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Abstract – Based on experimental study of bond-slip behaviours between steel shape and concrete, an
optimal design scheme of single objective and discrete variables is proposed to design steel reinforced
concrete (SRC) frame beams. In the optimum scheme, design variables include the layout dimensions
of SRC frame structure, structural member sections, strength of concrete and steel, dimensions of steel
shapes. The objective function is cost of the entire materials applied to construct SRC frame structure.
The constraint conditions are main requirements stated in Chinese code for design of SRC structures, basic
design rules, reasonable calculating theories and indispensable constructions, as well as some mature and
consistent conclusions confirmed by experimental studies on calculating methods of SRC structures based
on the bond-slip theory between steel shape and concrete. These may be a reference in analyzing and
designing SRC frame structures and provide a practical method satisfying civil engineering practice and
requirements stated in the codes.
Key words: SRC beam; bond-slip theory; optimum design; mixing penalty function method
the distribution of bond stress on the interface of steel Fig. 2. Computation sketches for Qu .
and concrete is illustrated as Figure 1.
Based on theory of mechanics of materials, the distri-
bution of bond stress along steel surface is given as follows embedment; F1 (τ, σz ) and F2 (τ, σz ) are resultant forces
of τ and σz .
As dσx As dεx −k1 As εmax P0 = Ca l0 τ0 , τ0 = 0.364ft + 0.1991la /ha + 1.5209ρsv
τ (x) = = Es = Es e−k1 x (1) + 0.4998Ca /ha −0.3027 (5)
u dx u dx u
Pu = 4bf la τu , τu = 0.004ft + 0.0874ρsv + 0.8624Ca /ha
where Es is elastic modulus of steel; dσx /dx , dεx /dx are
steel cross-section normal stress and normal strain incre- −0.0454la /ha +0.9107 (6)
ment along anchorage length respectively; σx , As and u, where ft is axial tensile strength; la is embedment length;
for full section, are average stress, area and perimeter of ρsv is traverse stirrup ratio; Ca and ha are respectively
steel section respectively, for flange or web, are average perimeter and height of traverse section of steel shape;
stress, area, perimeter of flange or web section respec- l0 is the diffusion length of chemical bond force which is
tively. approximately equal to the height of traverse section of
The distribution of slip between the interface of steel steel shape; τ0 is the average bond stress on the whole
and concrete is given as follows steel shape surface within the diffusion length l0 ; τu is
the average bond stress on the steel flange surface within
s (x) = smax e−k2 x (2) the embedment length la , which neglects the bond action
between web and concrete.
where s (x) is the slip quantity at different part of cross- Providing the complete bond-slip failure is known with
section along anchorage length; smax is the maximum slip respect to Criterion II, the failure model of bond-slip can
quantity along anchorage length; k2 is characteristic ex- be obtained uniquely with Criterion III to traverse crack
ponent of slip distribution. in concrete, which is given as follows
T3 = G(σr , σθ )/Qu − 1 (7)
2.2 Failure criteria of bond-slip where G(σr , σθ ) is resultant force of σr and σθ ; Qu is ulti-
mate load-bearing capacity of traverse crack- resistance,
According to the difference of use requirements to the which is greatly influenced by the confinement of concrete
SRC structures, the failure criterion is different. In the encasement and stirrups, and it can be deduced exactly
special working conditions, the composite action of en- when concrete cover thickness and stirrups ratio are rel-
cased steel and concrete must be fully required, and even atively large.
the local bond slippage at the loading end is forbidden [6]. There is an assumption: the tension stress in the con-
This state is defined as local bond-slip failure. General crete cover reaches ft and the tension stress in stirrup
SRC structures should meet the requirements of the nor- reaches fy after the full crack of transverse concrete. The
mal use state and ultimate bearing capacity state, which computation sketches are shown in Figure 2. Then
requires that the bond-slip failure along the whole em-
bedment should not take place. The state is defined as Qu = 2Cft + 2As fy /s (8)
complete bond-slip failure. where C is the concrete cover thickness, mm; fy is the
Criterion I to the failure of local bond-slip yield strength of stirrup, N/mm2 ; s is the space of stir-
rups, mm; As is the cross-sectional area of stirrups, mm2 .
T1 = F1 (τ, σz )/P0 − 1 (3) The failure models in the SRC structure are shown in
Table 1.
