Structured Cabling

System
1
Fundamentals
Dominic A. Marquez
Operations Manager
Technologies Specialist, Inc.
a Trends Group Inc. affiliate
2 Evolution of Structured Cabling
 Network Topologies

RING BUS STAR

 3 Structured Cabling Systems
 What is a Structured Cabling System?

 can be perceived as the pillars and columns of the

organization’s IT network.

 collective configuration of cables and associated

hardware which, when installed, on premises / buildings,
provides a comprehensive telecommunications
infrastructure.

 It function as an important foundation of the IT network on

which many services are supported:
- Data Information Transfer
- Voice Telecommunications
- Monitoring and Surveillance System
- Building Automation & Control System
 4 Standards for Structured Cabling
ISO/IEC 11801
IT Generic Cabling for
ANSI/TIA 568 Customer Premises EN 50173
Commercial Building Performance
Telecommunications Requirements Of
Cabling Standard Generic Cabling
Systems

AS/NZ 3080
IT Generic Cabling for
Customer Premises
5 Standards Organizations

American National Standards Institute - This group

coordinates and adopts national standards in the U.S.

Telecommunications Industry Association - Best known

for developing cabling standards with the EIA, leading trade
association for the information, communications, and
entertainment technology industry.

Electronics Industries Alliance - Known for developing

cabling standards with the TIA, ceased operations on
February 11, 2011. EIA standards are now managed by the
Electronic Components Association (ECA).
6 Standards Organization

International Organization for Standardization - This group is

the world’s largest developer of standards and includes
standards groups from member nations around the world.

International Electrotechnical Commission - This international

standards organization prepares and publishes international
standards for all electrical, electronic, and related technologies.
7 Standards Organization
Building Industry Consulting Service International, Inc.
- This association supports the information transport systems
(ITS) industry with information, education, and knowledge
assessment.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
- international organization and a leading developer of standards
in a broad range of disciplines, including electric power,
information technology, information assurance, and
telecommunications.

National Electrical Manufacturing Association

- is the voice of and forum for the electrical and medical imaging
industries serving manufacturer members.

National Fire Protection Association

- This is the North American organization of fire prevention and an
authoritative source on public safety.
8 Codes and Standards
 CODES
 The key purpose of codes is safety.
 Promulgated as models, which most local cities and
municipalities adopt.
 Once adopted as ordinances, the codes have the force
of law and are enforced through local building inspectors.
 STANDARDS
 Address the performance of telecommunications systems.
 Ensure design and installation consistency
 Establish performance and technical specifications
 Supports multi-product and multi-vendor environment
 No legal implications
 9 ISO/IEC 11801 STANDARDS (2017)
ISO/IEC
Title
Standard
ISO/IEC 11801-1 Part 1: General requirements
ISO/IEC 11801-2 Part 2: Office premises
ISO/IEC 11801-3 Part 3: Industrial premises
ISO/IEC 11801-4 Part 4: Single-tenant homes
ISO/IEC 11801-5 Part 5: Data centers
Part 6: Distributed building
ISO/IEC 11801-6
services
Replaces Description
Generic cabling requirements
ISO/IEC 11801 for twisted-pair and optical fiber
cables
Cabling for commercial
ISO/IEC 11801
(enterprise) buildings
Cabling for industrial buildings,
with applications including
ISO/IEC 24702
automation, process control,
and monitoring
Cabling for residential buildings,
ISO/IEC 15018 including 1200 MHz links
for CATV/SATV applications
Cabling for high-performance
ISO/IEC 24764
networks used by data centers
Cabling for distributed wireless
- networks for building
automation and IOT devices
10 ISO / IEC 11801
 Structure of Generic Cabling
(Subsystems and Elements)

