Objective of textile testing?

The main objective of testing and analysis are research & development,
quality control, comparative testing, analyzing product failure and selection of
raw materials. They are elaborated as follows:

1. Research and Development

Textile products are evaluated during the development process. This helps
textiles scientists determine how to proceed at each stage of product
development. This category also includes testing in order to study theories of
fabric or fabric or fiber behavior.
2. Quality Control
Textile products are tested at various stages of production to assure quality
processing and products. Manufacturers may use quality-control testing as a
marketing tool, in that trade names imply to the consumer that certain levels
of quality are assumed to be standard for products produced by the
manufacturer.

3. Comparative Testing
Comparative testing compares two or more products being considered by a
company or government agency. In selecting between competitive products, a
fabric manufacturer also may test fibers or yarns from different suppliers.

4. Analyzing Product Failure

Testing is done in this case to pinpoint defects in processing or design. Results
from this type of test can be used to improve products, and are also used to
determine liability in litigation.

5. Selection of Raw Materials

One attribute common to most textile raw materials is their variation in
quality. Fibers vary in length, color, and fineness; yarns vary in count,
strength, and twist; fabrics vary in threads per inch, freedom from faults, and
shrinkage. Unsuitable material can be rejected or perhaps put to another use.
The standards by which raw materials are accepted or rejected must be
realistic, otherwise much will be rejected which in fact is good enough, or else
a large amounts of inferior material will find its way into the flow of
production and cause trouble.
How to check color fastness of garments to washing and light ?

By washing

Wet one corner of the garment or fabric item.

Leave it for a few minutes. Rest it over the laundry sink while you wait.

Get a white cloth or face washer. Press the wet part of the garment onto the
white cloth. If any color comes off onto the white cloth, you know that the item
is not colorfast and will run in the wash.

Wash separately from other clothing until there is no more dye running
from it.

By light

This test measures the resistance to fading of dyed textile when exposed to
day light. The test sample is exposed to light for a certain time which is about
24 hours to 72 hours or by customer/buyer demand and compare the change
with original unexposed sample the changes are assessed by Blue Scales.

Light Fastness Grades:

Grade Degree of Fading Light Fastness Type
8 No fading Outstanding
7 Very slight fading Excellent
6 Slight fading Very good
5 Moderate fading Good
4 Appreciable fading Moderate
3 Significant fading Fair
2 Extensive fading Poor
Very extensive
1 fading Very poor
Write a note on wear testing?

When friction is the predominant factor causing deterioration of your

materials, abrasion and wear testing will give you data to compare materials
or coatings and can help you predict the lifetime of a material or coating.
Abrasion testing is used totest the abrasive resistance of solid materials.

Levels of wear testing

(1) laboratory test,

(2) component simulation test,
(3) in-service test.
Stage 1 Laboratory test with small samples are initially carried out under
testing conditions simulated insofar as conveniently possible to determine
whether the surface engineering technology warrants further consideration,
and if so, to find out under what treatment conditions, the highest wear
resistance improvement can be achieved.

Stage 2 In the next stage, the optimised surface treatment condition will be
used to treat some real joint parts, e.g. femoral head or cup, which will then
be tested in a hip-joint simulator, with the testing conditions being
controlled as close as possible to those for a real human joint, for example,
lubricated with body liquid, temperature around 37°C, and moving like a
human walking or running.

Stage 3 Only when the surface treated parts have survived the simulation
tests, and indeed show considerably improved wear resistance yet without
losing other properties (e.g. corrosion and bio-compatibility), can the in-
service tests be carried out. The surface treated joint parts will be implanted
in a human body and tested (monitored) for a pro-longed period of time if
there is no immediate side effect after implantation.

what is piilling and resons for pilling

 Pilling is formation of little balls of fibers (pills) on the surface of a fabric
which is caused by abrasion in wear. Pilling is the tendency of fibers to come
loose from a fabric surface and form balled particles of fiber.Pilling on
cloth. Causes of Pilling: Due to wear and abrasion.

Reasons for pilling

 Due to wear and abrasion.

 Due to rubbing action of fabric with particular parts of garments and body.
 Due to soft twisted yarn.
 Due to excess short fibres.
 Due to migration of fibres from constituent yarn in fabric.
 Due to protruding fibre / yarn hairiness.
 Due to heat in case of thermoplastic fibres.

How to measure fabric crimp ?

Use following steps to find crimp% of warp and weft yarns.

 Take a fabric sample of 1 meter X 1 meter

 Pull out warp and weft yarns (of full length) from the fabric sample
 Remove crimp from yarns and straighten to its actual length
 Measure length of the straighten warp and wefts. Assume that you got
straighten length of warps are 1.05 meter and weft yarn length is 1.08 meter.

Then calculate crimp% by using following formula.

Yarn Crimp% = 100 X (Straighten Yarn length - Yarn length in fabric)/Fabric
Length

Warp Crimp% = 100 X [(length of warps in straighten form - warp wise fabric
sample length)/Warp wise fabric sample length]

Weft Crimp% = 100 X [(length of weft in straighten form - weft wise fabric
sample length)/Weft wise fabric sample length]
Example:
From the above information

Warp crimp% = ((1.05-1.00)/1.00) *100 = 5%

Weft crimp%= ((1.08 -1.00)/1.00)* 100 = 8%

Explain tear strength of textile materials ?

Tear strength is used to evaluate the ability of fabric resistant to tear along the
breach or damaged position in the process of use. Its unit is Newton, “N” for
short. Generally, tear strength determines the durability of dyeing and
finishing products. A part of fabric edge is applied a centered load, to make
each inner yarn undertake maximum load to burst, and at last a crack comes.
Tear strength is often used to measure the performance of tent and umbrella,
but knitting fabric and elastic woven fabric will not test this indicator.

There are many methods to measure fabric tearing strength, such as

pendulum method, trapezoid method, tongue method, and wing method.

how to determine yarn twist?

Twist is the spiral arrangement of the fibres around the axis of the yarn. The
twist binds the fibres together and also contributes to the strength of the yarn.
The amount of twist inserted in a yarn defines the appearance and the
strength of the yarn. The number of twists is referred to as turns per inch.

Types of Twist
 S-twist
 Z-twist