PIPING CODES AND STANDARDS

For Piping Systems proper selection of Material of Construction along with

Specifications, Adherence to Codes and Standards is essential. Standardization reduces
cost, confusion and inconvenience. Standards are published by Professional Societies,
Committees and Trade Organizations. It is also accepted by Governments. The main
objective is to have Standardization and Safety.

CODE: A group of general rules or systematic procedures for Design, Fabrication,

Installation and Inspection methods prepared in such a manner that it can be adopted by
legal jurisdiction and made into a law.

Codes usually set forth requirements for design, materials, fabrication, erection, test, and
inspection of piping systems, whereas standards contain design and construction rules
and requirements for individual piping components such as elbows, tees, returns,
flanges, valves, and other in-line items. Compliance to code is generally mandated by
regulations imposed by regulatory and enforcement agencies. At times, the insurance
carrier for the facility leaves hardly any choice for the owner but to comply with the
requirements of a code or codes to ensure safety of the workers and the general public.
Compliance to standards is normally required by the rules of the applicable code or the
purchaser’s specification. Each code has limits on its jurisdiction, which are precisely
defined in the code.

STANDARDS : Documents prepared by a Professional group or Committee which are

believed to be good and proper Engineering Practices and which contain mandatory
requirement. the scope of application for each standard is defined in the standard.
Therefore, users must become familiar with limits of application of a code or standard
before invoking their requirements in design and construction documents of a piping
system.

The codes and standards which relate to piping systems and piping components are
published by various organizations. These organizations have committees made up of
representatives from industry associations, manufacturers, professional groups, users,
government agencies, insurance companies, and other interest groups. The committees
are responsible for maintaining, updating, and revising the codes and standards in view
of technological developments, research, experience feedback, problems, and changes
in referenced codes, standards, specifications, and regulations. The revisions to various
codes and standards are published periodically. Therefore, it is important that engineers,
designers, and other professional and technical personnel stay informed with the latest
editions, addenda, or revisions of the codes and standards affecting their work.

While designing a piping system in accordance with a code or a standard, the designer
must comply with the most restrictive requirements which apply to any of the piping
elements. In regard to applicability of a particular edition, issue, addendum, or revision of
a code or standard, one must be aware of the national, state, provincial, and local laws
and regulations governing its applicability in addition to the commitments made by the
owner and the limitations delineated in the code or standard. This chapter covers major
codes and standards related to piping.

Some of these codes and standards are discussed briefly, whereas others are listed for
convenience of reference.

USE OF CODES AND STANDARDS IN PIPING SYSTEM DESIGN

In practice, the assurance that the design and construction of a piping system will meet
prescribed pressure-integrity requirements is achieved through the use of published
codes and standards. Numerous codes and standards have been formulated and
published by major interest groups of the piping and pressure vessel industry. The most
widely used codes and standards for piping system design are published by the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) accredits many of these codes and standards.

Differentiation between Codes and Standards

Codes and standards both provide criteria through which pressure integrity can be
ensured and simplified design rules to ensure adherence to the criteria. Many designers
and engineers think the terms code and standard are synonymous, or at least somewhat
interchangeable, but this understanding is incorrect.

Codes. Piping codes provide specific design criteria such as permissible materials of
construction, allowable working stresses, and load sets that must be considered in
design. In addition, rules are provided to determine the minimum wall thickness and
structural behavior due to the effects of internal pressure, deadweight, seismic loads,
live loads, thermal expansion, and other imposed internal or external loads.

Piping codes provide design rules for nonstandard components and for the
reinforcement of openings in the pipe wall. They do not provide design rules for standard
in-line components such as valves, flanges, and standard fittings; rather, they define the
design requirements for these classes of components by reference to industry
standards.

The use of specific codes for the design and construction of piping systems is frequently
mandated by statute or regulations imposed by regulatory and enforcement agencies.