CD BD FD CP TO

Campus Building Horizontal Cabling Subsystem Work

Backbone Backbone Area
Cabling Cabling Cabling
Subsystem Subsystem

Generic Cabling System

 11 ISO / IEC 11801
 Hierarchical Structure of Generic Cabling
System
CD Campus Distributor

Campus
Backbone
Cabling
BD BD Building Distributor

Building
Backbone
Cabling

FD FD FD FD Floor Distributor

Horizontal
Cabling
CP CP CP CP Consolidation Point

TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO TO Telecommunication Outlet
12 ANSI / TIA Standards
• 568-D.0 Generic Telecommunications Cabling for Customer Premises
• 568-D.1 Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards
• 568-D.2 Balanced Twisted Pair Cabling and Components
• 568-D.3 Optical Fiber Cabling Components
• 568-D.4 Broadband Coaxial Cabling and Components
• 569-D Commercial Building Standards for Pathways and spaces
• 570-C Residential Telecommunication Infrastructure Standards
• 606-C Administration Standards for Commercial Telecommunications
• 607-C Grounding (Earthing) and Bonding for Customer Premises
• 758-B Customer Owned Out Side Plant
• 862-B Building Automation Systems Cabling
• 942-B Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers
• 1005-A Telecoms Infrastructure Standards for Industrial Premises
• 1179-A Healthcare Facilities Telecoms Infrastructure Standards
13 ANSI/TIA
 14 ANSI / TIA 568 C.0
 Functional Elements of Generic Cabling System

DC Distributor C

Cabling
Subsystem 3

DB DB Distributor B

Cabling
Subsystem 2

DA DA Distributor A

Cabling
Subsystem 1
CP CP CP CP Consolidation Point

EO EO EO EO EO EO EO Equipment Outlet
 15 ANSI / TIA 568 C.1
 Commercial Building Hierarchical Star Topology

Main
MC Cross-Connect
Inter Building
Backbone
Cabling
Intermediate
IC IC Cross-Connect

Intra-Building
Backbone
Cabling
Horizontal
HC HC Cross-Connect

Horizontal
Cabling
CP CP CP CP Consolidation Point

Telecommunication
TO TO TO TO TO TO TO Outlet
16 Accommodation of Functional Elements

Horizontal Cable FD / HC

CP

TO
17 Accommodation of Functional Elements

Horizontal Cable FD / HC

CP

TO

FD / HC
CP
Building
Backbone

TO

BD / IC
CP

TO
18 Accommodation of Functional Elements

Horizontal Cable FD / HC

CP

TO

FD / HC
Horizontal Cable FD / HC
CP
Building
CP Backbone

TO TO

FD / HC
CP BD / IC EF
CP
Building Backbone

TO
TO

CD / MC EF

Campus Backbone
19 ANSI / TIA 568 C.0
 Distributors Configuration

Inter-Connection Cross-Connection

Active Equipment Active Equipment

Patch Cord

Patch Cord
Connecting Hardware
Patch Cord
Connecting Hardware Connecting Hardware

Horizontal Cable Horizontal Cable

Equipment Outlet Equipment Outlet

20 DISTRIBUTOR ROOM
21 DISTRIBUTOR ROOM
22 Horizontal Cabling System

Horizontal Cable

TO
TO

FD
TO
Telecommunications Room
Work Area
23 Consolidation Point (CP)

Horizontal Cable

CP

TO TO

TO
TO

TO
24 Multi-User TO Assembly (MUTOA)

Horizontal Cable

MUTOA
25 Modular Plug Terminated Link (MPTL)
 ANSI/TIA-568.2-D
26 Horizontal Cabling Length

Channel Link = 100 m (max)

CP Link

TO
EQP
C C C C C C TE

CP
EQP Patch WA
Floor Cord Cord Cord
Permanent Link = 90 m (max)
Distributor
27 Backbone Cabling System

BD
FD

FD
FD
Campus Backbone

Building Backbone CD
28 Backbone Cabling Length
A
HC MC

C
B
HC IC

Media Type A B C
100 Ohm
800 m 300 m 500 m
Twisted Pair
62.5 um
2000 m 300 m 1700 m
Optical Fiber
50 um Optical
2000 m 300 m 1700 m
Fiber
Single Mode
3000 m 300 m 2700 m
Optical Fiber
 29 Maximum Length of Horizontal Cables
and Work Area Cords

