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5HT6 Receptors
5HT6 receptors are postsynaptic and may be key regulators of the release
of acetylcholine and cognitive processes. Blocking this receptor improves learning
and memory in experimental animals. 5HT6 antagonists have been proposed as
novel pro-cognitive agents for the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia when
added on to an atypical antipsychotic. Some atypical antipsychotics are potent
5HT6 antagonists (clozapine, olanzapine, asenapine) relative to D 2 binding (Figure
5-30A) and other atypical antipsychotics have moderate or weak binding to 5HT 6
receptors relative to D2 binding (quetiapine, ziprasidone, iloperidone, aripiprazole,
brexpiprazole) (Figure 5-30A, B, C), but it remains unclear how this action
contributes to any of their clinical profiles.
5HT7 Receptors
5HT7 receptors are postsynaptic and are important regulators of serotonin
release. When blocked, serotonin release is disinhibited, especially when 5HT 7
antagonismis combined with serotonin reuptake inhibition. This is discussed in
further detail later in this chapter and also in Chapter 7 on antidepressants. Novel
5HT7-selective antagonists are thought to be regulators of circadian rhythms,
sleep, and mood in experimental animals. Several proven antidepressants have at
least moderate affinity for 5HT7 receptors as antagonists, including amoxapine,
desipramine, imipramine, mianserin, fluoxetine, and the experimental
antidepressant vortioxetine. Several of the pines and dones are potent 5HT 7
antagonists relative to D2 binding (to the left of D2 for clozapine, quetiapine, and
asenapine in Figure 5-30A, and to the left of D2 for risperidone, paliperidone, and
lurasidone in Figure 5-30B). Other pines, dones, and the two pips and a rip have
moderate affinities as well (to the right in Figure 5-30A, B, C) which are
potentially clinically relevant.
It is plausible but unproven that 5HT 7 antagonism contributes to the
known antidepressant actions of quetiapine, especially in combination with
SSRIs/ SNRIs, and in combination with its other potential antidepressant
mechanisms discussed above for quetiapine such as NET inhibition, 5HT 2C
antagonism, and 5HT1A partial agonism. It is also plausible but unproven that
5HT7 antagonism could contribute to the known antidepressant actions of
aripiprazole, especially in combination with SSRIs/SNRIs and in combination
with its 5HT1A partial agonism. This leads to speculation that lurasidone,
asenapine, brexpiprazole, and others could have antidepressant potential in
unipolar major depressive disorder, especially in combination with SSRIs/SNRIs,
but more clinical trials are necessary at this time to prove this. Recent data already
indicate antidepressant actions of lurasidone in bipolar depression.
Figure 5-29. 5HT2C binding by atypical antipsychotics. Shown here is a visual
depiction of the binding profiles of atypical antipsychotics (see Figure 5-1). (A)
All of the “pines” (clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, asenapine) bind more
potently to the 5HT2C receptor than they do to the D2 receptor. (B) All of the
“dones” (risperidone, paliperidone, ziprasidone, iloperidone, lurasidone) have
some affinity for the 5HT2C receptor, though none with more potency than at the
D2 receptor. (C) Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine all have relatively
weak affinity for the 5HT2C receptor.
Figure 5-30. 5HT6 and 5HT7 binding by atypical antipsychotics. Shown here is a
visual depiction of the binding profiles of atypical antipsychotics (see Figure 5-1).
(A) Clozapine, olanzapine, and asenapine each bind more potently to the 5HT 6
receptor, whereas binding of quetiapine to 5HT6 receptors is relatively weak.
Clozapine, quetiapine, and asenapine each have greater affinity for the 5HT 7
receptor compared to the D2 receptor. Olanzapine also binds to the 5HT7 receptor,
but with relatively weak potency. (B) Of the dones, only ziprasidone and
iloperidone bind to 5HT6, and in both cases this 5HT 6 affinity is weaker than for
the D2 receptor. Risperidone, paliperidone, and lurasidone have greater affinity for
the 5HT7 receptor than for the D2 receptor. Ziprasidone also has relatively potent
binding at the 5HT7 receptor, though with less affinity than for D2 receptors. (C)
Aripiprazole and brexpiprazole have relatively weak affinity for 5HT 6 receptors.
Aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, and cariprazine all bind to the 5HT 7 receptor, though
none with more potency than for the D2 receptor.