Typically codes are structured around technology or industry user lines. For example,
ASME B31.1, Power Piping, covers piping systems in power plants, district heating
plants, district distribution piping systems, and general industrial piping systems while
ASME B31.3, Process Piping, is structured around the chemical, petroleum, and
petrochemical industries. Any one of the above-named industrial facilities might have a
pipeline with similar service requirements such as a high-pressure steam main, a boiler
feed water line, or a cooling water line. However, the requirements of the specific code,
as influenced by the needs and experience of the user industry, will dictate the pipeline’s
design and construction requirements.
Many piping design and construction codes are listed in the section ‘‘Reference Codes
and Standards.’’ The systems and subsystems covered by these codes are defined in
their scope sections. The scope sections of all potentially applicable codes should be
reviewed early in the design phase of a piping project to determine which code, or
codes, should be applied to the piping design and construction. In some cases, multiple
codes may be required for the design and construction of the same piping system,
depending upon its location. For example, a steam main serving a petrochemical plant
from a major utility’s district heating system would be designed and constructed
toASMEB31.1, up to the petrochemical plant property line. The balance of the piping on
the petrochemical plant’s property would be designed to ASME B31.3. In the case of a
natural gas main serving a utility powerhouse, the outdoor piping is designed and
constructed to ASME B31.8 up to and including the meter set, and the in-plant piping is
designed and constructed to ASME B31.1. For more details, refer to Chap. A4.
Sometimes, different piping systems within the same building or facility will be designed
and constructed to different codes. For example, most of the piping systems in a utility
power plant are designed and constructed to ASME B31.l. However, the building heating
and air conditioning piping systems are designed and constructed to ASME B31.9,
Building Services Piping.

Standards. Standards provide specific design criteria and rules for individual
components or classes of components such as valves, flanges, and fittings. There are
two general types of standards: dimensional and pressure integrity.

Dimensional standards provide configuration control parameters for components. The

main purpose of dimensional standards is to ensure that similar components
manufactured by different suppliers will be physically interchangeable. Conformity to a
particular dimensional standard during the manufacture of a product does not imply that
all such similarly configured products will provide equal performance.

For example, two different styles of NPS 10 (DN 250) Class 150 flanged end gate valves
could be manufactured, in part, to ASME B16.10, Face-to-Face and End-to-End
Dimensions of Valves. The valves would be physically interchangeable between mating
flanges in a particular piping system. However, because of completely different seat and
disk design, one valve might be capable of meeting far more stringent seat leakage
criteria than the other.

Pressure-integrity standards provide uniform minimum-performance criteria.

Components designed and manufactured to the same standards will function in an
equivalent manner. For example, all NPS 10 (DN 250) Class 150 ASTM A105 flanges,
which are constructed in accordance with ASME B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged
Fittings, have a pressure-temperature rating of 230 psig (1590 kPa gage) at 300_F
(149_C).

Statute or regulation does not normally mandate standards; rather they are usually
invoked by a construction code or purchaser’s specification.

Codes vs. Standards

One common misperception is that if nonmetallic process piping systems utilize
components and installation procedures that conform to some ASTM standards, then the
ASME B31.3 Code is somehow irrelevant. At the heart of this misperception is confusion
over what a code is and what a standard is. A standard, such as ASTM mandates,
typically covers the manufacture of specific components or installation techniques, which
make up only a part of a system. A code, on the other hand, covers an entire system
from design to installation and testing, and references which standards (e.g. ASTM
Standards) are approved or listed by that code. Thus, a code is more encompassing
than a consensus standard and does not replace a standard, but explains how to
incorporate that standard into a functioning system.

Reference Codes and Standards

The following listing identifies the codes and standards used for most design work done
for modern power and industrial piping systems. It has been prepared as a ready
reference.

AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is one of the leading
organizations in the world which develops and publishes codes and standards. The
ASME established a committee in 1911 to formulate rules for the construction of steam
boilers and other pressure vessels. This committee is now known as the ASME Boiler
and Pressure Vessel Committee, and it is responsible for the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code. In addition, the ASME has established other committees which develop
many other codes and standards, such as the ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping.
These committees follow the procedures accredited by the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI).

