Professional Documents
Culture Documents
i
..................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction............................................................................................................................ii
Technical Terms......................................................................................................................iii
Self check...................................................................................................................16
Self-Check 2.3....................................................................................................................... 23
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Information Sheet 3.1...........................................................................................................44
Answer Keys..........................................................................................................................50
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Welcome to the Module “Introducing Computer System”. This module contains training
materials and activities for you to complete.
The unit of competency “Introduce Computer System” contains knowledge, skills and
attitudes required for a Computer Hardware Servicing NC II course.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete each of
the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome there are Information Sheets
and Activity Sheets. Follow these activities on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end
of each learning activity.
If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your teacher for assistance.
You may already have some of the knowledge and skills covered in this module because
you have:
o been working for some time
o Already have completed training in this area.
If you can demonstrate to your students that you are competent in a particular skill or
skills, talk to him/her about having them formally recognized so you don’t have to do he same
training again. If you have a qualification or Certificate of Competency from previous training
shows it to your students. If the skills you acquired are still current and relevant to this module,
they may become part of the evidence you can present for RPL. If you are not sure about the
currency of your skills, discuss it with your teacher.
After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your competency. Result of your
assessment will be recorded in your competency profile. All the learning activities are designed
for you to complete at your own pace.
Inside this module you will find the activities for you to complete followed by relevant
information sheets for each learning outcome. Each learning outcome may have more than one
learning activity.
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Program/ Course: Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency: Introduce Computer System
Module: Introducing Computer System
INTRODUCTION:
Completion of this module will help you better understand the succeeding module on
Computer Hardware Servicing.
This module consists of 3 learning outcomes. Each learning outcome contains learning
activities supported by each instruction sheets. Before you perform the instructions read the
information sheets and answer the self-check and activities provided to as certain to yourself
and your teacher that you have acquired the knowledge necessary to perform the skill portion
of the particular learning outcome.
Upon completion of this module, report to your teacher for assessment to check your
achievement of knowledge and skills requirement of this module. If you pass the assessment,
you will be given a certificate of completion.
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
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Program/ Course: Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency: Introduce Computer System
Module: Introducing Computer System
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
RESOURCES:
REFERENCES:
http://www.empf.org/empfasis/aug04/prop.htm
http://www.lakeland.cc.il.us/~internal/policymanual/10fiscalaffairs/1026.POL.htm
www.gao.gov/new.items/d0871.pdf]
www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/nmpmcnl6045.pdf
www.cdpr.ca.gov
www.freepatentsonline.com
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What are computers?
Computers are electronic devices that are capable of processing data/information given
in the form of numbers, words, pictures, and even sounds.
They can be programmed (given instructions) to carry out various kinds of information
processing jobs.
Application of Computers
Various kinds of jobs that are done using computers:
SCIENTIFIC COMPUTATIONS
KEEPING TRACK OF INFORMATION -- BANKING, RAILWAYS OR AIRLINES RESERVATIONS
PREPARATION OF DOCUMENTS AND MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATIONS
SIMULATION OF REAL OR IMAGINARY WORLD SCENES – VIRTUAL REALITY, COMPUTER
GAMES
STORING AND SHARING INFORMATION – WORLD WIDE WEB
Mainframe Computers
Large and powerful computers that are used by many people (users) at the same time;
typically installed in large organizations.
Located in a central place and accessed by users via computer terminals or other
computers placed at different locations and connected to the mainframe computer.
Supercomputers
Extremely powerful mainframe computers used in scientific and engineering
applications.
Minicomputers
• Minicomputers are medium sized computers -- Between Mainframe computers
and Microcomputers
• Are also used by many users at the same time
• Used in small organizations.
Components of a Computer
The components of a computer are classified into the three main categories –
hardware, software and documentation
Hardware: The mechanical and electronic parts that perform the various
tasks of the computer
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Software: The programs or instructions that tell the hardware what tasks
are to be done and how.
Firmware/Documentation: Instructions in read only memory (ROM).
Hardware components
Computer Software/Program
A software/program is a sequence of commands written in a computer
programming language that specifies a task the computer will perform.