24 AWG cords 26 AWG cords

Length of Maximum combined Maximum combined
Horizontal Maximum length of work area Maximum length of work area
Length of Work cord, patch cords Length of Work cord, patch cords
Cable Area Cord and equipment Area Cord and equipment
cords cords
H (m) W (m) C (m) W (m) C (m)
90 5 10 4 8
85 9 14 7 11
80 13 18 11 15
75 17 22 14 18
70 22 27 17 21
30 Color-coding of Specific Termination
Fields
COLOUR CABELLING TYPE
BROWN Campus Backbone – CD - BD Terminations

WHITE Building Backbone – BD - FD Terminations

GREY Building Backbone – FD - FD Terminations

BLUE Horizontal Cable – FD - TO Terminations

PURPLE System Tails and Equipment Ties

ORANGE Network Boundary Carrier Side

GREEN Network Boundary Customer Side Connections

RED PABX Ties and Key Telephone Systems

YELLOW Miscellaneous and Wireless Access Points

31 Building Cabling Architecture
 Centralized Network

Horizontal Cabling

Splice / Inter-
connect Work Area

Pull
Through Work Area

Equipment
Rack

Work Area

Floor
Distributor
32 Building Cabling Architecture
 Distributed Network

Horizontal Cabling

Equipment
Rack

Work Area

Floor
Distributor

Equipment
Building Rack
Backbone
Work Area

Floor
Distributor

Equipment
Building Rack
Backbone
Work Area

Building
Distributor
33 Centralized Fiber Optic Cabling
Horizontal
TE
Cabling
TO

Splice /
Interconnect
TR
TO

Splice /
Interconnect
TR
Backbone TO
Cabling

Pull Through
Cable

ER
Equipment
34 Transmission Cables
 100-ohm Twisted-Pair Balanced Copper Cable

 Optical Fiber Cable

35 Twisted Pair Cable Construction

Jacketing

Wire Drawing

Insulation Stranding

Twisting
36 100-Ω Balanced Twisted Pair Categories
Transmission Performance Data Rate
Category
(Mhz) (TIA / ISO) (bps)

CAT 3 16 Category 3 / Class C 10M

100M
CAT 5e 100 Category 5e / Class D
1000M
CAT 6 250 Category 6 / Class E 1G
CAT 6A 500 Category 6A / Class EA 10G
CAT 7 600 - / Class F 10G

CAT 7A 1000 - / Class FA 10G

CAT 8.1 2000 Class I 25G/40G

CAT 8.2 2000 Class II 25G/40G

37
38 Twisted Pair Cable Constructions
New
Designation Description
Designation
UTP U/UTP Unshielded Twisted pair
FTP F/UTP Foil over UTP
S-FTP SF/UTP Screen and Foil over UTP
Foil over Foiled Twisted
F-FTP F/FTP
Pair
S-STP S/FTP Screen over FTP

U/UTP SF/UTP S/FTP

F/UTP F/FTP
39 Cable Jacket Fire Rating
Classification Fire Performance UL Test Notes
Cable may not transmit flame for
CM – UL 1581 more than 4 ft., 11 in. It shall not
Communications General Purpose (Vertical Tray) penetrate floors or ceilings, i.e.,
Metallic may only be used within a single
floor.
Cable must not transmit flame
CMR – from one floor to another for
UL1666
Communications Riser Rated more that 12 feet when placed
Metallic Riser vertically in a building shaft
(called a riser shaft).
Cable must have both resistance
to flame spread for not longer
than 5 feet (1.5m) and reduced
smoke generating properties.
These cables are approved for
CMP – NFPA 262 placement in air handling ducts
Communications Plenum Rated (replaced UL910) and chambers (plenums) without
Metallic Plenum the use of fire-proof conduit.
The purpose of the rating is to
lessen the transmission of fire
and visible smoke to unaffected
parts of the building.
Toxicity is not measured.

