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ھو إﺣدى ﻣﺟﺎﻻت ھﻧدﺳﺔ ﻗﺳم ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﺎ ﯾﺷﻣل ھذا اﻟﻣﺟﺎل اﻻﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺧدﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﺗطﻠﺑﮭﺎ أى ﻣﻧﺷﺄة ) ﻣول ،ﻣﺳﺗﺷﻔﻰ ،ﻓﻧدق ،
ﺷرﻛﺎت (.................،واﻟﺧدﻣﺎت ﺗﺗﻣﺛل ﻓﻰ اﻵﺗﻰ-:
FIRE FIGHTING وھﻮ اﻟﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺮﯾﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ اﻷﻣﺎن واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ھﻮ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ أى ﻣﻨﺸﺄة
)ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة ﺗﻌﻨﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺟﺪﯾﻦ ﻋﻤﺎل و ﻋﻤﻼء –وﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﻨﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ وﻣﺎ ﯾﺸﻤﻠﮫ ﻣﻦ
ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﺳﻮاء ﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﺪات ﻣﻜﻦ او ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎﯾﺤﺘﻮﯾﮫ وﺣﺴﺐ طﺒﯿﻌﮫ اﻟﻌﻤﻞ وﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﺬى ﺗﻘﻮم ﺑﮫ
اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة( ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄة ﻣﻦ أﻧﺘﺸﺎرأى ﺣﺮﯾﻖ وﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ أﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ھﺬا اﻟﻨﻈﺎم
The design is based on the following codes and standards as appropriate. All materials
and equipment shall also be designed and manufactured with relevant standards, codes
and specifications. The equipment, materials, installation, commissioning and testing
shall conform to the latest edition of the following applicable codes, standards and
specifications.
International Codes and TITLE
Standards
ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigeration & Air Conditioning For Engineers
SCS-SOC Standard Construction Specification for SOC
GES-NOC General Engineering Specification for NOC
SMICNA Sheet Metal & Air Conditioning Contractor’s National Association
DW142 Specification for Sheet metal ductwork, low & medium pressure air systems
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
HVCA Heating & Ventilation Contractors Association.
CIBSE Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NEC National Electric Code – 1990
ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ) ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺎ – ﯾﺪوﯾﺎ طﺒﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻜﻮد -ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ )–(Hap program- Block load
ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﺷﯿﺘﺎت اﻹﻛﺴﻞ(
ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻜﯿﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻷى ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ و أﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎﺗﮫ
اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻟﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ)……… (Carrier- York – Hitachi –Trane -وﻋﻤﻞ
SELECTION
اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺠﺎرى اﻟﮭﻮاءﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام )(Duct calculator – Duct size program
اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺨﺎرج اﻟﮭﻮاء واﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺧﺘﯿﺎراﻟﻤﺨﺎرج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻟﻮﺟﺎت ) Egat –Zamzam-
)………Alandlosia-
اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻮد ) (SAMCNAوأﺳﺘﺨﺮاج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺠﺎرى اﻟﮭﻮاء وﺗﺼﻤﯿﻤﮭﺎ
اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺮاوح ﺑﺄﻧﻮاﻋﮭﺎ ) (Exhaust fan – fresh air fan- pressurized fanوﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب
static pressure & flow rate
اﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﻟﻤﻀﺨﺎت ) cooling tower- expansion tank -(Head – Flow rateواﻟﺘﺪرﯾﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ
أﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﺘﺎﻟﻮﺟﺎت و ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ selection
ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻒ اﻟﮭﻮاء ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ھﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﻲ ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ طﺮق اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﻂ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﯾﺤﻘﻖ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ
اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن ﻣﮭﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﮫ.
ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎن ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻒ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺎﻟﯿﺎت ،اﻵن ﯾﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮورﯾﺎت ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﻮﻓﺮ:
-ﺟﻮ ﺻﺤﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة اﻹﻧﺘﺎج.
-ﺟﻮ ﺧﺎص ﯾﻼﺋﻢ ﻏﺮف اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺸﻔﯿﺎت ،ﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ اﻷدوﯾﺔ وﻣﺼﺎﻧﻊ ﺗﺠﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﺔ.
ﺟﻮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻐﺰل واﻟﻨﺴﯿﺞ ،ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻮرق ،ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﺎن واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻐﺬاﺋﯿﺔ . -
ﺟﻮ ﺧﺎص ﻟﺤﻔﻆ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ ،اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﺤﻒ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت واﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﻒ. -
ھﻮاء ﻣﻜﯿﻒ ﻟﺮاﺣﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ وﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﺮاً ،ﺟﻮاً ،وﺑﺤﺮاً. -
وﺳﻂ ﻣﺮﯾﺢ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎزل ،اﻟﻔﻨﺎدق ،اﻟﻤﺴﺎرح ،اﻟﺴﯿﻨﻤﺎت ،اﻟﻤﻄﺎﻋﻢ ،اﻟﻤﺤﻼت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﯾﺔ ،اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ اﻹدارﯾﺔ -
واﻟﻤﻜﺎﺗﺐ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ.
ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻒ اﻟﮭﻮاء-:
اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻟﻜﻰ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ،وﻧﺴﺒﺔ رطﻮﺑﺘﺔ ،وﺗﻨﻈﯿﻔﮫ )ﻣﻦ
اﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ -اﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ ،(..... -وﺗﻮزﯾﻌﮫ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ واﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﯿﻔﻰ ﺑﺈﺣﺘﯿﺎﺟﺎت اﻟﺤﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﻜﯿﻒ
ASHRAE defines air conditioning as: "The process of heating air so as to control simultaneously
its temperature, humidity, cleanliness, and distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned
"space.
-: Heatingھﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﺮارة ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻔﮫ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ أو ﻟﻀﺒﻂ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﺔ ) ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺸﺘﺎء -1
ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ(
-: Coolingھﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺰع ﺣﺮارة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻔﮫ ﻟﺨﻔﺾ أو ﻟﻀﺒﻂ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﺔ ) ﺗﺘﻢ ﻓﻰ ﻓﺼﻞ -2
اﻟﺼﯿﻒ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ(
) - :Humidifyingاﻟﺘﺮطﯿﺐ( ھﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ أﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺎء )رطﻮﺑﺔ( ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻔﮫ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة أو ﻟﻀﺒﻂ -3
رطﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﺮطﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ
) - :Dehumidifyingاﻟﺘﺠﻔﯿﻒ( ھﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﻧﺰع ﺑﺨﺎر ﻣﺎء )رطﻮﺑﺔ( ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻔﮫ ﻟﺨﻔﺾ أو -4
ﻟﻀﺒﻂ رطﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﺮطﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ
ﺗﮭﻮﯾﺔ طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ -:وﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻜﯿﻒ و اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ) اﻟﺠﻮ( ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﮫ طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ
اﻻﺑﻮاب ﻣﺜﻞ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻻﺑﻮاب أو اﻟﺸﺒﺎﺑﯿﻚ
ﺗﮭﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ -:وﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ ﺗﺒﺎدل اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻜﯿﻒ و اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ) اﻟﺠﻮ( ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮاوح ﻟﺴﺤﺐ
اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﮭﻮﯾﺘﮫ أو ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺮاوح ﻟﻄﺮد اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﮭﻮﯾﺘﮫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﺎرج)اﻟﮭﻮاء
اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ(
ھﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﮫ ﺗﺪوﯾﺮ و ﺧﻠﻂ وﺗﻮزﯾﻊ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻔﮫ ﺟﯿﺪا وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﯿﻖ -:Air Movement -6
اﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ واﻟﺘﻜﯿﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب
- :Cleaning -7ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻒ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺮاد ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻔﮫ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺗﺮﺑﺔ واﻟﺒﻜﺘﺮﯾﺎ و ,.....ﻟﺘﺤﺴﯿﻦ ﻛﻔﺎءة
اﻟﮭﻮاء
Refrigeration Systems:-
)- Vapor-compression refrigeration(VCRS
)- Vapor Absorption Refrigeration System (VARS
There are two laws that are significant to understand the basic refrigeration cycle and air conditioning.
