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Exergy Analysis
Topics Reviewed The topic menu above allows you to move directly to
any of the four sections for each topic. The sections
1. Exergy are:
2. Exergy Transfer and Exergy
Change Case Intro: To help introduce and understand the
3. Exergy Balance (1): Closed basic principles, a case study is presented.
System
4. Exergy Balance (2): Control Theory: This section will review the basic principles
Volume and equations that you should know to answer the
exam questions. It does not give detailed derivations
of the theory.
Introduction
What is known:
Approach
THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Exergy
Work done during a process depends on its initial
state, final state, and the process itself. That is,
Irreversibility
where
P0 = pressure of the surroundings
Useful Work, and Surrounding Work for Gas V2 - V1 = volume change of the system
expanding
W u= W - W surr
xke = ke = V2/2
xpe = pe = gz
δW t,u = δW b,u + W HE
-δQ = δW b + dU
The surroundings work is
δW b,surr = P0dV
Hence,
ηth= 1- T0/T
δW t,u = δW b,u + W HE
= (-δQ - dU - P0dV) + δQ(1- T0/T)
= -dU - P0dV + δQ T0/T
wflow = Pv
where
P = pressure of the fluid
v = specific volume of the fluid
xPv = Pv - P0v
h =u + Pv
xh = xu + xPv
= (u - u0) +P0(v - v0) - T0(s - s0) +(Pv - P0v)
= (u + Pv) - (u0 + P0v) - T0(s - s0)
= (h - h0) - T0(s - s0)
Assumptions:
For per unit mass of air, the kinetic energy of air is,
Windmill Capturing the Kinetic Energy The amount of air passing through the rotor of the
in the Wind windmill per unit time is
n = 1,000/156.3 = 8
Introduction
A parallel-shaft gearbox is planned to be installed on
a new exercise machine. This gearbox receives work
through a high-speed shaft and then delivers work
through a low-speed shaft. The gearbox is cooled on
its outer surface by convection with the surrounding
air. A test is needed to exam the performance of this
gearbox.
What is known:
Question
Approach
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen
THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Exergy Transfer
Exergy can be transferred to or from a system byheat,
work, and mass.
Xb = W - W surr
Exergy Transferred by Work
where
XW = W
ΔX = X2 - X1
= (E2 - E1) + P0(V2 - V2) - T0(S2 - S1)
-T0Sgen = X2 - X1 0
or
Xisolated = -T0Sgen = X2 - X1 0
Exergy Destruction
When a system undergoes an irreversible process, the
entropy always increases and anything that generates
entropy always destroys exergy.
X2 - X1 = -T0Sgen
Exergy Destruction
or
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen 0
Assumptions:
Ein - Eout = ΔU
where
Ein = total energy transferred into the system
Eout = total energy transferred out of the system
System
ΔU = Internal change of the gearbox
W in - W out - Q = 0
60 - W out - 21.6 = 0
W out = 38.4 kW
XQ = (1 - T0/T)Q
Xw,in = 60.0 kW
Xw,out = 38.4 kW
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen
where
Sgen = entropy generation during the test process
Tb = ambient temperature, is given as 25oC
ΔSsystem = 0
where
Q = heat transfer from the gearbox, Q = 21.6 kW
Tb = temperature at the outer surface, is given
as 40oC
Sgen = 21.6/(40+273)
Introduction
Problem Description
Click to View Movie (44 kB)
Pat is taking a thermodynamics course this semester and he tries to connect his daily life with
what he learned in class. Recently, he has calculated how much entropy is generated when
boiling eggs. Now, he wanders how much exergy is destroyed when the eggs are boiled.
What is known:
Question
Approach
THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Energy Balance:
Entropy Balance:
(1)
A Closed System
Introduction
What is known:
Problem Description 200 kg/s air at 60oC enters the heat recovery
Click to View Movie (51 kB) system.
Air leaves the heat recovery system at 35oC.
Cold water at 25oC is sent to the heat
recovery system and leaves at 50oC.
Ambient temperature is 25oC.
Question
Determine the mass flow rate of the cold
water.
How much exergy is destroyed during the
heat exchange process in the heat recovery
system?
Determine the second-law efficiency of the
heat recovery system.
Approach
THERMODYNAMICS - THEORY
Exergy Balance for Control Volume Net exergy transfer by mass is:
Click to View Movie (44 kB)
dXCV/dt = 0
h-s Diagram of Adiabatic Turbine If the turbine is a adiabatic turbine, the reversible work
equals the difference of the flow exergy at the inlet and
the exit.
Adiabatic Compressor
Heat Exchanger
(non-mixing)
Adiabatic Mixing
Chamber
Assumptions:
T1 = 60oC = 333 K
T2 = 35oC = 308 K
T3 = 25oC = 298 K
T4 = 50oC = 323 K
= 200 kg/s
ψ = h - T0s