Some of the computer programming languages are:
VISUAL BASIC,C, C++, JAVA
Operating System
• Operating system (OS) is the basic software responsible for interacting with the
hardware.
• It is the foundation on which user programs and application programs are built.
• It helps the user to enter programs or data, store them in files and execute
programs.
• Two popular operating systems in use today are
Unix – for mainframes and minicomputers.
Windows and Linux – used for personal computers.
User Programs
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• User Programs: Written by users or programmers for themselves or for their
organization.
Application Programs
• Computers are increasingly being used in almost every activity - business,
industry, commerce, health, education, entertainment, sports, etc.
• Application programs is the catch-all name for all programs that are used for
carrying out specific tasks - office document creation, pay roll processing, …
Word processing
Desktop Publishing
Spreadsheets
Firmware
Multiple choice:
2. What do you call software that interacts with the computer hardware?
a) Applications b) Operating System c) Firmware d) Spreadsheets
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3. The mechanical and electrical part of the computer system.
a) Software b) Hardware c) Unix d) Firmware
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_standard
http://www.technet.unsw.edu.au/tohss/swp.htm
http://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/healthsafety/safeworkprocedures
http://www.empf.org/empfasis/aug04/prop.htm
http://www.lakeland.cc.il.us/~internal/policymanual/10fiscalaffairs/1026.POL.htm
Your PC’s system case is probably high on the list of components you think about the
least. However, in spite of the fact that the system case has only one or two components
that are active, namely the power supply and the front panel, the PC’s case plays a major
role in the PC’s operation.
In spite of the fact that the PC’s case just seems to sit there, it does perform a
number of very valuable functions.
Provides the aesthetics of the system
Provides the PC with its structure
Provides protection and cooling for the electronics and other devices
mounted inside
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Computer case comes in al sizes, shapes, colors and faces. These variations in size
and shape are driven by the case’s form factor. The form factor of the case is its shape, the
way its components fit together and most of all its size. Typically, the form factor of a PC
includes its case, power supply and motherboard, because these components must fit
together to supply protection, power and safety.
Chassis the skeletal framework that provides the structure, rigidity and
strength of the case.
Cover plays an important role in the cooling, protection and structure of the
PC.
Power Supply a very important component, not only to the case assembly,
but to the PC and its other components.
Front panel in addition to providing the PC with its looks and color, the front
panel also provides information on the PC’s status, allows the user to
physically secure the PC and on some case types, it is the starting point for
removing the case cover.
Power switch
Reset switch
Status LED
Power LED typically green in color and illuminated when the
PC’s power is on.
Hard drive LED when the drive is seeking, reading or writing
data, this red, orange or amber LED is lit and flashes.
Turbo LED if present, this yellow LED indicates that the PC is in
turbo mode.
Switches most new systems now have their two main switches, the power
switch and the reset switch, on the front panel.
Power button - in older PCs, the power switch was a part of the power
supply and located on the right rear corner of the PC.
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Reset button performs a hardware reset when pressed. This provides
the user with a means of restarting the PC should it halt and not
respond to normal shutdown or restart command.
Turbo button
Key lock
Keyboard lockout
Front-panel door lock
Drive bays disk drives with removable media have been mounted in the
system case so that they can be accessed from the front panel. Typically, the
drive bays are used for 3.5-inch disk drives, CD ROMs, DVDs and removable
hard drives.
External drive bays these drive bays are actually internal to the case
and chassis, but they can be accessed externally.
Internal drive bays these drive bays are completely inside the system
case and are not accessible from outside the chassis
Cover
Switches
Power Supply
Drive Bays
Chassis
Front Panel
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Computer Case
Tower Case
o 1 3.5-inch bay
Mid - Tower
o 16 to 18 inches tall
o 3 to 4 5.25-inch bays
Full Tower
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o 20 inches or taller
Multiple-choice
3. The part of the computer that provides power to the entire system?
a) CPU b) Drive Bay c) Power Supply d) Reset
5. The part of the chassis where you place the internal drives.
a) Drive Bay b) Cover c) Chassis d) CPU
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What is a power supply and what does it do? The power supply unit (PSU) in a
PC regulates and delivers the power to the components in the case.