Thermodynamics’ first law explains that energy cannot be neither created nor destroyed, but can be changed from one
form to another.
Thermodynamics second law can help us better understand how the basic refrigeration cycle works. Once of these laws
state that heat always flows from a material at a high temperature to a material at a low temperature.
The air conditioner itself does not create heat, it just transfers heat.
Condenser
Ex
pan Co
sio m
n
pr
val
ve ess
or
Evaporator
ﻧﺒﺪا ﺑﺄول ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة ﻣﻦ ) (4إﻟﻰ ) (1اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس)ﺳﺒﯿﻜﺔ( وﻋﻠﯿﮫ زﻋﺎﻧﻒ ﻣﻦ اﻻﻟﻮﻣﻨﯿﻮم اذا ھﻮ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺟﮭﺎز ﻛﻤﺎ
ﯾﺘﺨﯿﻞ اﻟﻜﺜﯿﺮ ھﻮ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻟﻠﺪاﺋﺮة ﺣﯿﺚ ان اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ او ﻓﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﻮن إﻻ ﻓﻰ
ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة اﻻ وھﻰ اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻜﻮن اﻟﻮﺣﯿﺪ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﻘﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺟﮭﺎز.
ﻓﻰاﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ ﯾﻤﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ اﻟﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﯾﻜﻮن )اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن( ﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺎردة ﺟﺪا ﺟﺪا ﻓﻨﻼﺣﻆ ان اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻓﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﻠﻔﻮﻓﺔ اﻛﺜﺮ
ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻟﺰﯾﺎدة ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻌﺮض ﻟﻠﮭﻮاء اﻟﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ وﻣﺠﺎزا ﯾﺴﻤﻰ )اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ( ﻓﻤﺒﺠﺮد ان ﯾﻤﺮ ھﺬا اﻟﮭﻮاء واﻟﺬى ﯾﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻦ
اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ ) اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ( ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﺒﺎدل ﺣﺮارى ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺴﺎﺧﻦ واﻻﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺒﺎرد)اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ( ﻓﯿﺒﺮد اﻟﮭﻮاء وﯾﻌﻮد ﻣﺮة اﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻐﺮﻓﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ
ﺑﺎرد ﻟﯿﻜﯿﻒ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن .وﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻰ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻻﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺒﺎدل ﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﯾﻮن اى ان اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن دﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ذﻛﺮﻧﺎ وﺗﺤﻮل ﺑﻌﺪ ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ
ﻏﺎز.
اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺬى ﺟﺎء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺳﺤﺐ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮورا ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ ﺛﻢ ﯾﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻣﺮة اﺧﺮى
ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ) (1إﻟﻰ ) (2اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ) اﻟﻜﺒﺎس ( ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ ﯾﻘﻮم اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺑﺴﺤﺐ اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﺒﺎرد وﯾﻘﻮم ﺑﻀﻐﻄﮫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ
اذا ﻧﺘﺬﻛﺮ ﺷﻰء ان اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة طﺮدى ﻛﻠﻤﺎ زاد اﻟﻀﻐﻂ زادت درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة وﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎز ﺿﻐﻄﮫ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ
ﺟﺪا ودرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارﺗﮫ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﺟﺪا ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﻏﺎز ﻣﺤﻤﺺ.
اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ) (compressorھﻮ اﻏﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﯿﯿﻒ واھﻢ ﻣﻜﻮن ﯾﺴﻤﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺴﻮق ﺑﺎﺳﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﺎس وھﻮ اﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﯿﺴﺤﺐ اﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻮر ﻓﻰ اﻟﺘﻜﯿﯿﻒ واﻋﻄﺎﻟﮫ
ﻛﺜﯿﺮة طﺒﻌﺎ .
ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ)(2إﻟﻰ ) (3اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒﯾﺴﺘﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻐﺎز رﺣﻠﺘﮫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ واﻟﺬى ھﻮ اﯾﻀﺎ ﻟﯿﺲ ﺟﮭﺎز وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺠﺮد اﻣﺘﺪاد ﻟﻠﺪاﺋﺮة ھﻮ ﯾﺸﺒﮫ اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ
ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اى اﻧﺒﻮب ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺤﺎس ﻋﻠﯿﮫ زﻋﺎﻧﻒ اﻟﻮﻣﻨﯿﻮم وھﻨﺎ ﻧﻘﻮم ﺑﺘﻮﺟﯿﮫ دﻓﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ )ھﻮاء اﻟﺸﺎرع (ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ
ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻓﯿﺤﺪث ﺗﺒﺎدل ﺣﺮارى ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻠﻰ ﻗﺎدم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج ﻣﻦ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻰ ﺑﺪرﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﺠﻮ اﻟﻌﺎدى وﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد داﺧﻞ
اﻻﻧﺒﻮب ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن ﯾﻔﻘﺪ ﺣﺮارة اﻟﻰ اﻟﮭﻮاء اﻟﻠﻰ ﻗﺎدم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺎرج وﯾﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن اﻟﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ وﯾﻜﺘﺴﺐ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺣﺮارة وﯾﻌﻮد
ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج ﻣﺮة اﺧﺮى.
ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ) (3إﻟﻰ ) (4ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﺘﻤﺪدﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﺮارة اذا ﯾﺤﺪث اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻓﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﻟﻜﻦ ھﻨﺎ اﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻧﺴﺒﻰ )ﻣﺶ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ( وﻟﻜﻦ
ﻧﻘﺪر ﻧﻘﻮل ان اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ 3ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ اﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﯿﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ودرﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ 2وﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻔﺈﻟﻰ ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ھﻮ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻖ
ﻣﺠﺮد ان ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ ﻛﺎن ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ وﻓﺠﺄة اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺪااااا ﻓﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ ﺻﻐﺮ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ھﻰ ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﺘﻤﺪد وھﻨﺎ اﻟﻘﻄﺮ
ﺻﻐﺮ ﺟﺪااااا ﻓﯿﻘﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺟﺪاااااااااا ﻓﺘﻨﺨﻔﺾ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮاة ﺟﺪا ﺟﺪا وﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺎﺳﻮرة اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن ھﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﺠﺔ وﺑﻌﺪ ﺻﻤﺎم اﻟﺘﻤﺪد ﯾﺬھﺐ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن ﻟﻠﻨﻘﻄﺔ . 4
ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ذﻛﺮه وﻛﻞ اﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﻌﻤﻠﮫ ﻓﻰ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ )اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن (ﻣﺎ ھﻮ اﻻ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ) ( 4اﻟﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﯾﻜﻤﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن رﺣﻠﺘﮫ اﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ وطﺒﻌﺎ
ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﻨﺎ اﯾﮫ اﻟﻠﻰ ﯾﺤﺼﻞ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﯾﻮن ﻓﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺨﺮ .وطﺒﻌﺎ اﻟﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮة ﺛﻢ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻜﺒﺎس اﻟﺬى ﯾﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪ )اﻟﻔﺮﯾﻮن ( وﯾﻀﻐﻄﮫ وھﻨﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ
اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة .
Decorative ( Hi wall-
)Floor- ceiling water cold chiller
cassette
floor stand
split ducted
DX
VRV
ﯾﺘﻢ أﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﻜﯿﯿﻒ ﺑﮭﺪف ﺗﻮﻓﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﺪ اﻷدﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮوط اﻟﺮاﺣﺔ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ واﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ واﻷﻣﺎن ﻋﻨﺪ
أﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺪات ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻒ أو ﺗﮭﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎن ﻣﻊ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ ﺗﺮﺷﯿﺪ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻨﻈﯿﻢ وﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ
واﻟﺘﺨﻄﯿﻂ واﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺐ وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ واﻟﺘﺸﻐﯿﻞ واﻟﻔﺤﺺ واﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ واﻷﻣﺎن ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺎت ﺗﻜﯿﯿﻒ
اﻟﮭﻮاء واﻟﺘﮭﻮﯾﺔ
اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻰ ﯾﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﯿﯿﻒ-:
ﺗﻛﯾﯾف اﻟﮭواء ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن اﻟﺗﺣﻛم ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﮭواء ،رطوﺑﺗﮫ ،ﻧﻘﺎوﺗﮫ وﺳرﯾﺎﻧﮫ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﯾن ﻟﯾوﻓر وﺳطﺎ ً ﻣرﯾﺣﺎ ً ،ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻓﺻول
اﻟﺳﻧﺔ ،ﻟﺷﺎﻏﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن .
