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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
Objectives
• Discuss what is meant by Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• How do we test for Intelligence ?
Aim of this lecture

• Allow the students to answer general AI questions
• Allow the students to further investigate machine intelligence
• Introduce some important AI tests and terms
Sections
• What is Artificial Intelligence ?
• Intelligence and Understanding
• Tests and Experiments
• Conclusions
Question 1
Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?
(survey)
Question 2
What is Artificial Intelligence ?
(ideas)
Artificial Intelligence (AI):

is the study of how to make computers do
things which, at the moment, people do
better
Elaine Rich, 1991

is a branch of computer science and
engineering that deals with intelligent
behavior, learning, and adaptation in
machines.
Wikipedia

Originated in 1956, John McCarthy coined
the term
Very successful at early stage
‘I think that...’
‘You know about....’
‘She is intelligent...’
‘The machine thinks that...’

‘The computer knows about....’
‘It is intelligent...’
A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)
Director: Steven Spielberg

Wolfgang von Kempelen
18th Century
Chess Automaton
Think about Question 1
(survey)
Maybe we are asking the wrong question

Sections
• Conclusions
Question 3
What is Intelligence ?
(ideas)
What is Intelligence ?
Intelligence :
The faculty of understanding.
Question 4
What is Understanding ?
(ideas)
Understanding :
To comprehend something, or to recognise its
significance.
Understanding :
Usually Requires Knowledge
Human Knowledge
There is a lot of it.

It is hard to characterise accurately.
It is constantly changing.
It differs from data by being organised.
N’Kisi
COG
MIT’s AI Lab
“No computer can play even an

amateur-level game of chess.”
Hubert Dreyfus, 1960’s

“Within 10 years a computer will be a

chess champion”
Herbert Simon, 1957

IBM Deep Blue

• Chess champion Garry Kasparov
• 11 May 1997
We commonly think a
good chess player is
highly intelligent.
Surely we cannot deny
that such machines are
intelligent.
Why use AI to play games?

Games are an intelligent activities.
They provide a structured task in which

it is very easy to measure success or failure.
They do not require large amounts of knowledge.

They were thought to be solvable by straightforward
search from the starting state to a winning position.
Combinatorial Explosion ?
Combinatorial Explosion
The Travelling Salesman Problem
A salesperson has to visit a number of cities

(S)He can start at any city and must finish at that same
city
The salesperson must visit each city only once
The number of possible routes is (n!)/2

The cost of a solution is the total distance traveled
Solving the TSP means finding the minimum cost

solution
Given a set of cities and distances between them
Find the optimal tour, i.e. the shortest possible such tour

A 10 city TSP has 181,000 possible solutions
A 20 city TSP has 10,000,000,000,000,000 possible
solutions
A 50 City TSP has
100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,0
00,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible solutions
*Mchalewicz, Z, Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Optimization Problems, CEC 2000 (Tutorial)

A 50 City TSP has 1.52 * 1064 possible solutions
A 10GHz computer might do 109 tours per second
Running since start of universe, it would still only have done
1026 tours
Not even close to evaluating all tours!
One of the major unsolved theoretical problems in Computer
Science
*Mchalewicz, Z, Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Optimization Problems, CEC 2000 (Tutorial)
Towers of Hanoi
1E+280
1E+266
1E+252
1E+238
1E+224
1E+210
1E+196
5N
1E+182
1E+168 N^3
1E+154 N^5
1E+140
1E+126 N^10
1E+112 1.2^N
1E+98
2^N
1E+84
1E+70 N^N
1E+56
1E+42
1E+28
1E+14
1
2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048
Sections
• Conclusions
Turing Test Alan Turing (1912-1954)
A human is connected to a person and

a machine via a terminal of some kind
and cannot see either the person or
machine. The interrogator's task is to
find out which of the two candidates is
the machine, and which is human only
by asking them questions.
If the human cannot make a decision
within a certain time, the machine is
considered intelligent.
Turing Test
Turing Test
Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”
Answer : ????
Turing Test
Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”
Answer : 7.6803153
Turing Test
Homepage
http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html
Alice
http://www.alicebot.org/
My Little Tony
http://www.mylittletony.com/
JOHN
SEARLE
Intentionality
Knowing
what you are
talking about
Chinese Room
Sections
• Conclusions
System
• think/act like human
• think/act rationally (or to do the right
thing)
Read Chapter 1, Artificial Intelligence: The

Modern Approach
Question 5 (1 again)
(survey)

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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Aim of this lecture

• Intelligence and Understanding

• Tests and Experiments

Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

‘The machine thinks that...’

A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001)

Director: Steven Spielberg

Wolfgang von Kempelen

Think about Question 1

Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?

Maybe we are asking the wrong question

• Intelligence and Understanding

• Tests and Experiments

There is a lot of it.

“No computer can play even an

Hubert Dreyfus, 1960’s

“Within 10 years a computer will be a

Herbert Simon, 1957

IBM Deep Blue

Why use AI to play games?

They provide a structured task in which

They do not require large amounts of knowledge.

The Travelling Salesman Problem

A salesperson has to visit a number of cities

The number of possible routes is (n!)/2

The Travelling Salesman Problem

The cost of a solution is the total distance traveled

Solving the TSP means finding the minimum cost

The Travelling Salesman Problem

The Travelling Salesman Problem

• Intelligence and Understanding

• Tests and Experiments

A human is connected to a person and

Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”

Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?”

• Intelligence and Understanding

• Tests and Experiments

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Read Chapter 1, Artificial Intelligence: The

Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?

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