Power Supplies contain dangerous voltages and should only be opened by experienced and
qualified engineers, there are no user serviceable parts inside.
Always disconnect the PSU from the mains supply before removing the cover of the PC.
By using a PSU that delivers more power than required means it won't be running at
full capacity, which can prolong life by reducing heat damage to the PSU internal
components during long periods of use.
Always replace a power supply with an equivalent or superior power output (Wattage).
+5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
-5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
A power supply can be easily changed and are generally not expensive, so if one fails (which is far from
uncommon) then replacement is usually the most economic solution.
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ATX Power Supply Pin outs
Below are pin out diagrams of the common connectors in ATX power supplies.
Direction: Identify the name of each connector found in the power supply.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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The motherboard is easily the most important part of the computer. Although there
are a number of components that a PC cannot function without, it’s the motherboard that
ties them all together and turns them into a personal computer.
The motherboard, or mainboard, of a PC is a large printed circuit board that is home
to many of the most essential parts of the computer, including the microprocessor, chipset,
cache, memory sockets, expansion bus, parallel and serial ports, mouse and keyboard
connectors and IDE, EIDE or SCSI controllers. Thee motherboard binds the PC’s operational
components together.
Motherboard Designs
Not all motherboards are created equal. Two different design approaches are used
for PC mainboards: the motherboard style and the backplane style.
Form factors define a motherboard’s size, shape and how it is mounted to the case.
However, form factors now include the size, shape and function of the system case; the type,
placement and size of the power supply; the system’s power requirements; the location and
type of the external connectors, and the case’s airflow and cooling system.
Mini ATX
This is slightly smaller than ATX but all the specifications of the ATX are included.
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A new standardized form factor. The three primary focuses of the NLX are the
processor and system cooling, the number of connections for multimedia hardware and
reducing the clutter of interior cables.
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Upgrading a Motherboard
Here is a list of criteria you should consider when evaluating your PC and deciding how
to upgrade it.
1. CPU
2. Socket and Slots
3. Bus Speed
4. Cache Memory
5. Memory Modules
6. Expansion Bus
7. BIOS
8. Chipset
9. Form Factor
10. Built-in Controllers and Interfaces
11. Documentation
Multiple-choice:
1. What do you call the large printed circuit board inside your computer?
a) CPU b) Mother board c) Video Card d) PSU
3. What type of form factor that was released by Intel in 1995 and was an
improvement over the LPX form factor?
a) AT b) BABY AT c) NLX d) ATX
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WHAT IS A CPU?
CPU stands for Central Processing Unit. There can be several processors in a
computer, but one of them is the central one – the CPU.
The reason the CPU is called a processor is because it can work with data. And it has
two important jobs:
It can do calculations.
It can move data.
The CPU is very fast at doing both jobs. The faster the CPU can do calculations and
move data, the faster we say the PC is. What follows is a short description of how to achieve
faster data processing. Read it, and see if you understand all the concepts. There are three
ways to improve a PC’s performance.
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AMD Processor Intel Processor
Intel 8088
2. Second Generation: 80286 and 80287 – it has a clock speed of 6 to 8 MHZ and uses
16 bit data bus.
80286 CPU
3. Third Generation: 80386, 80386 DX, 80386SX, 80387, 80387SX – this was a full 32 bit
processor and has clock speed of 16 MHz.
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80386 DX vs. 80286
4. The Fourth Generation: 486DX, 486SX, 486DX2, 486SX2 and 486DX4 – this CPU
incorporates a cache memory and an integrated math coprocessors. This was the first
to use Intel’s new socket numbering system, the Socket 1.
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6. The Sixth Generation, Part1 : ‘P6” Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Celeron and Pentium II
Xeon
Pentium Pro was developed as a network server processor.
Pentium II is the Intel Pentium Pro with MMX technology. This is the first
Pentium to use the Slot1.
Celeron is used in desktop and portable computers and it is the low cost
model of the Pentium II. It is initially released as Slot 1 CPU, but it is the first Pentium
to use the Socket 370.
Pentium II Xeon is the successor to Pentium Pro but with enhance capability.
