Strength of an Orthotropic Lamina

Isotropic material- Strength is uniform

Anisotropic material- Strength is direction dependent
Highest stress does not govern design

X t Axial strength in tension

Xc Axial strength in compression
Yt Transverse strength in tension
Yc Transverse strength in compression
S Shear strength

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Shear Stress

No change in magnitude in shear stress

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Shear Stress

Change in magnitude in shear stress

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Experimental determination of Strength and Stiffness

Uni-axial loading in the 1-direction

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Uni-axial loading in the 2 -direction

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Uni-axial loading at 45 to the 1-direction

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Shear loading

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Mechanical properties

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Biaxial strength criteria for an orthotropic lamina

Phenomenological theories:
-Based on curve fitting
-Failure criteria and not theories of any kind
-No information regarding of how the material fails

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Failure criteria for metals

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 Maximum normal stress theory

Brittle materials

1
1
 ult

2
1
 ult

Maximum normal stress reaches a critical value  ult

failure occurs

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 Maximum Shear Stress theory
Ductile materials
Tresca criterion

Von-mises criterion

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 Failure criteria for an orthotropic lamina

1) Maximum stress failure criterion

2) Maximum strain failure criterion
3) Tsai-Hill failure criterion Quadratic failure
4) Hoffman failure criterion criterion
5) Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion

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Phenomenological theories:
-None of the criteria sheds lights on the failure
mechanism.
-None of the criteria provides acceptable results for
every condition of practical interest.
-Each criterion requires data, some of which are
difficult to measure.
-Each criterion are not applicable in critical regions
such as holes, cracks and discontinuities.

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Biaxial stresses from off-axis loading

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Maximum stress failure criterion

All stresses in principal material coordinates must be

less than their respective strengths

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Maximum stress failure criterion

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Maximum strain failure criterion

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Maximum strain failure criterion

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Maximum strain failure criterion

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Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion
Includes stresses up to 2nd order
No failure occurs when the inequality is satisfied
Linear terms X t  X c
Quadratic terms
Xt  Xc

Xt  Xc Interaction
terms

Anisotropic -27
Monoclinic- 17

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 Orthotropic material
Positive and negative shear stresses at failure

Positive shear,
F4  0
Negative shear,

By similar argument, F5  F6  0

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 Orthotropic material
Applying

Applying

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 Orthotropic material
By similar argument,

Orthotropic material- 12 constants

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 Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion

Orthotropic material-Plane stress state

Applying Stress
1  X t

 1  X c

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Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion

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Tsai-Wu tensor failure criterion

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 Proportional loading

Superscript f refers to the stress on the failure surface

R is the factor by which each load has to be multiplied
to reach the failure surface

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 Proportional loading
Orthotropic material

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Proportional loading

a

b
Plane stress
a

b

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