The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. This Code covers a wide variety of
pressure-integrity-related design and construction applications. Certain sections of the
Code provide rules for the design of piping systems:

Section I: Rules for Construction of Power Boilers

Section III: Rules for Construction of Nuclear Plant Components
Section IV: Rules for Construction of Heating Boilers
Section VIII: Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels

ASME B31: CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

Starting with Project B31 in March 1926, the first edition of American tentative Standard
Code for Pressure Piping was published in 1935. In view of continuous industry
developments and increases in diversified needs over the years, decisions were made to
publish several sections of the Code for Pressure Piping. Since December 1978, the
American National Standards Committee B31 was reorganized as the ASME Code for
Pressure Piping B31 Committee under procedures developed by the ASME and
accredited by ANSI.

The ASME Pressure Piping Codes. These codes are commonly used for the design of
commercial power and industrial piping systems:
B31.1, Power Piping
B31.2, Fuel Gas Piping
B31.3, Process Piping
B31.4, Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas,
Anhydrous Ammonia and Alcohols
B31.5, Refrigeration Piping
B31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems
B31.9, Building Services Piping
B31.11, Slurry Transportation Piping Systems
B31G, Manual for Determining the Remaining Strength of Corroded Pipelines*
ASME Guide for Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems*

B31.1 - 2001 - Power Piping: Piping for industrial plants and marine applications. This
code prescribes minimum requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection,
test, and inspection of power and auxiliary service piping systems for electric generation
stations, industrial institutional plants, central and district heating plants.
The code covers boiler external piping for power boilers and high temperature, high
pressure water boilers in which steam or vapor is generated at a pressure of more than
15 pounds per square inch (PSIG) or 1 Kg per square centimeters, and high temperature
water is generated at pressures exceeding 160 pounds per square inch (PSIG) or 12.5
Kg per square centimeters and / or temperatures exceeding 250 degrees F. (120
degrees C.)

B31.2 - 1968 - Fuel Gas Piping: This has been withdrawn as a National Standard and
replaced by ANSI/NFPA Z223.1, but B31.2 is still available from ASME and is a good
reference for the design of gas piping systems (from the meter to the appliance).

B31.3 - 2002 - Process Piping: Design of chemical and petroleum plants and refineries
processing chemicals and hydrocarbons, water and steam. This Code contains rules for
piping typically found in petroleum refineries; chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper,
semiconductor, and cryogenic plants; and related processing plants and terminals.
This Code prescribes requirements for materials and components, design, fabrication,
assembly, erection, examination, inspection, and testing of piping. This Code applies to
piping for all fluids including:

 Raw, intermediate, and finished chemicals

 Petroleum products
 Gas, steam, air and water
 Fluidized solids
 Refrigerants
 Cryogenic fluids

Also included is piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged

equipment assembly.

The principal design codes used for piping design are the ANSI/ASME B31.1(Code for
Power Piping) and ANSI/ASME B31.3 (Code for Process Piping). Complementing these
codes are ASME VIII (Code for Pressure Vessel) and British Standard BS5500 for
unfired fusion welded pressure vessel.

The basic consideration of B31.1 Code is safety. It includes:

a. Material and component standards

b. Designation of dimensional standards for elements of piping system

c. Requirements for design of components, including supports

d. Requirements for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions and movements

associated with pressure, temperatures and external forces

e. Requirements for fabrication, assembly and erection

f. Requirements for testing and inspection before and after assembly.

