed annealed)
field (mill
produces microstruc
α+β
α+β phase
α+β
α+β
α+β α+β α+β α+
α+β
α+β the
α+β phase
250 x

field,

showing
May-Aug

equiaxed α ααα grains (light) with intergranular retained beta (dark)

primary α ααα

2007
 β

βββ phase

field the the

β
giving transformed β βββ phase (acicular)
x 250 x

the

α
βββ
Tapany
α+β
Air-cooled from
Udomphol

and
β

α+β
α+β
α+β
α+β
α+β
α+β phase
field,
showing
primary
α ααα grains in a matrix of transformed β βββ( acicular)

α+β α+β α
250 α+β α+β phase field provides equiaxed

May-Aug
βββ phase field produces fine
ααα phase βinβββ
a matrix
phaseofby nucleation βand
transformed βββgro
p

2007
 • • • • field.α+β •phase field.
phase
Decomposition
TemperingofQuenching
of
metastable β cooling Annealing
from
titaniumAir from from

Tapany
α+β phase fields. alloys
Udomphol

the the β and

β and
β

martensite βββ

and
May-Aug
α+β α+β α+β α+β

2007
 alloy
the β experiences martensiti
α
500 x

temperingand ageingat elevated temperature lead to decomposition of martensite.

Tapany
ααα ’structure.
crystal consists of individual platelets w

Udomphol
Rapid

βββ phase

transformation

βββ phase field passing thro

s.

increases

May-Aug

dislocation density Increase hardness (strength) but not as high as in stee

2007
 (b)

solute, α ααα ’

(c)
hexagonal lenticular α ααα ’, (c) orthorhombic α ααα ’’ α
ααα ’’
β

Tapany

Possible
Udomphol
reactions due to quenching from the
β

βββ phase

βββ phase field

If

May-Aug enough β βββ stabilisers

2007
 ( α ααα ’ martensite).
and then water quenched

C
α+β
βββ transus but above M
embedded in transformed β βββ
s
α+β
consists of primary α ααα
Tapany

α+β
Udomphol

Ti-6-4 alloy solution treated at 843 o

•
primary
Microstructure consists of
α+β phase
α ααα phase

Below
and

small
M
and then water quenched s
amount of retained or untransformed β βββ .
May-Aug

2007
 Decomposition of martensite

martensite

of martensitic structure occu

May-Aug

2007
 α
β β β
β β ββ β β βββ

β+α β+β β+ω

βββ phase separation
β+α β+β
β+α β+β
β+ω
β+ω
β+α β+β β+ω high tensile strength.
1
111
ααα phase on BCC
β+α β+α β β
β+α β+α
β+α β+α
β+α β+α The

Tapany ααα phase formation βββ matrix .

Udomphol

of metastab
βββ obtained after quenchin

developing

metastable
α β βββ is transformed into equ

ααα phase
May-Aug

βββ isomorphous alloy phase diagram

2007
 This βββ phase separation
idmanstätten

not significantly important

βββ
ω phase or indirectly from
ωωω
or β α α α phase formation

α ααα βββ ααα phase

directly fromcan form
1.
dispersed α ααα particles βββ phase separation into two BCC
strength in high
β βββ
into phase will slowly transform
phases
equilibrium particles after
Tapany

Udomphol

ββββ
β βββ is isothermally aged at 100-5
C
β of metasta
β ββ
(enrich)+ β

+
β+β+β Dense
1
ααα phase
of Laths
W
idmanstätten

dispersion

111 ( depleted)
May-Aug

β βββ stabiliser containing alloy to prevent ω ωωω formation .

of cuboids of ω ωωω phase
α ααα
2007
Tapany

Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 α+β

βββ
β
vsheat
alloys treatme
M
s Lamellar,

%V

β βββ forged

Tapany

Udomphol bimodal, water quenching

fine globular

bimodal, air cooling

coarse globular

May-Aug

2007
 ααα Ti

Tapany

Udomphol
(b)

alloys

May-Aug

2008
 α+β

α+β titanium
alloys

Tapany

Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 Mo
0.1
Beta alloys

βββ
β
+ s

Stable

V
67.0

+
Metastable alloys
44.0
W
β βββ alloys
Tapany
−

28.0 : Mo
Udomphol

Nb
Eq. <25 Stable β βββ alloys
+

22.0 : Mo Eq. 25-40.

