A

Synopsis Report On

IMAGE PROCESSING I N P RECISION AGRICULTURE

Submitted By

Vaqarjaved Khan UIN-091P052

Nida Khan UIN-091P053
Talha Momin UIN-102P017
Irshad Chaudhary UIN-091P051
Wasim Ansari UIN-091P048

Under the guidance of

Prof. Sonali Suyawanshi

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
[B. E. Computer Engineering]

[2013 - 2014]
at

Department of Computer Engineering

Rizvi College of Engineering
New Rizvi Educational Complex, Off-Carter Road,
Bandra(w), Mumbai - 400050
Affiliated to

University of Mumbai
 MUMBAI UNIVERSITY

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that

Vaqarjaved Khan
Nida Khan
Talha Momin
Irshad Chaudhary
Wasim Ansari

of B.E. Computer Engineering have successfully submitted synopsis report on “IMAGE PROCESS-
ING IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE”, in partial fulfillment of the Degree of Bachelor of Engineer-
ing in Computer Engineering under the guidance of “Prof Sonali Suryawanshi”, from Rizvi College
of Engineering, Bandra(W),Mumbai in the year 2013-14.

Prof. Sonali Suryawanshi

Internal Project Guide

Prof. Dinesh B. Deore Dr. Varsha Shah

HOD, Computer Department Principal RCOE

Prof. Internal Examiner Name Prof. External Examiner Name

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date:
 Acknowledgements

I am profoundly grateful to Prof. Sonali Suryawanshi for his expert guidance and continuous encour-
agement throughout to see that this project rights its target.

I would like to express deepest appreciation towards Dr. Varsha Shah, Principal RCOE, Mumbai and
Prof. Dinesh B. Deore HOD Computer Department whose invaluable guidance supported me in this
project.

At last I must express my sincere heartfelt gratitude to all the staff members of Computer Engineering
Department who helped us directly or indirectly during this course of work.

Vaqar khan
Nida Khan
Talha Momin
Irshad Chaudhary
Wasim Ansari
 ABSTRACT

This project would be used as a simple analytical tool in favour of precision agriculture. It is quite dif-
ficult to gather information about land let alone be it agricultural.People have to venture out on barren
lands to obtain relevant data. Contemporary methods only provide theoretical relief in gathering infor-
mation.With the help of our intended project,proper technique id provided . Our groups perception in
this context is to simplify in categorizing agricultural land from the rest with only a simple image at
hand. The purpose of this project is to provide description of availability or non-availability of agricul-
tural scape on a given piece of topography(i.e imageofland).
 Index

1 Introduction 1

2 Problem Statement & Objectives 2

2.1 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3 Literature Survey 4
3.1 Paper1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.1.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 Paper 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2.1 summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4 Theory, Methodology and Algorithm 5

4.1 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.1 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1.2 Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2 Flowchart Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.1 Image Acquisition : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.2 Image Enhancement : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2.3 Image Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2.4 Color Image Processing : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2.5 Digital Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2.6 Image Segmentation : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2.7 Feature Selection: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2.8 Image Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2.9 Image interpretation: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5 Plan of Work & Project Status 8

5.1 Proposed Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.1.1 Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6 Summary 9

References 10

APPENDICES 10

A eReport Details 11
List of Figures

2.1 Example image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

4.1 Schema for fundamental steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1

Introduction

The domain of image processing provides unique functionalities , since it only considers an image as
valuable enitity. One of its applicability is in agriculture. In technical sence image processing deals with
image manipulation, which in same context could provide valuable information on agriculture(an image
of land) Its use in agriculture is simple, i.e to provide data regarding nature of a given image of land to
be agricultural or not. Our project of Precision in Agriculture deals with acute tell-a-tell summary of
landscape being usable. This project is intended to be used by any person with elementary knowledge
of computing. The only contribution of user should be of providing digital image of landscape to be
analysed. The working of this project is based on image processing concept. No prior knowledge is
needed on users part. The user should be equipped with computing technology required for the working
of this project, given the operational load to be handled. With only an input, the machine is left with an
algorithm to give an output. This project is beneficial in following aspects: Saving considerable amount
of time scorching entire land area ,whereas a detail report is provided at the comfort of ones home. Detail
result is provided. Inculcating knowledge of land utilization to user. Hence educational. The working
of this project is divided into three modules; Module 1: input Input is an image ,or video frame of vast
area of land in required format. Satellite view of land is also accepted. Module 2: engine Engine means
the working machine consisting lines of codes, detailed algorithms required for processing the image.
This is where the main intructions are executed, procedures followed . our project is mainly constructing
this engine using Matlab framework . Module 3: output Output provides with insights into agricultural
availability of land. This is the final result of images computation. Entire analytical information is to be
provided at output, at this point our project concludes..
.

