Reflective Writing

Karin van der Merwe

Ntec
Reflective Writing
A great deal of your time at college or university will be spent thinking; thinking about
what people have said, what you have read, what you yourself are thinking and how your
thinking has changed. It is generally believed that the thinking process involves two
aspects: reflective thinking and critical thinking. They are not separate processes; rather,
they are closely connected (Brookfield 1987).

Figure 1: The Thinking Process (adapted from Mezirow 1990, Schon 1987, Brookfield 1987)
Reflective thinking
Reflection is:
 a form of personal response to experiences, situations, events or new information.
 a 'processing' phase where thinking and learning take place.
There is neither a right nor a wrong way of reflective thinking, there are just questions to
explore.
Figure 1 shows that the reflective thinking process starts with you. Before you can begin to
assess the words and ideas of others, you need to pause and identify and examine your
own thoughts.
Doing this involves revisiting your prior experience and knowledge of the topic you are
exploring. It also involves considering how and why you think the way you do. The
examination of your beliefs, values, attitudes and assumptions forms the foundation of
your understanding.
Reflective thinking demands that you recognise that you bring valuable knowledge to
every experience. It helps you therefore to recognise and clarify the important
connections between what you already know and what you are learning. It is a way of
helping you to become an active, aware and critical learner.

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Karin van der Merwe
What is Reflective Writing?
Reflective writing is:
 your response to experiences, opinions, events or new information
 your response to thoughts and feelings
 a way of thinking to explore your learning
 an opportunity to gain self-knowledge
 a way to achieve clarity and better understanding of what you are learning
 a chance to develop and reinforce writing skills
 a way of making meaning out of what you study
Reflective writing is not:
 just conveying information, instruction or argument
 pure description, though there may be descriptive elements
 straightforward decision or judgement (e.g. about whether something is right or
wrong, good or bad)
 simple problem-solving
 a summary of course notes
 a standard university essay
Why are we asked to do this type of assignment?
To make connections
The idea behind reflective writing is that what you learn at university builds on your prior
knowledge, whether it is formal (e.g. education) or informal (e.g. gained through
experience).
Reflective writing helps you develop and clarify the connections:
 between what you already know and what you are learning
 between theory and practice
 between what you are doing and how and why you do it.
To examine your learning processes
Reflective writing encourages you to consider and comment on your learning
experiences—not only WHAT you've learned, but HOW you learned it.

To clarify what you are learning

Reflecting helps you to:
 clarify what you have studied / experienced
 integrate new knowledge with previous knowledge
 identify the questions you have
 identify what you have yet to learn (make sense of learning)

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Karin van der Merwe
To reflect on mistakes and successes
Reflecting on mistakes can help you avoid repeating them. At the same time, reflecting on
your discoveries helps identify successful principles to use again.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoI67VeE3ds 6 min

How Do I Write Reflectively?

What can I discuss?
 Your perceptions of the course and the content.
 Experiences, ideas and observations you have had, and how they relate to the course
or topic.
 What you found confusing, inspiring, difficult, interesting and why.
 Questions you have
 How you:
 solved a problem;
 reached a conclusion;
 found an answer;
 reached a point of understanding.
 Possibilities, speculations, hypotheses or solutions.
 Alternative interpretations or different perspectives on what you have read or done
in your course.
 Comparisons and connections between what your are learning and:
 your prior knowledge and experience;
 your prior assumptions and preconceptions;
 what you know from other courses or disciplines.
 How new ideas challenge what you already know.
 What you need to explore next in terms of thoughts and actions.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhBiwT2Sk9g&list=PL3D1F384425241263 3 min

Getting started
Clarify your task
Reflective writing assignments can take many forms, so check the guidelines in your
course outlinebefore you begin. Clarify any questions or uncertainties with your lecturer
or tutor.
Clarify the practical aspects
Find out what form your task should take. You may need to submit a book or folder or
complete an online component. In addition to writing, you may be able to include
pictures, diagrams, media clippings etc.

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Karin van der Merwe
Gather your ideas
Before you write, you need to think and reflect. Start by drawing up a Mindmap.
Mindmapping is a technique that can help you expand your thinking, structure your ideas
and make connections. You can use a Mindmap to plan your assignment and arrange
items to create the structure of your writing.
1. Write your topic in the centre of a blank page.
2. Draw related ideas on 'branches' that radiate from the central topic. When you get a
new idea, start a new branch from the centre. Include any ideas, topics, authors,
theories, experiences associated with your topic.
3. Map quickly, without pausing, to maintain a flow of ideas. Associate freely and do not
self-edit; at this stage anything and everything is OK.
4. Circle the key points or ideas. Look at each item and consider how it relates to others,
and to the topic as a whole.
5. Map the relationships between the ideas or key points using lines, arrows, colours.
Use words or phrases to link them.