Ta
the
+
6.1

Cr
+
..
.
−
May-Aug

0.1
Al β βββ
stabilisers are sufficiently
phase field.

2007
 alloys are hardenablewhile stable β βββ Ti alloys are
250 x
βββ titani
alloys
structure, which is readily
and water-quenched α

Tapany crystal

ααα
Udomphol

giving very high strength

structure) in the β βββ phase

after quenching contains equiaxed

Flow
May-Aug
hot-worked at 810 o
C alloys
for Ti stress

2007
Tapany

Udomphol

treatment
alloys

May-Aug

2007
 not desirable when ductility is required. alloys are
in the α+β
βββ titani
alloys
heat-treated
gives higher strength to the alloy but can cause embrittlement

Effect ααα platets after

(1) coarse α
(a) 690 o

650 o into
C/8h.

C/8h+
Tapany

of

Udomphol β

(b) 500 o βββ annealed

725 o
C/24h.
pre-aging on microstructure of heavily stabilised β βββ alloys Beta 21S (Ti-15Mo-2.6Nb-3Al-0.2Si)
C/8h+

microstructure,

β βββ CEZ (Ti-5Al- 2Sn-2Cr-4Mo-4Zr)-beta rich

(c) 725 o

May-Aug

C/24h.

2007
 βββ titanium
alloys

Tapany

Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 βββ titani
alloys

Tapany

Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 products

are mechanically deformed by

Tapany

alloys
Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 metals have the most activated slip system
–
Coordination number, P

BCC
Tapany

alloys
Udomphol

deformation atDeformation
RT. Crystal
deformation. Deformation

BCC HCP

is
relies α
β structure
andcrystaland
BCC slip systems in HCP
structures

most ductile.
hot-working.

limited on available slip systems and relies on twinning*

βββslip
Ti alloys ααα Ti alloys
on more available systems with quite limited twinning
May-Aug

2007
 beta •transus temperature to about 28-38%
Initial working is done about 150 o

Forged Ti

Tapany
stress
alloys
Subsequent deformation processes can be than
doneAl
in alloys
the α+βor αs
golf club
Udomphol

treatments.

prior heat

types and
forged

on alloy
C
above the
depending

May-Aug
Titanium strain,

2007
 sheet

agent is filled betweensheet is normally

individual blankspack- rolledsheet
to prevent to av

Tapany
alloys
blanks are sealed with steel retort and rolled a

Udomphol
hot rolling, the sheets are extracted, pickled and flattened for finishin

Hot-rolled
www.jfe-holdings.co.jp

Titanium

ring rolling

May-Aug

Ti clad steel plates used in condenser in power station

2007
 low

thermal
for all conventional methods such as

conductivity reduces heatalloys

dissipation at metal-w

decreased
Machined titanium
www.sstool.com carbide or ceramic toolings.

tool life, welding or galling at tool-workpiece interfac

-defence satellites alloys

are
parts

loss of surface integrity due to tool damage dramatically reduce prop

relatively more difficult to m

May-Aug

2007
 powder
is quite difficult due to high
reactivity

(a) Ti-6Al-4V • • •
and AL-
master V
alloy HIPingto improve
CIPingat mechanical
Blending properties.
of Ti sponge and master
produced from
CIPingand
Tapany

sintering
sponge of blended CP
Udomphol
alloy

alloys
(b)

Same
http://doc.tms.org

material after HIPing, showing no porosity

T > β βββ transtusupto95%

density.
May-Aug

2007
 SPF/DB

process

the use of fasteners, i.e., rivets eliminating stress concen

Tapany and diffusion

alloys
Udomphol

critical • Disadvantages:
Expensive

SPF/DB http://www.formtech.de/uk

agent is used for bonding of regions of the sheet, followed by pressu

structure load bearing structures .