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Chapter 2 Problem Statement & Objectives

Chapter 2

Problem Statement & Objectives

Land is of utmost importance for entirety of instances.for its proper utilization it is indeed important
to have at hand report .Traditional land survey involves personal observation regarding obtainablity
and feasibility.information obtained in this survey is mostly not up to the point.This method is time
consuming,tedious and not accurate. If instant analysis is required such methods are often unreliable
and unattainable. Modern technology provides proper tools for quick assessment of land.However this
to requires personal intervention and manpower,but its more importantly based on the use of modern
technological resource inorder to reduce the efforts put by man.These issues are faced by farmers mainly
due to the agricultural background and is problematic in general land assessment as well.

2.1 Objectives
The main purpose of our project is to provide instant detail analysis image of the given landscape. This
technique covers some of the drawbacks involved in traditional land analysis . The focus of our project
points towards agriculture where decent assessment is required. Our project tries to accomplish some of
important constraints.where previous types often failed.
1: distinguishing agricultural land from an image of land spread. 2: ratio wise availability of farm
land from a given image. 3:ratio wise display of forest cover over a given piece of land. Technical
information regarding optimal use of land 4: all this information is provided with only an image of the
agricultural land at hand.

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Chapter 2 Problem Statement & Objectives

Figure 2.1: Example image

3
Chapter 3 Literature Survey

Chapter 3

Literature Survey

In developing this project we are researching scientific paper based on the same topic.

3.1 Paper1
Applications of Image Processing in Agriculture: A Survey

3.1.1 Summary
This paper intends to focus on the survey of application of image processing in agriculture field such as
imaging techniques, weed detection and fruit grading. The analysis of the parameters has proved to be
accurate and less time consuming as compared to traditional methods
In agriculture, Remote Sensing (RS) technique was widely used for various applications. [2] Remote
Sensing was the science of identification of earth surface features and estimation of geo-biophysical
properties using electromagnetic radiation. Paper reviewed the Rs techniques and its applications with
optical and microwave sensors

3.2 Paper 2
A Study of Image Processing in Agriculture Application under High Performance Computing Environ-
ment

3.2.1 summary
The objectives in this paper are as follows: Describe parallel and distributed image processing with a
light and easy manner. Present the study of parallel and distributed image processing with emphasis on
the mechanisms used focusing on agriculture application. 3) Motivate the reader for further research
work to apply parallel and distributed image processing in agriculture.

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Chapter 4 Theory, Methodology and Algorithm

Chapter 4

Theory, Methodology and Algorithm

4.1 Theory
Definition: image processing is signal processing for which the input is an image, such as a photograph;
the output of image processing may be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related
to the image.

4.1.1 Methodology
Analyzing and manipulating images with a computer. Image processing generally involves three steps:
1. Import an image with an optical scanner or directly through digital photography. 2. Manipulate
or analyze the image in some way. This stage can include image enhancement and data compression,
or the image may be analyzed to find patterns that aren’t visible by the human eye. For example,
meteorologists use image processing to analyze satellite photographs. 3. Output the result. The result
might be the image altered in some way or it might be a report based on analysis of the image

4.1.2 Algorithm
Step 1: insert image to be analysed Step 2: perform in depth analysis of image Step 3: if error occurred
then goto step 1 Step 4: if not display result end
Operation being executed under step2 is detailed in figure below

4.2 Flowchart Description

4.2.1 Image Acquisition :
This is the first step or process of the fundamental steps of digital image processing. Image acquisi-
tion could be as simple as being given an image that is already in digital form. Generally, the image
acquisition stage involves preprocessing, such as scaling etc.

4.2.2 Image Enhancement :

Image enhancement is among the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image processing. Ba-
sically, the idea behind enhancement techniques is to bring out detail that is obscured, or simply to
highlight certain features of interest in an image.