Writing style
As it concerns your thoughts, reflective writing is mostly subjective. Therefore in addition
to being reflective and logical, you can be personal, hypothetical, critical and creative.
You can comment based on your experience, rather than limiting yourself to academic
evidence.
 Reflective writing is an activity that includes description (what, when, who)
and analysis (how, why, what if). It is an explorative tool often resulting in more
questions than answers.
 A reflective task may allow you to use different modes of writing and language:
 descriptive (outlining what something is or how something was done)
 explanatory (explaining why or how it is like that)
 expressive (I think, I feel, I believe)
 Use full sentences and complete paragraphs
 You can usually use personal pronouns like 'I', 'my' or 'we'
 Keep colloquial language to a minimum (eg, kid, bloke, stuff)

Tips to help you in your reflective writing process

 Think of an interaction, event or episode you experienced that can be connected to
the topic
 Describe what happened
 What was your role?
 What feelings and perceptions surrounded the experience?

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Karin van der Merwe
 How would you explain the situation to someone else?
 What might this experience mean in the context of your course?
 What other perspectives, theories or concepts could be applied to the situation?
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DgvgonXPWzI

REFLECTIVE PHRASES

Suggested reflective phrases to

incorporate into your writing:

ƒ Upon reflection …..

ƒ After observation ….
ƒ The significance of this activity ……
ƒ This comment tells me that
ƒ It is important for me to realize that
ƒ This is significant because
ƒ This activity prompted me to
ƒ Note that I acknowledge
ƒ These comments indicate
ƒ It is significant that
ƒ This could be more effective if
ƒ Continuing to reflect on
ƒ This helped me to recognize that
ƒ I focused on … because
ƒ To promote continued thinking, I
ƒ Because of this event (or comment), I
ƒ This helped me to realize
ƒ I have greater awareness
ƒ I realized that
ƒ The impact of this activity
ƒ The evidence of this collaboration was
ƒ The intent of my question was
ƒ This helped me to refocus on

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1fUQJhVfnL4
8 min

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Karin van der Merwe
Reflective Writing
Activity:
http://www.loveyourpencil.com/docs/ReflectionWriting.pdf

Reflective Writing Brainsheet

When you write a reflection, you write your thoughts about something, rather than
writing a summary or description of that something itself.
A reflection tells the reader what you think or how you feel about something. The reader
gets a good idea of how that something influenced you, both intellectually and
emotionally.

What do reflective sentences do?

Reflective sentences don't simply describe a movie, a book, a world event, etc. They tell
the reader:
What you think
Example: The movie really helped me understand what it's like to be a doctor.

How you felt

Example 1: My heart was pounding in fear when I read the scene with the electroshock
therapy. It was awful that they did that to people.

Example 2: I was shocked to learn that Mr. Singer was blind, too. How could he have
fooled people for so long. That totally surprised me.

What you'd do if you were there

Example: If I were the judge, I would have sent Barnard to prison for 20 years, not let him
off with a warning.

What you think will happen

Example: This relationship between Anna and Mike can't last. Susan is bound to find out
about it and then, watch out!

How the movie/book/story/event relates to your life

Example: The scene with the cat and the mouse grabbed my attention, because I lost a
cat, too, and my cat loved to chase mice just like the cat in the story.

Anything else that comes into your mind

Example: This chapter reminded me of the scene in A Raisin in the Sun, when the mother
finally receives the $10,000 check in the mail.

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 Writing reflectively
Description
Keep it short and focus on the significant details only. Include where, when, who, what, as
required.

Interpretation
aspect(s)
elements(s)
meaningful experience(s) was (were)
For me, the [most] significant issue(s)
important idea(s)
relevant arose from...
useful learning happened when...
resulted from...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Previously, thought (did not think)
At the time, felt (did not feel)
At first, I knew (did not know)
Initially, noticed (did not notice)
Subsequently, questioned (did not question)
Later, realised (did not realise)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
might be because of...
[Alternatively] This is perhaps due to...
[Equally] could be explained by...
is probably related to...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
This is similar to... because
is unlike...
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Outcome
read... feel...
experienced... think...
Having applied... I now realise...
discussed... wonder...
analysed... question...
learned... know...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[Additionally,]
[Furthermore,] I have learned that...
[Most importantly,]

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Karin van der Merwe
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
I have significantly my skills in...
slightly developed my understanding of...
improved my knowledge of...
However, I have not [sufficiently] my ability to...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
This means that...
This makes me feel...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
This knowledge is essential
This understanding could be useful to me because...
This skill will be important
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
did not...
have not yet...
Since I am not yet certain about... I will now need to...
am not yet confident
about...
do not yet know...
do not yet understand...
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
As a next step, I need to...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WSX6767fGy4 5 min
******* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WjLa2sJjla0 5:09 min

Acknowledgements:
Please also refer to the following websites:
http://www.loveyourpencil.com/index.php/learning-activities/124-reflective-writing
https://student.unsw.edu.au/how-do-i-write-reflectively
http://mycourse.solent.ac.uk/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=2732
http://www.port.ac.uk/media/contacts-and-departments/student-support-
services/ask/downloads/Reflective-writing---a-basic-introduction.pdf
http://www.fph.org.uk/uploads/FPH%20Tips%20on%20Writing%20Effective%20Reflective
%20Notes.pdf

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