UL1685 Cable will extinguish fire itself if

LSZH – no other external heat/fire is
(Vertical Tray Fire
Low Smoke Zero Low Smoke & Fume applied.
Propagation and
Halogen
Smoke Release)
40 Pathway Separation from EMI Sources
Separation Between Telecommunications and Power Cables
 The requirements of the National Electrical Code (NFPA
70) shall apply.
 Zero separation distance is permitted when either the
electrically conductive telecommunications cables, the
power cables or both are enclosed in metallic
pathways that meet the following conditions:
 Metallic pathway(s) completely enclose the cables and are
continuous.
 Metallic pathway(s) are properly grounded and bonded per
TIA-607-C.
 Walls of the pathway(s) have a minimum thickness of 1 mm
(0.04 in.) nominal if made of steel or 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) nominal
if made of aluminum.
 No separation is required between telecommunications and
power cables crossing at right angles.
41

Notes:
1. Separation distances may be halved if
the power cables and data cables are
installed in separate metallic pathways.
2. Armoring or screening must completely
surround the cable (except at the socket)
and be properly bonded and grounded
(earthed).
3. 50 mm (2 in.) if loose (individual) power
conductors are used and not bundled or
maintained close together.
42 RJ-45 CONNECTOR

RJ-45 Plug RJ-45 Jack

43 100-Ω Balanced Twisted Pair Termination
 Eight Position Pin-Pair Assignment (RJ-45 Jack)

T568A T568B
Pair 2 Pair 3
Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 4 Pair 2 Pair 1 Pair 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
WG G WO BL WBL O WBR BR WO O WG BL WBL G WBR BR
44 100-Ω Balanced Twisted Pair Termination
Punch Down Tool Rapid Termination Tool

RJ45 Plug Crimper

45 Gigabit Transmission

TX RX
TX RX
RX TX
R R R R
RX J J TX TX
RX
J J RX
TX

TX RX
4 4 RX 4 4 TX
5 5 TX 5 5 RX
RX TX

10 / 100 Mbps 1 / 10 Gbps

46 Wire Map
Straight Open Shorted

Split Pair Reverse Pair Crossed Pair

47 100-Ω Balanced Twisted Pair Parameters
 Insertion Loss (IL)
 Return Loss (RL)
 Near End Cross-talk (NEXT)
 Equal Level Far End Cross-talk (ELFEXT)
 Alien Cross-talk (ANEXT)
 Attenuation Cross-talk Ratio (ACR)
 Power Sum NEXT (PS NEXT)
 Power Sum ELFEXT ( PS ELFEXT)
 Power Sum ACR (PS ACR)
 Propagation Delay
 Propagation Delay Skew
48 Optical Fiber Structure

Core/Cladding Boundary

Secondary Buffer or
Cladding Core
Coating Primary Coating

(Singlemode) 9 µm
900 µm 250 µm 125 µm (Multimode) 50 µm
(Multimode) 62.5 µm
49 Optical Fiber Transmission
High Order Mode
Cross Refractive
Low Order Mode Sectional Index Profile
Axial Mode
View

N2

θ N1

Multimode Step Index Optical Fiber Step Index

Speed of Light in Vacuum 2 2

Refractive Index (N) = Critical Angle (θ) = Sin -1 (N1) - (N2)
Speed of Light in Medium
50 Operating Wavelengths
2

1st Window 2nd Window 3rd Window

800-900nm 1260-1360nm 1430-1580nm
Attenuation (dB/km)

850nm 1300/1310nm 1550nm

< GAMMA IR >

< XRAY MICROWAVE >
< UV RADIO >
0

550 650 750 850 950 1050 1150 1250 1350 1450 1550 1650

Wavelength (nm)