B31.4 - 2002 - Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other
Liquids : This Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, construction,
assembly, inspection, and testing of piping transporting liquids such as crude oil,
condensate, natural gasoline, natural gas liquids, liquefied petroleum gas, carbon
dioxide, liquid alcohol, liquid anhydrous ammonia and liquid petroleum products between
producers' lease facilities, tank farms, natural gas processing plants, refineries, stations,
ammonia plants, terminals (marine, rail and truck) and other delivery and receiving
points.
Piping consists of pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets, valves, relief devices, fittings and the
pressure containing parts of other piping components. It also includes hangers and
supports, and other equipment items necessary to prevent overstressing the pressure
containing parts. It does not include support structures such as frames of buildings,
buildings stanchions or foundations.

B31.5 - 2001 - Refrigeration Piping and Heat Transfer Components : This Code
prescribes requirements for the materials, design, fabrication, assembly, erection, test,
and inspection of refrigerant, heat transfer components, and secondary coolant piping
for temperatures as low as -320 deg F (-196 deg C), whether erected on the premises or
factory assembled, except as specifically excluded in the following paragraphs.
Users are advised that other piping Code Sections may provide requirements for
refrigeration piping in their respective jurisdictions. This Code shall not apply to:

1. any self- contained or unit systems subject to the requirements of

Underwriters Laboratories or other nationally recognized testing
laboratory.
2. water piping
3. piping designed for external or internal gage pressure not exceeding 15
psi (105 kPa) regardless of size
4. pressure vessels, compressors, or pumps, but does include all
connecting refrigerant and secondary coolant piping starting at the first
joint adjacent to such apparatus.

B31.8 - 2003 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems : This Code covers
the design, fabrication, installation, inspection, and testing of pipeline facilities used for
the transportation of gas. This Code also covers safety aspects of the operation and
maintenance of those facilities.

B31.8S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines : This Standard

applies to on-shore pipeline systems constructed with ferrous materials and that
transport gas. Pipeline system means all parts of physical facilities through which gas is
transported, including pipe, valves, appurtenances attached to pipe, compressor units,
metering stations, regulator stations, delivery stations, holders and fabricated
assemblies. The principles and processes embodied in integrity management are
applicable to all pipeline systems. This Standard is specifically designed to provide the
operator (as defined in section 13) with the information necessary to develop and
implement an effective integrity management program utilizing proven industry practices
and processes. The processes and approaches within this Standard are applicable to
the entire pipeline system.

B31.9 - 1996 - Building Services Piping : This Code Section has rules for the piping in
industrial, institutional, commercial and public buildings, and multi-unit residences, which
does not require the range of sizes, pressures, and temperatures covered in B31.1. This
Code prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, installation,
inspection, examination and testing of piping systems for building services. It includes
piping systems in the building or within the property limits.

B31.11 - 2002 - Slurry Transportation Piping Systems : Design, construction, inspection,

security requirements of slurry piping systems. Covers piping systems that transport
aqueous slurries of no hazardous materials, such as coal, mineral ores and other solids
between a slurry processing plant and the receiving plant.

Other major ANSI / ASME Standards refereed for the piping elements are
1. ANSI B 1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads
2. ANSI / ASME B 1.20.1 - Pipe threads for general purposes
3. ANSI / ASME B 16.1 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
4. ANSI / ASME B 16.3 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
5. ANSI / ASME B 16.4 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
6. ANSI / ASME B 16.5 - Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
7. ANSI / ASME B 16.9 - Steel Butt Welding Fittings
8. ANSI / ASME B 16.10 - Face to Face and End to End dimensions of Valves
9. ANSI / ASME B 16.11 - Forged Steel Socket Welding and Threaded fittings
10. ANSI B 16.20 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges - ring joint, spiral wound
11. ANSI / ASME B 16.21 - Non Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
12. ANSI / ASME B 16.25 - Butt Welding Ends
13. ANSI / ASME B 16.28 - Short Radius Elbows and Returns
14. ANSI / ASME B 16.34 - Steel Valves, Flanged and butt welding ends
15. ANSI / ASME B 16.42 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings -
Class 150# and 300#
16. ANSI / ASME B 16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges - NPS - 26" to 60"
17. ANSI / ASME B 18.2 1 and 2 - Square and Hexagonal head Bolts and Nuts
(Inch and mm)
18. ANSI / ASME B 36.10 - Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipes
19. ANSI / ASME B 36.19 - Welded and Seamless Austinitic Stainless Steel Pipe