CPU Accessories
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CPU Fan
Identification:
1.__________________: it has a clock speed of 6 to 8 MHZ and uses 16 bit data bus.
2.__________________; this CPU incorporates a cache memory and an integrated math
coprocessors. This was the first to use Intel’s new socket numbering system, the Socket 1.
3.__________________: these were introduced in 1978 and had a clock speed of 4.77MHz.
4.__________________: this was a full 32 bit processor and has clock speed of 16 MHz.
5.__________________ : was originally known as 80586, but Intel found out that model
numbers could not be copyrighted.
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Computer Ports and Connectors (External)
The first input and output devices you encounter are the external devices, such as the
keyboard, video monitor, printer and so forth. Some of these devices have connectors that
are the same as, or very similar to, the connectors used for other devices. In most cases
plugging a new device into the wrong connector can damage the device or the system, so
you need to know all the different connectors and which devices use them.
Baby-AT system - connectors are found on the adapter cards in their slots, with only the
keyboard connector coming directly off of the motherboard.
AXT system – the keyboard, mouse, serial and parallel ports almost always are
mounted directly on the chassis and, at the same time, soldered directly to the motherboard
without any cabling. These are called integrated or embedded ports or controller.
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NLX system - New Low Profile eXtension, the adapter cards do not plug directly into the
motherboard slots. Instead, there is usually one vertically mounted riser card that “rises up”
from the motherboard and holds the system I/O bus slots that the adapter cards then plug
into.
Parallel Port
Mouse Port
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This is the most common input device. The keyboard allows the user to communicate with
the PC through keystrokes the represent character data and commands.
3. Enhanced 101- keys keyboard - it is the one most familiar to computer users
today. Later models are really just enhancements of the design. This is the
industry standard today.
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5. Natural and Ergonomic Keyboard – this keyboard help relieve the stress caused
by the position of the user’s hands and wrist and prevent repetitive stress injuries
such as carpal tunnel syndrome. The keyboard’s central bank of keys is split in
half and each half rotated outward, to provide the user a more natural hand
position.
Keyboard Elements
1. Alphanumeric keys – the alphabet keys along with row numbers and special
characters. These keys match those on a typewriter.
Alphabet keys
Punctuation and special characters
Actions keys
Character selection keys
Command control keys
Enter key
White space keys
Number/special character keys
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2. Cursor control key – located on the right side of the alphanumeric keys, this
group of keys has two smaller group of keys: the cursor function keys and cursor
arrow keys.
3. Function keys- located across the top of a keyboard.
4. Numeric keypad – the number pad, which is located on the extreme right side of
nearly all modern keyboards, contains keys for ten numbers, as well as the four
arithmetic functions. This can also be used as a cursor control pad by toggling the
NUM LOCK key.
5. Toggle and Lock keys
6. Special purpose keys
ESC key
Print Screen key
Pause/break key
7. Window keys
Windows key
Application/Context key
Keyboard Connectors
1. The 5 pin DIN connector - this is the oldest of the keyboard connectors, also
known as the AT form factor.
Pin Number Signal
1 Keyboard Clock
2 Keyboard Data
3 Unused
4 Ground
5 + 5v Power
2. The 6 pin Mini DIN Connector – it is designed to used six pins arranged in a
circular pattern around a plastic case, also known as PS/2 connector.
Pointing Devices
1. Traditional Mice/Mouse - a palm-sized plastic housing with a rubber ball
protruding from the bottom and a cord coming out the back.
Ergonomic mice
Optomechanical mice
Optical mouse
Intellimouse
3. IBM /Track Point – also known as Glidepoint mouse. It is created by IBM for its
ThinkPad line of notebook computer to solve the pointing device problems.
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4. Touch Pads – it is a rectangular pad located below the spacebar on a laptop
keyboard. The pad senses the capacitance of your finger as you move it across
the surface.
5. Joystick – a type of pointing device that is used primarily with game software on
a PC.
6. Graphic Tablets – similar in conception with the touch pad, but it is larger and
used with a stylus instead of your finger.
Mice first broke onto the public stage with the introduction of the Apple Macintosh
in 1984, and since then they have helped to completely redefine the way we use computers.