May-Aug
and cannot be used for

2007
 casting
castings
are normally
near net
shape
products with minimised metal waste, which can occur during mechanical processing and m

Tapany

Udomphol alloys
Casting processes

May-Aug

contribute to small amount of titani

2007
Tapany

Udomphol
CP

Ti grade 2

graphite is used as the mould rath

May-Aug

2007
 a part near to the net shape of the drawing.

engineering drawing of the spec

castings
Tapany

Udomphol

www.aerospace-technology.com
http://www.pmmcastings.com/

May-Aug

2007
 Provide
Reduce
high quality
porosity
parts
in the castings
die castin

Tapany

Vacuum
Udomphol

is

applied for

die casting

to reduce

gas entrapment during metal injection and to d

May-Aug

2007
Tapany
•
Titanium
Udomphol
Approaches

to modify the properties of titanium

alloys
alloys
alloys

provide

May-Aug

superior specific yield strength (high strength

2007
 Temperature, o Ti-6Al-4V(STA)

F
Tapany

Udomphol

Tensile

alloys

May-Aug
strength of different Ti alloys at a range of temperatures

2007
 Properties of various Ti alloys

Tapany

Udomphol

alloys

May-Aug

2007
 α

ααα phase is also more resistant to nucleation of voids

Tapany higher
microstructure is more resistant to fracture due to equaixed
α
Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 and fracture to
alloys
Tapany

Udomphol

(a) coarse lamellar and (b) fine lamellar

torturous path in coarse lamellar microstructure leads to higher energy dissipation during f

higher toughness.

specimens

May-Aug

2007
 Crack
• α • •
But Crack Smaller

Tapany

Udomphol

propagation paths in (a) lamellar and (b) bi-modal structures

equiaxed
α α α phase region .
alloys

crack propagation is more difficult in the lamellar structur

α ααα grains are more bene

May-Aug

nucleates within the lamellar region more

2007
 β

equiaxed βββ
βββ annealed
annealed
α+β
α+β
α+β
α+β

(forging)
Tapany

α
Udomphol

alloys

annealed has superior fatigue along p

ααα and α ααα platelets

FCG

curves
annealed conditions

annealed Ti-6-4
Crack for
propagation β
May-Aug
path in β β annealed
α+β
α+β
α+β
α+β
βββ
βββ
βββ annealed
2007

and α+β α+β α+β α+β

 www.alba.no/ whytitanium/

Tapany
alloys

Udomphol

corrosive resistance to salt water and marine, acids, alkalis, natural waters and chemicals.

4)Self-healing
3)Inert
2)Tenacious
1)Stable
or re-form •W

hen fresh titanium

containing oxygen, it will develop oxide

environment

to
May-Aug

exposed

is
2007
 α+β
W
are not readily weldable due to high amo
elding α+β α+β
areα+β titanium
W alloys readily
macro/micro segregation .
weldable.

elding

elding
Tapany

Udomphol
alloys

www.sms-vt.com

May-Aug

2007
 relatively high distortion.

relatively
EBW coarser weld structure than those obtained from

and LBW

Tapany

.
Udomphol

Tungsten inert gas welding.

May-Aug

2007
 Electron

beam
minimum
Molten W
eld pool
metal

Cross section of weld

process
distortion welding
W
eld bead

Tapany

clean.

Udomphol

Mobile electron beam

Electron beam

welding unit

welding
May-Aug

2007
 welding
welding

distortion.

Tapany

Udomphol

Laser welding of titanium

www.synrad.com

www.twi.co.uk
May-Aug

alloy

2007
 is carried out by moving one part
welding Friction welding process

Tapany

Udomphol

W
eld

structure
friction obtained from

May-Aug

2007
 or Should be carried
appropriate out gas
shielding in vacuu
suc

corrosion
steel resistance, separate from
fabrication.

alloys
reducing

Tapany
welding
welding are;
Udomphol

are highly reactive to oxyge

welding.
frequent defects caused by gas bubbles trapped between

Macroscopic

Macroscopic pore

May-Aug
pore
alloy observed in TIG welding of beta titanium

200

2007 µ µµµ m
 Titanium • • • • • • • • • • •
Medical
Heatimplants
Pulp
exchangers
Offshore
and paper
Metal
piping
Jewellery
extraction
Food,
systems Architectural
Cryogenic
manufacture
brewing
equipment
Petrochemical
and
logging
pharmaceutical
Nuclear
toolsand
refineries
environmental safety

implants

Tapany

alloys in su
Udomphol

May-Aug

2007
 3-540-42990-5.

112829-8.
.F., Structure and properties of engineering

Germany, ISBN
3-527-30534-3. illiams, J.C., Titanium

Tapany

Udomphol
and titanium

,
2003,
fundamentals and Springer,
applications, 2003, W
I.J., Light alloys:
0-340-63207 metallurgy of the ligh
(pb).
Powder ILEY-VCH,
Metallurgy, JOM, November, 2004, p. 46-48.

alloys: 0-70-

May-Aug

2007