BRITISH STANDARDS: In many instances, it is possible to find a British Standard

which may be substitutes for American Standards. For example, BS 2080 (British
Standard for Face to Face or End to End dimensions of valves) is identical to
ANSI/ASME B16.10. Similarly BS 3799 and ANSI/ASME B 16.11 also compare.
There are certain British Standards referred by Indian Manufacturers for Piping and
Valves. The most commonly referred British Standards in the Piping Industry are :
o BS 10 : Flanges
o BS 806 : Pipes and Fittings for Boilers
o BS 916 : Black Bolts, Nuts and Screws
o BS 970 : Steel for Forging, Bars, Rods, valve steel, etc.
o BS 1212 : Specification for Float Operated Valves
o BS 1306 : Copper and Copper alloy pressure piping system
o BS 1414 : Gate Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 1560 : Steel Pipe Flanges
o BS 1600 : Dimensions of Steel Pipes
o BS 1640 : Butt Welding Fittings
o BS 1740 : Wrought Steel screwed pipe fittings
o BS 1868 : Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 1873 : Steel Globe and Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 1965 : Butt welding pipe fittings
o BS 2080 : Face to Face / End to End dimensions of Valves
o BS 2598 : Glass Pipelines and Fittings
o BS 3059 : Boiler and Super-heater Tubes
o BS 3063 : Dimensions of Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
o BS 3381 : Metallic Spiral Wound Gaskets
o BS 3600 : Dimensions of Welded and Seamless Pipes and Tubes
o BS 3601 : C.S. Pipes and Tubes for pressure purposes at room temperature
o BS 3602 : C.S. Pipes and Tubes for pressure purposes at high temperature
o BS 3603 : C.S. and Alloy Steel Pipes and Tubes for pressure purposes at low
temperature
o BS 3604 : Alloy Steel Pipes and Tubes for high temperature
o BS 3605 : SS Pipes and Tubes for pressure purposes
o BS 3799 : Socket Weld / Screwed Fittings
o BS 3974 : Pipe hangers, Slides and Roller type supports
o BS 4346 : PVC pressure pipe - joints and fittings
o BS 4504 : Steel, Cast Iron and Copper alloy fittings
o BS 5150 : Cast Iron Wedge and Double Disc Gate Valves for general
purposes
o BS 5151 : Cast Iron Gate (parallel slide) Valves for general purposes
o BS 5152 : Cast Iron Globe and Check Valves for general purposes
o BS 5153 : Cast Iron Check Valves for general purposes
o BS 5154 : Copper alloy Globe, Gate and Check Valves
o BS 5155 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Butterfly Valves for general purposes
o BS 5156 : Diaphragm Valves for general purposes
o BS 5157 : Steel Gate (parallel slide) Valves for general purposes
o BS 5158 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Plug Valves for general purposes
o BS 5159 : Cast Iron and Cast Steel Ball Valves for general purposes
o BS 5160 : Flanged Steel Globe and Check Valves for general purposes
o BS 5163 : Flanged Cast Iron Wedge Gate Valves for general purposes
o BS 5351 : Steel Ball Valves for Petroleum Industry
o BS 5352 : Steel Gate, Globe and Check Valves, smaller than 2" NB
o BS 5353 : Specifications for Plug Valves
o BS 5391 : Specifications for ABS pressure pipes
o BS 5392 : Specifications for ABS fittings
 o BS 5433 : Specifications for underground stop valves for water services
o BS 5480 : Specifications for GRP pipes and fittings
o BS 6364 : Specifications for Valves for Cryogenic services
o BS 6755 : Testing of Valves
o BS 6759 : Safety Valves

