AMITY INTERNATIONALSCHOOL, NOIDA (1)

CHAPTER -MOTION CLASS- IX(2018-19)

State of Motion :- If an object changes its position with respect to a reference point with passage of time, the
object is said to be in motion.
State of Rest :- When an object does not change its position with respect to a reference point with passage of
time, the object is said to be in rest.
Reference Point: A fixed point with respect to which the given body changes its position is known as reference
point or origin.
 An object is in motion with respect to one thing but the same object may not be in motion with respect to
another thing. Thus, motion is a relative term.
Types of Motion :-
 When an object moves along a straight line, the motion of the object is called rectilinear motion. For
example : motion of a vehicle along a straight road.
 When an object is moving at a constant distance around a fixed point, the motion of the object is called
circular motion. For example : motion of the moon around earth.
 When an object is moving to and fro about a fixed point, the motion of the object is called
oscillatory/vibratory motion. For example : motion of the wire after plucking it.

Differences Between Distance and Displacement

S.No. DISTANCE DISPLACEMENT

1. It is defined as the actual path covered by a body. It is the shortest path between initial & final points.

2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

3. It can never be a negative or zero. It can be negative, zero or positive.

Distance can be equal to or greater than

4. displacement. Displacement can be equal to or less than distance.

Total Distance never decreases with time. For a Total Displacement can decrease with time. For a
5. moving body, it is never zero. moving body, it can be zero.
Differences Between Speed and Velocity

S.No. SPEED VELOCITY

1. It is defined as the distance per unit time. It is defined as the displacement per unit time.

2. It is a scalar quantity. It is a vector quantity.

3. Av. speed can never be negative or zero. Av. Velocity can be negative, zero or positive.

4. Speed is velocity without direction. Velocity is directed speed.

Av. Speed never decreases with time. For a moving Av. Velocity can decrease with time. For a moving
5. body, it is never zero. body, it can be zero.

Uniform Motion- If a body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the motion is said to be uniform and
the speed is said to be uniform speed.
Non Uniform Motion- If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be non uniform
motion and is said be moving with non-uniform speed.
Average speed- The ratio of the total distance to the total time taken by the body gives its average speed.
Average speed = Total distance
Total time taken
Instantaneous speed- The speed of a body at a given instant is called its instantaneous speed.
Uniform Velocity- If a body has equal displacements in equal intervals of time, it is said to be moving with
uniform velocity.
Non Uniform Velocity- If the body is moving such that it has unequal displacements in equal interval of time or if
the direction or the magnitude or both of the velocity of a body change it is said to be moving with non-uniform
velocity.
Average velocity- The ratio of the total displacement to the total time taken by the body gives its average velocity.
Average velocity = Net displacement
Total time taken
• For a body moving with uniform acceleration, the Average velocity = (u + v) / 2
Instantaneous velocity- The velocity of a body at a given instant is called its instantaneous velocity.
Acceleration- The change in velocity in unit time interval is known as acceleration. ‘OR’
2
The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration. Its S.I. unit is m / s and it is a vector quantity.
Acceleration, a = Final velocity - Initial velocity / Time a=v–u/t
Note:- (i) If the velocity of a body increases (v > u), the acceleration is said to be positive.
(ii) If the velocity of a body decreases (v < u), it is said to be negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration.
(i) Uniform Acceleration:- A body is said to be in uniform acceleration when its motion is along a straight line and
its velocity changes by equal magnitude in equal interval of time. Eg-: The motion of a freely falling body , the
motion of a ball rolling down an inclined plane.
(ii) Non-uniform Acceleration:- A body is said to be in non-uniform acceleration when its motion is along a
straight line and its velocity changes by unequal magnitude in equal interval of time. Eg-: movement of a car in a
crowded city road.