Optical Mice
Developed by Agilent Technologies and introduced to the world in late 1999, the
optical mouse actually uses a tiny camera to take thousands of pictures every second.
Able to work on almost any surface without a mouse pad, most optical mice use a
small, red light-emitting diode (LED) that bounces light off that surface onto a
complimentary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor. In addition to LEDs, a recent
innovation are laser-based optical mice that detect more surface details compared to LED
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technology. This results in the ability to use a laser-based optical mouse on even more
surfaces than an LED mouse.
SENSOR
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Hard Disk Basics
Hard disks were invented in the 1950s. They started as large disks up to 20 inches in
diameter holding just a few megabytes. They were originally called "fixed disks" or
"Winchesters" (a code name used for a popular IBM product). They later became known as
"hard disks" to distinguish them from "floppy disks." Hard disks have a hard platter that
holds the magnetic medium, as opposed to the flexible plastic film found in tapes and
floppies.
At the simplest level, a hard disk is not that different from a cassette tape. Both hard
disks and cassette tapes use the same magnetic recording techniques described in How Tape
Recorders Work. Hard disks and cassette tapes also share the major benefits of magnetic
storage -- the magnetic medium can be easily erased and rewritten, and it will "remember"
the magnetic flux patterns stored onto the medium for many years.
Platters
Arm
The platters - These typically spin at 3,600 or 7,200 rpm when the drive is operating.
These platters are manufactured to amazing tolerances and are mirror-smooth.
The arm - This holds the read/write heads and is controlled by the mechanism in the
upper-left corner. The arm is able to move the heads from the hub to the edge of the
drive. The arm and its movement mechanism are extremely light and fast. The arm
on a typical hard-disk drive can move from hub to edge and back up to 50 times per
second.
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The Floppy Disk
The floppy disk drive (FDD) was the primary means of adding data to a computer
until the CD-ROM drive became popular. In fact, FDDs have been a key component of most
personal computers for more than 20 years.
Basically, a floppy disk drive reads and writes data to a small, circular piece of metal-
coated plastic similar to audio cassette tape. In this article, you will learn more about what is
inside a floppy disk drive and how it works. You will also find out some cool facts about
FDDs.
History of the Floppy Disk Drive
The floppy disk drive (FDD) was invented at IBM by Alan Shugart in 1967. The first
floppy drives used an 8-inch disk (later called a "diskette" as it got smaller), which evolved
into the 5.25-inch disk that was used on the first IBM Personal Computer in August 1981.
The 5.25-inch disk held 360 kilobytes compared to the 1.44 megabyte capacity of today's
3.5-inch diskette.
The 5.25-inch disks were dubbed "floppy" because the diskette packaging was a very
flexible plastic envelope, unlike the rigid case used to hold today's 3.5-inch diskettes.
By the mid-1980s, the improved designs of the read/write heads, along with
improvements in the magnetic recording media, led to the less-flexible, 3.5-inch, 1.44-
megabyte (MB) capacity FDD in use today. For a few years, computers had both FDD sizes
(3.5-inch and 5.25-inch). But by the mid-1990s, the 5.25-inch version had fallen out of
popularity, partly because the diskette's recording surface could easily become
contaminated by fingerprints through the open access area.
Floppy disk
Optical drives
An optical drive is a storage device that reads and writes information to CDs and DVDs. A
Molex power connector provides the optical drive with power from the power supply. A
PATA cable connects the optical drive to the motherboard.
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CD-ROM Drive
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Identification:
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Equipment, Tools, and Materials:
Given the following tools, materials and equipment, identify the different parts of a personal
computer starting from the front up to the internal parts of the PC.
You will be assessed using the criteria in the score card below.