INDIAN STANDARDS: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has so far not developed
an Indian Standard for the design of Piping Systems. Hence, ANSI Standards ASME
31.1 and 31.3 are widely used for the design. These standards also accept materials
covered in other standards. Unlike American Standards, Indian Standards cover
dimensions and material specifications under the same standard number. There are
no groupings based on branch of engineering. Some of the most commonly referred
Indian Standards by Piping Engineers are :

o IS 210 : Grey Iron Castings

o IS 226 : Structural Steel (superseded by IS 2062)
o IS 554 : Dimensions of Pipe Threads
o IS 778 : Specification for Copper Alloy Gate, Globe and Check Valves
o IS 780 : Specification for Sluice Valves - 50 NB to 300 NB
o IS 1239 (Part I and II) : Specification for Mild Steel tubes and fittings
o IS 1363 : Hexagonal Bolts, Screws and nuts - Grade C
o IS 1364 : Hexagonal Bolts, Screws and nuts - Grade A and B
o IS 1367 : Technical supply conditions for threaded steel fastners
o IS 1536 : Centrifugally Cast Iron Pipes
o IS 1537 : Vertically Cast Iron Pipes
o IS 1538 : Cast Iron Fittings
o IS 1870 : Comparison of Indian and Overseas Standards
o IS 1879 : Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings
o IS 1978 : Line Pipe
o IS 1979 : High Test Line Pipe
o IS 2002 : Steel Plates
o IS 2016 : Plain Washers
o IS 2041 : Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels used at moderate and low
temperature
o IS 2062 : Steel for general structural purposes
o IS 2379 : Color Code for Identification of Pipelines
o IS 2712 : Compressed Asbestos Fiber Jointing
o IS 2825 : Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels
o IS 2906 : Specification for Sluice Valves - 350 NB to 1200 NB
o IS 3076 : Specification for LDPE Pipes
o IS 3114 : Code of Practice for laying pipes
o IS 3516 : Cast Iron flanges and flanged fittings for Petroleum Industry
o IS 3589 : Seamless or ERW Pipes (150 NB to 2000 NB)
o IS 4038 : Specifications for Foot Valves
o IS 4179 : Sizes for pressure vessels and leading dimensions
o IS 4853 : Radiographic Examination of Butt Weld Joints in pipes
o IS 4864 to IS 4870 : Shell Flanges for vessels and equipments
o IS 4984 : Specification for HDPE Pipes
o IS 4985 : Specification for PVC Pipes
 o IS 5312 : Specification for Check Valves
o IS 5572 : Classification of Hazardous area for Electrical Installation
o IS 5822 : Code of practice for laying welded steel pipes
o IS 6157 : Inspection and Testing of Valve
o IS 6286 : Seamless and Welded pipes for Subzero temperatures
o IS 6392 : Steel Pipe Flanges
o IS 6630 : Seamless alloy steel pipes for high temperature service
o IS 6913 : Stainless Steel tubes for food and beverage industry
o IS 7181 : Horizontally cast iron pipes
o IS 7240 : Code of Practice for Cold Insulation
o IS 7413 : Code of Practice for Hot Insulation
o IS 7719 : Metallic spiral wound gaskets
o IS 7806 : Stainless Steel Castings
o IS 7899 : Alloy Steel castings for pressure services
o IS 8008 : Specification for molded HDPE Fittings
o IS 8360 : Specification for fabricated HDPE Fittings
o IS 9890 : Ball Valves for general purposes
o IS 10221 : Code of Practice for coating and wrapping of underground MS
pipelines
o IS 10592 : Eye wash and safety showers
o IS 10605 : Steel Globe Valves for Petroleum Industries
o IS 10611 : Steel Gate Valves for Petroleum Industries
o IS 10711 : Size of Drawing Sheets
o IS 10805 : Foot Valves
o IS 10989 : Cast / Forged Steel Check Valves for Petroleum Industry
o IS 10990 : Technical drawings - Simplified representation of pipelines
o IS 11790 : Code of Practice for preparation of Butt welding ends for
valves, flanges and fittings
o IS 11791 : Diaphragm Valves for general purposes
o IS 11792 : Steel Ball Valves for Petroleum Industry
o IS 12709 : Specifications for GRP pipes
o IS 13049 : Specifications for Diaphragm type float operated valves
o IS 13095 : Butterfly Valves
o IS 13257 : Ring type joint gasket and grooves for flanges

There are certain other international standards, which are also referred in Piping
Industry. These are DIN standards of Germany and JIS standards of Japan. DIN
standards are more popular and equivalent.

