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cos sin
A()
sin cos
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Linear Transformation
1 7
1 2 1 1 & 1 under the mapping T ( x) Ax.
ii) Let A . Find the image of
1 3 2
1 5
Soln. i) Let u, v n & . Then T (u v) A(u v) Au Av T (u ) T (v) and
T ( u ) A( u ) Au T (u ) . Hence T is linear.
1 1 7 7
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 0
ii) T 1 1 and T 1 1 3 2 1 0 .
1 1 3 2 1 4 5 5
u1 v1 u1 v1
(u1 v1 ) 2(u2 v2 ) (u3 v3 )
a) T u2 v2 T u2 v2
u v u v (u1 v1 ) 5(u2 v2 ) (u3 v3 )
3 3 3 3
(u 2u2 u3 ) (v1 2v2 v3 )
1
(u1 5u2 u3 ) (v1 5v2 v3 )
(u 2u2 u3 ) (v1 2v2 v3 )
1 T (u ) T (v) .
(u1 5u2 u3 ) (v1 5v2 v3 )
u1 u1
( u1 2 u2 u3 ) (u1 2u2 u3 )
b) T u2 T u2 (u 5u u )
u u ( u1 5 u 2 u3 ) 1 2 3
3 3
u1
(u1 2u2 u3 )
T u2 T (u ) .
(u1 5u2 u3 ) u
3
(u 2u2 u3 ) 0
ii) To find u such that T (u ) 0, i.e., 1 ,
(u1 5u2 u3 ) 0
i.e., u1 2u2 u3 0& u1 5u2 u3 0 .
Solving the above homogeneous system of 2 equations in 3 unknowns , the
11
possible set of vectors is 2 t / t .
7
Q 3) Determine whether the function T : 3 2 defined by
T ( x, y, z ) (2 x, x y ) is alinear transformation.
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Linear Transformation
Soln. T ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) (2 x1 , x1 y1 ) T (u)
T ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) (2 x2 , x2 y2 ) T (v)
T (u v) ( x1 x2 , y1 y2 , z1 z2 )
{2( x1 x2 ), [( x1 x2 ) ( y1 y2 )]} (2 x1 , x1 y1 ) (2 x2 , x2 y2 ) T (u ) T (v)
T (u ) T (x1 , y1 , z1 ) (2x1 , x1 y1 ) (2 x1 , x1 y1 ) T (u )
It is linear transformation.
Examples of Non-linear Transformations
Q 4) Show that T : defined by T ( x) x 1 is not linear,i. e., translation is not a
linear transformation.
n
Sol . Let x1 , x2 & then T ( x1 x2 ) ( x1 x2 ) 1 x1 x2 1 while
T ( x1 ) T ( x2 ) x1 1 x2 1 ( x1 x2 ) 2 .
Thus, T ( x1 x2 ) T ( x1 ) T ( x2 ) .
Also, T ( x) ( x) 1 and T ( x) ( x 1) Thus, T ( x) T ( x) .
T is not a linear operation.
Or equivalently T (0) 1 0 . Therefore T is not a linear transformation.
Q 5) Show that T : defined by T ( x) x 2 is not linear.
Soln. Let x1 , x2 . T ( x1 x2 ) ( x1 x2 ) 2 T ( x1 ) T ( x2 ) x12 x22
Thus, T ( x1 x2 ) T ( x1 ) T ( x2 ) . T is not additive.
T ( x) ( x)2 2 x 2 while T ( x) x 2 T ( x)
T is not satisfying homogeneity also. T is not linear.
Q 6) Let T : M nn be the transformation that maps an n n matrix to a number set by
T ( A) det( A). Show that the transformation is not linear.
Sol . T ( A B) det( A B) det( A) det( B) and det(A) n det( A) det( A) .
n
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Linear Transformation
matrix of T . Thus
a11 a12 ... a1n
a a
21 22 ... a2 n
. . . .
A T(e1 ) T(e 2 ) ... T(e n ) .
. . . .
. . . .
am1 am 2 ... amn
Hence for every v n , T (v) Av.
Kernel and image of a matrix transformation
Consider the linear transformation T : n m such that TX Amn X . Then
Image of T Y m
: such that AX Y col ( A) .
Kernel of T X n
: AX 0 Null ( A) .
Illustrative Example:
Q 1) Find the standard matrix of the linear transformation T : 3
2
defined by
T (x, y, z) x 3 y, 2 x y .
1 0 0
0
Soln. T (e1 ) T 0 , T (e2 ) T 1 and T (e1 ) T 0 .
1 3
0 2 0 1 1 0
1 3 0
Thus A T (e1 ) T(e2 ) T (e3 ) .
2 1 0
Q 2) Let T : 4 3 be the linear transformation defined by
T ( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) x1 x2 x3 x4 , 2x1 2 x2 3x3 4x4 , 3x1 3x2 4x3 5x4 . Find
a) Basis and dimension of the image of T .
b) Basis and dimension of the kernel of T .
Soln. T 1, 0,0, 0 1, 2, 3 , T 0, 1,0, 0 1, 2, 3 , T 0, 0,1, 0 1, 3, 4 and
T 0, 0,0, 1 1, 4, 5 . Therefore the matrix of the transformation is
1 1 1 1
A 2 2 3 4 .
3 3 4 5
a) To find the basis of image of T which is nothing but column space of A , we reduce A to
row Echelon form
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A 2 2 3 4 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 .
3 3 4 5 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0
1 1
Therefore thebasis of image of T is 2 , 3 and the dimension of the space is 2.
