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Combustion
Global energy demand
Combustion
Global energy demand
Combustion
The CO2 problem
Combustion
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
(based on electrolysis)
Combustion
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
Projections
• Growing energy demand (world population + life stile)
• Even with CO2 limits, energy sources must include fossil, renewable, nuclear
Various approaches
• Hydrogen economy (no CO2 generation)
• CO-sequestration (Carbon Capture – Storage & Utilization, CCS & CCU)
• Bio-fuels (renewable)
• Increase combustion efficiency (reduce fuel consumption)
Combustion
Carbon Capture - Utilization & Storage
Combustion
Combustion applications: CO2 capture
Combustion
Combustion application fields
Combustion
Combustion applications: examples
Combustion
Combustion and environment
Combustion
What is combustion?
Combustion
Fuels
• Fuel carries energy in chemical form, which is released through chemical reactions
(i.e. chemical details matter)
• When fuel reacts (e.g. through combustion) most of energy is released as heat
(exception: fuel cells / batteries release electric power)
• Fuels have much higher energy densities than other ways of carrying energy
(i.e. convenient for transportation)
Considerations for fuel choice:
▪ abundance in nature (cost)
▪ safety /handeling (depend on fuel properties)
▪ energy density (per volume and/or mass)
▪ environmental impact (pollutant emission)
▪ avoid carrying oxidizer (atmospheric air)
▪ avoid carrying exhaust (gaseous products)
Combustion
What can be used as Fuel?
300
100
Hydrogen 142 kJ/g
50
Natural Gas 52 kJ/g
0
Gasoline 46 kJ/g 0 10 20 30 40
-1
50
Reaction exothermicity (kJ g )
Combustion
What can be used as Fuel?
Combustion
What can be used as Fuel?
Elements with enthalpy of oxidation > 10 kJ/g and non-solid /non-toxic oxides
Combustion
Hydrocarbon Fuels
• Solid: CxHy with x > y → higher C/H ratio; produce more CO2 per unit energy
• Liquid: CxHy with x < y
• Gaseous: CxHy with x << y → lower C/H ratio; produce less CO2 per unit energy
Introduction Combustion
Hydrocarbon Fuels
Number of
carbons
Introduction Combustion
Fossil Fuels Origin
Biomass:
- mainly composed of C, H, O, N
- contains stored energy from sun
- small fraction (<1%) sediments
Kerogen:
- organic matter in sedimentary rocks
- undergoes thermal decomposition
Combustion
Fossil Fuels Origin
graphite
Combustion