Gambar 5.28 5HT1B/D diikat dengan antisikotik atipikal. Gambar ini menunjukan
penggambaran visual dari pengikatan antipsikotik atypical (lihat gambar 5-1). (A)
Clozapine, olanzapine, dan asenapine semua terikat relatif lemah ke reseptor
5HT1B, dimana quetiapine dan asenapine berikatan ke reseptor 5HT1D. (B)
Risperidon, paliperidone, ziprasidone, dan iloperidone semua memiliki afinitas
terhadap reseptor 5HT1B dan 5HT1D. Secara khusus, ziprasidone lebih poten
berikatan dengan reseptor 5HT1B daripada dengan reseptor 5HT1D. Lurasidone
tidak beikatan dengan 5HT1B/D. (C) Aripiprazole dan brexipiprazol masing-masing
berikatan secara lemah dengan reseptor 5HT1B, aripiprazole juga berikatan dengan
reseptor 5HT1D, cariprazine tidak berikatan dengan 5HT1B/D.
Reseptor 5HT3
Reseptor 5HT6
Merupakan hal yang masuk akal namun belum terbukti bahwa antagonis
5HT7 memberi kontribusi terhadap aksi antidepresan dari quetiapin, khususnya
kombinasi dengan SSRI/SNRI, dan pada kombinasi dengan mekanisme
antidepresan potensial lainnya didiskusikan di atas untuk quetiapine seperti
inhibisi NET, antagonis 5HT2C dan antagonis parsial 5HT1A. Juga merupakan hal
yang masuk akal namun belum terbukti bahwa antagonis 5HT 7 dapat
berkontribusi pada aksi antidepresan dari aripiprazole, khususnya kombinasi
dengan SSRI/SNRI dan pada kombinasi dengan agonis parsial 5HT 1A. Hal ini
menyebabkan spekulasi bahwa lurasidone, asenapine, brexiprazole, dan lainnya
dapat memiliki potensial antidepresan pada gangguan depresi mayor unipolar,
khususnya pada kombinasi dengan SSRI/SNRI, namun penelitian klinis
diperlukan untuk membuktikan hal ini. Data saat ini sudah menunjukan aksi
antidepresan lurasidone pada depresi bipolar.
Gambar 5-29. 5HT2C berikatan dengan antipsikotik atipikal. Ditunjukan disini
gambaran visual dari ikatan antipsikotik atipikal (Lihat Gambar 5-1). (A) Semua
“pines” (clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, asenapine) berikatan lebih poten
dengan reseptor 5HT2C daripada ikatan mereka dengan reseptor D2. (B) Semua
“dones” (risperidone, palliperidone, ziprasidone, iloperidone, lurasidone)
memiliki beberapa afinitas terhadap reseptor 5HT2C, walaupun tidak ada yang
lebih poten daripada reseptor D2. (C) Aripiprazol, brexiprazole, dan cariprazine
semua memiliki afinitas yang relatif lemah terhadap reseptor 5HT2C.
Gambar 5-30. 5HT6 dan 5HT7 berikatan dengan antipsikotik atipikal.
Ditunjukkan disini gambaran visual dari ikatan antipsikotik atipikal (lihat Gambar
5-1). (A) Clozapine, olanzapine, dan asenapine masing-masing berikatan lebih
poten terhadap reseptor 5HT6, dimana ikatan quetiapine dengan reseptor 5HT6
relatif lemah. Clozapine, quetiapine, dan asenapine masing-masing memiliki
afinitas yang lebih baik terhadap reseptor 5HT7 dibandingkan reseptor D2.
Olanzapine juga berikatan dengan reseptor 5HT7 namun dengan potensi yang
relatif lebih lemah. (B) dari golongan “dones”, hanya ziprasidone dan iloperidone
berikatan dengan 5HT6 dan pada kasus sama afinitas 5HT6 lebih lemah daripada
untuk reseptor D2. Risperidone, paliperidone, dan lurasidone memiliki afinitas
yang lebih baik terhadap reseptor 5HT7 daripada untuk reseptor D2. Ziprasidone
juga relatif poten berikatan dengan reseptor 5HT7, meskipun dengan afinitas yang
lebih lemah daripada reseptor D2. (C) Aripiprazole dan brexiprazole memiliki
afinitas yang relatif lemah terhadap reseptor 5HT6. Aripiprazole, brexiprazole dan
cariprazine semua berikatan dengan reseptor 5HT 7, meskipun tidak ada yang lebih
poten daripada reseptor D2.