Criterion II to the failure of complete bond-slip
+ int
min (V, 0.07fcbh0 ) + 1
300. (31) + tk H [hj (X)] (37)
V +1 j=1
62 International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization
where G [g i (X)], H [hj (X)] are fonctionelles of g i (X) In the optimization of practical structural engineer-
and hj (X) respectively, a group of inequality constraint ing, parts even all of the design variables are often dis-
conditions and equality constraint conditions in regard crete variables, which can only take special and discrete
to the original optimization question; rk and tk are called values. This means will add several equation constraint
penalty factors or penalty parameters, which are adjusted conditions to mathematical model, so it can be solved by
p
q
using mixing penalty function method.
according to increase of k; G [g i (X)], H [hj (X)]
i=1 j=1 On the assumption that the number of discrete vari-
are called penalty items, and they are non-negative. ables is l in design variables, and the rest are contin-
It is visible that value of F (X, rk , tk ) is usually larger uous variables, in which discrete variables are given as
than value of the original objective function f (x). In X d = [x1 , x2 , . . . , xl ]T , then penalty function can be ex-
order to astringe penalty function F (X, rk , tk ) to the pressed as
constraint optimum solution x∗ of original question, the
penalty must own the following character F (X, rk , tk , sk ) = f (x) − rk G1 [g i (X)]
⎫ + tk H [hj (X)] + sk D (xu ) (43)
p
lim rk G [g i (X)] = 0 ⎪ ⎪
⎬
k→∞ i=1 where rk and tk are the same as formula (42). On the right
q (38)
H [hj (X)] = 0 ⎪ ⎪ side of equation, the first item is original objective func-
lim tk
k→∞
⎭ tion; the second is punitive item of interior point method
j=1
considering the constraint condition of g i (X) 0; the
which means penalty effect on penalty function will dis- third is punitive item of outside point method consider-
appear gradually along with continuous adjustment of ing the constraint condition of hj (X) 0; the fourth is
penalty factors, i.e. punitive item to assure specified discrete value for the de-
sign variables, sk is penalty factor, which is an increasing
lim |F (X, rk , tk ) − f (X)| = 0. (39) sequence of positive real number.
k→∞
The items in penalty function are as follows
If objective function and constraint function are both con-
tinuous and differentiable, it is necessary to satisfy the 1
G1 [g i (X)] = (44)
following equation in gaining extreme point of penalty g i (X)
i∈I1
function, which is K-T condition for constraint extreme
point.
q
2
H [hj (X)] = [hj (X)] (45)
p
j=1
∇F (X, rk , tk ) = ∇f (X) + rk ∇G [g i (X)]
m 2
i=1
l u
xu − zuv
q D (xu ) = (46)
+ tk ∇H [hj (X)] = 0. (40) u=1 v=1
xu − zuv
j=1 m 2
u
Optimum question with both equality and inequality con- Du (xu ) = (xu − zuv ) (47)
straints can be solved by combining inner point method v=1
and outer point method, which is mixing penalty function where zuv (v = 1 ∼ mu ) is discrete value of variablexu ;
method. mu is the discrete value number of variable xu ; xu is the
When constraint conditions are g i (X) 0 and average value of zuv and zu,v+1 , i.e. xu = 12 (zuv + zu,v+1 ).
hj (X) = 0, the general expression of penalty function
is as follows:
1 5 An example of calculation
F (X, rk ) = f (X) − rk
g i (X)
i∈I1
A SRC frame beam bears uniform load and its shear
2
q
2 span ratio equals zero. The maximum internal force at
+ tk {max [0, gi (X)]} + tk [hj (X)] beam end section is given as MA = −500 kNm and
i∈I2 j=1 VA = 250 KN; the maximum bending moment in the mid-
(41) dle section of the span equals 300 kNm. The calculation
diagram is shown in Figure 5. The problem is to choose
beam section dimensions, reinforcement consumption and
I1 = i g i X (0) < 0 (i = 1, 2, . . . , p) steel consumption to make total cost lowest.
(42)
I2 = i g i X (0) 0 (i = 1, 2, . . . , p) The known conditions are as followings: concrete
strength grade is C30; steel grade is Q235; HPB235 is
where rk is a decreasing sequence of positive real number; used for longitudinal reinforcement and stirrup; the price
tk is an increasing sequence of positive real number, X (0) of concrete is 500 yuan per cubic meter; the price of steel is
is initial point; I1 , I2 are two constraint sets. 3700 yuan per ton, the price of longitudinal reinforcement
S.-S. Zheng et al.: Optimum design of SRC composite beams 63
References