Periodic reviews of the standards by the committee are done and these are revised to
incorporate the modified features based on the research and feedback from industry. It
is, hence, necessary that the latest editions of the codes and standards are referred for
the design.

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was earlier known as the American
Standards Association (ASA). For a short period of time, from 1967 to 1969, it was called
the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI). ANSI provides a forum for
development or obtaining a consensus for approval of standards having national impact
and serves as a focal point for distribution of national and other standards, including
those developed and issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
and foreign governments. Development and approval functions are performed by
committees representing a cross section of affected interests, such as engineering
societies, manufacturers, trade institutes, fabricators, builders, universities, unions,
insurance companies, and government agencies. Many of the committees are chaired or
sponsored by engineering societies, such as ASME and the Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

Safety is the basic objective of the engineering design and construction requirements
contained in standards developed, approved, and distributed by ANSI. The ANSI
standards include prohibition for practices considered unsafe and cautions where
advisory warnings, instead of prohibitions, are deemed necessary.

This chapter provides a brief discussion of various sections of ASME B31, Pressure
Piping Code, which was earlier known as ANSI B31, Pressure Piping Code. It is
envisioned that other ANSI standards may eventually become known as ASME
standards; however, they shall be subjected to approval of the ANSI. The following ANSI
standards contain provisions related to piping.

ANSI Standards
A13.1-96 Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems
A112.1.2-91 Air Gaps in Plumbing Systems PIPING CODES AND STANDARDS A.203
A112.6.1M-88 Supports for Off-the-Floor Plumbing Fixtures for Public Use
A112.18.1M-96 Plumbing Fixture Fittings
A112.19.IM-94 Enameled Cast Iron Plumbing Fixtures
A112.19.3M-87 Stainless Steel Plumbing Fixtures (designed for residential use) (R1996)
A112.21.1M-91 Floor Drains
A112.21.2M-83 Roof Drains (revision of ANSI A112.21.2-1971)
A112.36.2M-91 Cleanouts (revision of ANSI A112.36.2-1983)
AG-1-94 Code on Nuclear Air and Gas Treatment

The ASME Pressure-Integrity Standards. The standards listed below provide design
and manufacturing criteria for many commonly used piping components:
B16.1, Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.3, Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
B16.4, Gray Iron Threaded Fittings
B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (NPS 1⁄₂ Through NPS 24)
B16.9, Factory Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
B16.11, Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
B16.15, Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings (Class 125 and 250)
B16.18, Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
B16.22, Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings
B16.24, Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings (Class 150, 300, 400,
600, 900, 1500, and 2500)
B16.26, Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes
B16.28, Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
B16.33, Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems up to
125 psig (Sizes 1⁄₂ Through 2)
B16.34, Valves—Flanged, Threaded and Welding End
B16.36, Orifice Flanges
B16.38, Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution (Manually Operated, NPS
21⁄₂ to 12, 125 psig Maximum)
B16.39, Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions, Classes 150, 250, and 300
B16.42, Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes 150 and 300
B16.47, Large Diameter Steel Flanges (NPS 26 Through NPS 60)

The ASME Dimensional Standards. Listed below are the most commonly used piping-
related dimensional standards:
B1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
B1.20.3, Dryseal Pipe Threads (Inch)
B16.10, Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
B16.20, Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges—Ring Joint, Spiral Wound, and Jacketed
B16.21, Non-Metallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges
B16.25, Buttwelding Ends
B36.10M, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe
B36.19M, Stainless Steel Pipe