Ventilation اﻟﺗﮭوﯾـــــﺔ -
اﻟﺗﮭوﯾﺔ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﺗﺟدﯾد اﻟﮭواء ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﺎﻛن اﻟﻣﺷﻐوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎس ﻋن طرﯾق ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن ﺑﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﮭواء ﻓﻲ وﺣدة اﻟزﻣن ،وﺳﺣب ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ
ﻟﮭﺎ ،ﻟﻠﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟو ﺻﺣﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻐﺑﺎر ،اﻷﺗرﺑﺔ ،اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟﻔﺎﺳدة واﻟرواﺋﺢ اﻟﻛرﯾﮭﺔ
وﺣدة ﻗﯾﺎس ﺑرﯾطﺎﻧﯾﺔ وھﻰ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻣطﻠوﺑﺔ ﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة ) (ONE POUNDﻣﺎء درﺟﺔ واﺣدة ﻓﮭرﻧﮭﯾت.
أﺧﺬ ﺣﺮارة
72 °F 73 °F
1 BTU
ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺣرارة اﻟﻼزم ﻟرﻓﻊ درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة ONE POUNDﻷى ﻣﺎدة درﺟﺔ واﺣدة ﻓﮭرﻧﮭﯾت
ھﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﮭواء اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻰ )اﻟﺟو( وھﻰ درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة ) atmospheric condition surrounding outdoor air
)... temperatureوﻟﮭﺎ دور ھﺎم ﻋﻧد ﺣﺳﺎب اﻻﺣﻣﺎل اﻟﺣرارﯾﺔ ..ﯾﺟب أن ﺗؤﺧد ﻓﻰ اﻷﻋﺗﺑﺎر ﻋﻧد ﺗﻐﯾرھﺎ
ھﻮ اﻟﻘﺪرة اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﻌﺎدﻟﺬوﺑﺎن ﻟﻘﺎﻟﺐ ﺛﻠﺠﻲ ﺑﻮزن طﻦ ) ( 2000POUNDﺧﻼﻟﯿﻮم ) 24ﺳﺎﻋﺔ( ﻟﺤﯿﺰ ﻣﻌﯿﻦ وﺗﺴﺎوي 12000
BTU /HRوھﻲ أﯾﻀﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘﺒﺮﯾﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪة.
-اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ-:
ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻻﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺤﺮارﯾﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺘﯿﻦ اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﯿﺪوﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮاﻧﯿﻦ وطﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﮭﺎب ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ وﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻨﺎول
ﺷﺮﺣﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺘﺎﻧﯿﺔ وﻟﻜﻦ ھﺬه طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت وﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻐﻨﻰ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﻐﯿﺮ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﺮﯾﺔ
ﯾﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻞ 12ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﯾﻠﺰﻣﮫ واﺣﺪ طﻦ ﺗﺒﺮﯾﺪ وطﺒﻌﺎ ال واﺣﺪ طﻦ ﯾﺴﺎوى 12000 BTU \HR
ﯾﻌﻨﻰ ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻘﯿﻢ
ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻻرﺗﻔﺎع اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ 3ﻣﺘﺮ
ﻧﺤﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﻌﺐ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎن وﻧﻀﺮب ﻓﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﯿﻦ 250:280 BTU \HRﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ
T.R= 2.4 GPM وﯾطﺑق ھذا اﻟﻘﺎﻧون ﻓﻘط ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أن ﻓرق درﺟﺎت اﻟﺣرارة 10درﺟﺔ ﻣﺋوﯾﺔ
1KW=1.36 HP