Uniform circular motion :- It is described as the motion of an object in a circular path at a constant speed. As an
object moves in a circle, it is constantly changing its direction. At all instances, the object is moving tangent to the
circle. Since the direction of the velocity is the same as the direction of the object's motion, the velocity is
directed tangent to the circle as well. So, the velocity changes constantly. Therefore, it is called an accelerated
motion.

Assignment Questions :-

Q.1 The minute hand of a clock is 7cm long. Find the displacement and the distance covered by the point at the
free end of the minute hand from 9:00 am to 9:30am.

Q.2 If a particle moves 3m north, then 4m east and finally 6m south. Calculate the distance travelled and the
displacement of the particle.

Q.3 An object travels from a point A to point B distance between them is 4 km. The object returns back by
moving via the points B to point C & Distance between them is 2 km.
(i) What is the distance travelled by object? (ii) What is the magnitude of its displacement?
Q.4 An athlete completes a round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 20 sec. Calculate the distance covered
& the displacement at the end of 1 min, and 10 sec.

Q.5 A taxi driver noted the reading on the odometer fitted in the vehicle as 1052 km when he started the
journey. After 30 mins drive, he noted that the odometer reading was 1088 km. Find its average speed.

Q.6 A train travels the first 30 km of 120 km track with a uniform speed of 30 km / h. What should be the speed
of the train to cover the remaining distance of the track so that its average speed is 60 km/h for the entire trip?

Q.7 A boy jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300m road in 2min 30sec and then turns back and
jogs 100m back to point C in another 1min. Calculate boy's average speed and average velocity (a) during
first 2min 30sec (b) during the whole journey.

Q.8 A bus travels a distance of 180 km with a speed of 60 km/hr and returns with the speed of 30 km/hr.
Calculate the average speed for the entire journey.

Q.9 A driver applies the brakes and slows down the velocity of the bus from 80 km / h to 60 km / h in 5 sec.
Calculate the acceleration of the bus.
Q.10 A car starts from rest and attains a velocity of 54 km/h in 2 mins. The driver applies brakes and decelerates
the car to 36 km/h in 10 sec. Find the acceleration of the car in both the cases.
Q.11 A body starts to slide over a horizontal surface with an initial velocity of 0.5 m/sec. Due to friction, its
velocity decreases at the rate of 0.05 m/s 2. How much time will it take for the body to stop?
Questions based on Graphs

Q.12 Using the given (s-t) graph, calculate the speed of the body as it moves from (i) A to B (ii) B to C
and (iii) C to D

Q.13 Using the given (v-t) graph for a moving body, Find (a) Velocity of the body at point C.
(b) Acceleration acting on the body
(i) between A and B (ii) between C and D.
(c) Find the displacement of the lift
(i) during the first 4 seconds (ii) between 4th and 12th second
Q.14 The speed- time graph of a car is given. Answer the following :-
(i) What is the initial speed of the car? (ii) What is the maximum speed attained by the car?
(iii) Which part of the graph shows zero acceleration? (iv) Find the distance travelled in first 8 hours.
(v) Which part of the graph shows uniform acceleration & uniform retardation? Calculate them also.

Q.15 Graph shows Akshil’s journey to his school. (a) How much distance Akshil had travelled after 2 mins?
(b) During which time interval he was travelling fastest?(c) During which time interval he was not moving?

Equations of motion
Q.1 A bus starting from rest accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of 3 m /s 2 for 8 sec.
Calculate the distance travelled by the bus during this time interval.
Q.2 A car starts from rest and attains a velocity of 54 km / h in 2 mins. Find the acceleration & the
distance travelled by the car during the time interval.
Q.3 A bus starts from rest and moves with a uniform acceleration of 1 m /s 2 for 5 mins. Calculate the
speed acquired and the distance travelled by the bus.
Q.4 A car is travelling with a speed of 36 km / h. The driver applies brakes and retards the car
uniformly and is stopped in 5 sec. Find the retardation of the car and the distance travelled by it
before it is stopped after applying the brakes.