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Chapter 4 Theory, Methodology and Algorithm

Figure 4.1: Schema for fundamental steps

6
Chapter 4 Theory, Methodology and Algorithm

4.2.3 Image Restoration

: Image restoration is an area that also deals with improving the appearance of an image. However,
unlike enhancement, which is subjective, image restoration is objective, in the sense that restoration
techniques tend to be based on mathematical or probabilistic models of image degradation.

4.2.4 Color Image Processing :

Color image processing is an area that has been gaining its importance because of the significant increase
in the use of digital images over the Internet. This may include color modeling and processing in a digital
domain etc.

4.2.5 Digital Compression

: Compression deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image or the bandwidth
to transmit it. Particularly in the uses of internet it is very much necessary to compress data.

4.2.6 Image Segmentation :

Segmentation procedures partition an image into its constituent parts or objects. In general, autonomous
segmentation is one of the most difficult tasks in digital image processing. A rugged segmentation
procedure brings the process a long way toward successful solution of imaging problems that require
objects to be identified individually.

4.2.7 Feature Selection:

When the input data to an algorithm is too large to be processed and it is suspected to be notoriously
redundant (e.g. the same measurement in both feet and meters) then the input data will be transformed
into a reduced representation set of features (also named features vector). Transforming the input data
into the set of features is called feature selection.

4.2.8 Image Representation

: Representation and description almost always follow the output of a segmentation stage, which usually
is raw pixel data, constituting either the boundary of a region or all the points in the region itself.
Choosing a representation is only part of the solution for transforming raw data into a form suitable
for subsequent computer processing. Description deals with extracting attributes that result in some
quantitative information of interest or are basic for differentiating one class of objects from another.

4.2.9 Image interpretation:

It interpretes the image for the performed work in following steps Targets may be a point, line, or area
feature. This means that they can have any form, to a large expanse of water or a field. The target must
be distinguishable; it must contrast with other features around it in the image.

7
Chapter 5 Plan of Work & Project Status

Chapter 5

Plan of Work & Project Status

5.1 Proposed Modules

Modules of this project are three
1: input availability: this is the simplest of modules, as image procurement is no issus
2: engine construction: This is the main and most difficult of the three modules It involves strict
working time on coding. The architechture is to formulated in matlab working environment. The work-
ing of this module is based on concept of image processing, whose various stages are explained

5.1.1 Output
This is the final result of operation. Itwould be a windows displaying details of operation There could be
few possibilities of outcome which could be encountered Positive result : the output consisting of image
analysis i.e agricultural details (a or n.a) Errors: this would mean that either image is not accepted or the
machine has faced problems in functioning which would require intervention on coding state.
The following table shows the expected flow of work for the accomplishment of the required result.

Table 5.1: Plan of Work

No. Describtion Duration Complexity Status
1 Projecy Title
2 Literature Survey of conceptual theory in image 2 weeks 5 Done
processing
3 Procuring required software(Matlab) 3-4 weeks 8 Done
4 Creating a Blueprint of working project 1 week 3 Pending
5 Analysing and testing blueprint 1 week 2 Pending
6 Start coding in Matlab 7 weeks 8 Pending
8 Testing completed project 2 weeks 8 Pending

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Chapter 6 Summary

Chapter 6

Summary

This Project is intented for educational pupose.It tries to cover important issues
regarding agriculturaL land survey. one of the important issue is land availability which we have
tried to solve here with our project . We made use of image processing technology,and applied it to our
working module.

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 References

References

[1] A Study of Image Processing in Agriculture Application under High Performance Computing En-
vironment;A Fakhri A Nasir, M Nordin A Rahman and A Rasid Mamat
[2] Automatic Image Processing For Agriculture; S K Bodhe Phd, Professor, College of Engineering ,
Pandharpur Anup Vibhute Assistant Professor, BMIT, Solapur(India)
[3] ”Automatic image processing”,Garcia Thomas, d.gomez-Candon
[4] http://google.com
[5] http://IEEEexplore.com

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 eReport Details

Appendix A

eReport Details

This report is shared on Academia Research Network for any future reference. The link to the online
content is provided below.

Report Link : http://www.academia.edu/4863340

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