3 4
b) To find the basis for Kernel of T which is the null space of A , consider AX 0 .
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Linear Transformation
Solving this homogeneous system of linear equations the solution is
x1 l k 1 1 1 1
x l 1 0
2 1 0
x l . Therefore the basis for kernel is , and
x3 2k 0 2 0 2
4
x k
0 1
0 1
the dimension of the kernel is 2 .
Q 3) Let B v1 , v2 be basis of 2 , where v1 (1, 1) and v2 (1, 2) . Let T : 2 3 is
such that T (v1 ) (1, 2, 0) and T (v2 ) (0, 2, 4). Find T (5, 1).
Soln.Since B v1 , v2 is basis of 2
, every vector in 2
can be expressed as a linear
combination of v1 and v2 .
(5, 1) c1 (1, 1) c2 (1, 2)
c1 c2 5 and c1 2c2 1
c1 11 and c2 6
Thus (5, 1) 11 (1, 1) 6 (1, 2) .
T (5, 1) T 11 (1, 1) 6 (1, 2)
11 T (1, 1) 6 T (1, 2)
11 (1, 2, 0) 6 (0, 2, 4)
(11, 34, 24).
Regular / Non Singular Transformation: A transformation Y AX is said to be
regular / non-singular if A is non singular matrix. The corresponding inverse
transformation is X A1Y .
Orthogonal Transformation : A transformation Y AX is said to orthogonal if the
matrix A is orthogonal matrix.
Orthogonal Matrix : Matrix A is said to be orthogonal matrix if AAT AT A I .
Note That :1) Every rotation matrix is an orthogonal matrix & vice versa.
2) Orthogonal transformation preserves the length.
If A is an orthogonal matrix, then || AX || || X || .
( || AX || 2 AX , AX | A | 2 X , X X , X || X || 2 )
3) If the matrix is orthogonal, then its rows and columns are orthonormal.
4) If A is orthogonal then | A | 1.
5) If for certain matrix A, | A | 1thenAmay or may not be orthogonal.
6) If for a matrix A, we observe that its rows (or columns) are orthogonal but
Columns (rows) are not, then it can be converted into an orthogonal matrix by
simply normalizing each row (column) of the matrix.
7) Orthogonal matrixA is always invertible and A1 AT .
Illustrative Examples
0 a a
Q 1) Is A 2b b b orthogonal?
c c c
Soln. No, because rows are orthogonal but columns are not.
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Linear Transformation
Note That: 1) If rows are orthogonal, normalize the rows to obtain an orthogonal matrix.
2) Similarly, if columns are orthogonal, then normalize columns to reduce it to
orthogonal matrix.
0 2m n
Q 2) Find l , m, n so that the matrix A l m n is orthogonal.
l m n
Soln. A is anOrthogonal matrix, therefore every column androw must be orthonormal
1
o2 l 2 l 2 1 2l 2 1 l ,
2
1
(2m) 2 m2 m2 1 6m2 1 m and
6
1
n 2 (n)2 n2 1 3n2 1 n .
3
Q 3) Is T : 2 2 defined by T ( x, y ) ( x y, 2 x y ) regular? If regular, find the inverse
transformation.
1 1 x 1 1
Soln. T ( x, y) ( x y, 2 x y) . Thus TU AU , where A .
2 1 y 2 1
Further det( A) 0 . Therefore T is a regular transformation. The inverse transformation
1 1 1
is S : 2 2 is given by S ( x, y) A1 ( x, y)T , where A1
3 2 1
.
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Linear Transformation
Special operators in 2
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Linear Transformation
Special operators in 3
Illustrative Examples
2 2
Q 1) Find a transformation from to that first shears in x1 direction by a factor of 3 and
then reflects about y x.
1 3
Soln.The standard shear matrix in x1 direction by a factor of 3 is A1 = .
0 1
0 1
The standard matrix of reflection about y x is A2 .
1 0
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Linear Transformation
0 1 1 3 0 1
Hence the required matrix is A2 A1 .
1 0 0 1 1 3
Q 2) Find a transformation from 2 to 2 that first reflects about y x and then shears by
a factor of 3 in x1 direction.
1 3
Soln.The standard shear matrix in x1 direction by a factor of 3 is A1 = .
0 1
0 1
The standard matrix of reflection about y x is A2 .
1 0
1 3 0 1 3 1
The required transformation is A1 A2 .
0 1 1 0 1 0
Q 3) Find the standard matrix for T: 3 3 , that first reflects about xy - plane , then
rotates the resulting vector in counterclockwise direction through an angle θ, about
z - axis and then finally resultant vector is projected on xz - plane.
Soln. The standard matrix for reflection about xy - plane is
1 0 0
A1 0 1 0 .
0 0 1
cos sin 0
The standard matrix for rotation about z - axis A2 sin cos 0 .
0 0 1
1 0 0
The standard matrix for projection onto xz - plane A3 0 0 0 .
0 0 1
Therefore the required transformation is
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Linear Transformation
E1 , E2 , ..., Ek such that Ek E2 E1 A I . Therefore
A E11E21 En1I E11E21 En1 .
Illustrative Example:
1 1 1 0 1 1
E1 , E2 , E3 . Therefore E3 E2 E1 A I .
0 1 3 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 1 1
A E11E21E31 .
0 1 3 1 0 1
Hence the effect of multiplication is
i) Shearing by a factor 1 in the negative x1 direction.
ii) Shearing by a factor 3 in the negative x2 direction.
iii) Shearing by a factor 1 in the x1 direction.
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