Scoring
Performance Criteria
1 2 3 4 5
1. The components is identified successfully.
5 - Excellently Performed
4 - Very Satisfactorily Performed
3 - Satisfactorily Performed
2 - Fairly Performed
1 - Poorly Performed
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Program/ Course: Computer Hardware Servicing NC II
Unit of Competency: Introduce Computer System
Module: Introducing Computer System
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA:
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
RESOURCES:
Equipment/Facilities Tools & Instruments Supplies & Materials
REFERENCES:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_standard
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http://www.technet.unsw.edu.au/tohss/swp.htm
http://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/healthsafety/safeworkprocedures
Antoinette R. Marcelo. Understanding PC Hardware. Copyright 2007 Jemma Inc.
http://www.empf.org/empfasis/aug04/prop.htm
http://www.lakeland.cc.il.us/~internal/policymanual/10fiscalaffairs/1026.POL.htm
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General Safety Guidelines
Follow the basic safety guidelines to prevent cuts, burns, electrical shock, and damage to
eyesight. As is best practice, make sure that a fire extinguisher and first-aid kit are available
in case of fire or injury
Fire can spread rapidly and be very costly. Proper use of a fire extinguisher can prevent a
small fire from getting out of control. When working with computer components, always
consider the possibility of an accidental fire and know how to react. If there is a fire, you
should follow these safety procedures:
Always have a planned fire escape route before beginning any work.
Be sure to locate and read the instructions on the fire extinguishers in your workplace before
you have to use them. Safety training may be available in your organization.
It is important to know how to use a fire extinguisher. Use the memory aid P-A-S-S to help
you remember the basic rules of fire extinguisher operation:
These are general guidelines for all types of troubleshooting, installation, and
maintenance tasks. Take them seriously; they may keep you out of a dangerous situation.
Never work alone (in the computer lab). Always have someone to keep an eye out
for any potential problem.
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Do not go barefoot when moving tool boxes or computer equipment.
Never assume that an electrical device is safe to handle. Perform your tests with the
device disconnected (when appropriate) from the power source.
Some tests must be conducted with power applied. Be extremely cautious when
performing these tests.
Only 0.3 amps are required to seriously injure or kill a person. This is not to say
that voltage is not also extremely dangerous, only to say that a high- current device
may be marked with a relatively low voltage. Always test equipment for dangerous
energy levels with a volt/amp meter before handling the device.
Necklaces, rings, and bracelets can unintentionally short out nearby components
when working in the tight space of most electronic cabinets. Make certain that
earrings are removed. They may fall off and land on the electrical components you
are testing.
Printers
Power Supply
Electrical Outlets
Monitors
Cables
Planning and preparing systematic maintenance procedure save time, money and
frustration. It is a good idea and opportunity to learn the proper care and maintenance of
your computer.
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PC maintenance is an important topic for anyone who owns a PC. Looking after your
PC properly ensures you of trouble-free use. Regular PC maintenance also keeps the
machine’s performance optimal.
2. Information system maintenance is the routine updating of master files, such as adding
and deleting employees and customers and changing credit limits and product prices.
4. Disk or file maintenance is the periodic reorganizing of disk files that have become
fragmented due to continuous updating.
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The Strengthened Technical-Vocational Education Program 45 | P a g e
Disk space
utilization
Defragmentation
of hard drives
Troubleshoot
hardware and
software issues
There are tools and equipments used to protect the user and the computer system.
Types of personal protective devices
1. Anti-static devices
2. Power surge protectors
3. Personal equipments
Anti-static devices
Devices designed to protect the computer from static electricity.
Examples:
1. Anti-static wrist strap
2. Anti-static mat
3. Anti-static bag
4. Anti-static spray
Devices designed to protect the computer from sudden power surges from
intermittent power sources.
Examples:
1. AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulators)
2. UPS (Uninterrupted Power Supply)
PC HARDWARE SERVICING
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Personal Equipment
1. Small paint brush
2. Screw drivers
3. Pliers and tweezers
4. Compressed air
5. Handheld vacuum
Enumeration:
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Self Check 2.1
Self Check 1.1 1. B
1. C 2. D
2. B 3. C
3B 4. A
4. B 5. A
5. B
Self Check 2.2
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1. 4 pin berg
2. 4 pin molex Self Check 3.1
3. 20 pin molex
4. 4 pin molex P4 12 volt 1 Personal Equipment
5. 6 pin AUC connector Small paint brush
PC HARDWARE SERVICING
The Strengthened Technical-Vocational Education Program 49 | P a g e