• Cheap sources and • Low Attenuation • Minimum

detectors (Silicon-based) (0.7 dB/km Multimode attenuation
• Good attenuation for 0.4 dB/km Single-mode) (0.20 dB/km)
multimode fiber (2.5dB/km) • Zero Material Dispersion
(e.g. 1310nm)
 51 Transmitter Light Sources
 Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
 Used for multimode: 850 nm or 1300 nm
 Wide beam width fills multimode fibers
 Wider spectrum (typically 50 nm)
 Inexpensive
 Cannot modulate as fast as lasers
 VCSEL – Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser
 Used for multimode at 850 and 1300 nm
 Quite narrow spectrum
 Narrow beam width (does not fill multimode fibers)
 Much less expensive than FP or DFB lasers
 Fabry-Perot (FP) and Distributed Feedback (DFB) Lasers
 Used for singlemode: 1310 nm or 1550 nm
 Narrow spectrum (can be less than 1 nm)
 Narrow beam width (does not fill multimode fibers)
 Highest power and fastest switching–Most expensive
(especially DFB)
52 Optical Fiber Transmission
Transmitted Cross Sectional Refractive Received
Signal Modal View Index Profile Signal
Dispersion

Light Signal
Multimode Step Index Optical Fiber Step Index
Modal
Dispersion

Light Signal
Multimode Graded Index Optical Fiber Graded Index
Supports 850nm and 1300 nm

Only one mode, No mode modal dispersion

Laser Signal
Singlemode Optical Fiber Step Index
Supports 1310 nm and 1550 nm
9 Fiber Optic Cable Classification

Overfilled Launch Effective Modal

Wavelength Attenuation
Optical Fiber Type Bandwidth Bandwidth
(nm) (dB/km)
(MHz.km) (MHz.km)

OM1 850 3.5 200 -

62.5 µm 1300 1.5 500 -
OM2 850 3.5 500 -
50 µm 1300 1.5 500 -
OM3 850 3.5 1500 2000
50 µm 1300 1.5 500 -
OM4 850 3.5 1500 4700
50 µm 1300 1.5 500 -
OS1 1310 1.0 - -
9 µm 1550 1.0 - -
OS2 1383 0.4 - -
9 µm 1550 0.4 - -
54 Optical Fiber Transmission

TX Connector Connector RX

RX Connector Connector TX

Transmitter

Input Coder or Light Source-to-Fiber

Signal Converter Source Interface

Fiber-optic Cable

Fiber-to-light Light Amplifier/Shaper Output

Interface Detector Decoder Signal

Receiver
 55 Distance vs Application
OM1 OM2 OM3 OM4 OS1 OS2
Application
Wavelength 850 1300 850 1300 850 1300 850 1300 1310 1550 1310 1550
Distance 300 300 300 300
10/100 BASE-SX
Attenuation 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Distance 2000 2000 2000 2000
100 BASE-FX
Attenuation 11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0
Distance 275 550 1000 1040
1000 BASE-SX
Attenuation 2.6 3.6 4.5 4.8
Distance 550 550 600 600 5000 5000
1000 BASE-LX
Attenuation 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 4.5 4.5
Distance 33 82 300 550
10G BASE-SR
Attenuation 2.4 2.3 2.6 3.1
Distance 10km 10km
10G BASE-LR
Attenuation 6.2 6.2
Distance 100 150
40G BASE-SR4
Attenuation 1.9 1.5
Distance 10km 10km
40G BASE-LR4
Attenuation 6.7 6.7
56 Fiber Optic Cable Construction

Tight Buffer

(With 250µ Coating)

Loose Tube
57 Optical Fiber Connector

Subscriber Connector Lucent Connector

(SC) (LC)

Multi-fiber Push On
(MPO)
58 Fiber Optic Cable Termination

Epoxy / Polish No Epoxy / Polish

Mechanical Splice Fusion Splice

59 Optical Fiber Link Test
 Optical Loss Test Set (Light Source Power Meter)

Mandrel or EF Panel 1 Panel 2

Rx
Launch cord Tail cord
Tx

REF
A B
REF
A B

Link under test

Tx
Rx

Tail cord
Launch cord
Mandrel or EF
Link loss

Power Loss Budget = Connector Loss + Splice Loss + Cable Loss

 60 Optical Fiber Link Test
 Optical Time Domain Reflectometer
Launch Cord Tail Cord
Cable Connector Splice Fibre End
OTDR

Flat top on response

curve indicates that the
pulse width is too wide

Dead Zone Noise

 Thank You
61
IECEP-Rizal Chapter
Dominic Marquez