Statistical Tests:

Comparison of means between three or

more Groups

Lecture Handouts
St. Luke’s College of Nursing
SY. 2017 - 2018
 Statistical Tests
Level of Measurement
Interval / Ordinal Nominal
Ratio
Describe one Median,
Mean, SD Proportion
group IQR
Compare one
One-
group to a Wilcoxon
sample Binomial test
hypothetical test
t-test
value
Determine the Pearson Spearman Chi-square test of
correlation / Correlation, Correlation Association,
association Relative Risk,
Linear Logistic
regression Regression,
 Statistical Tests
Level of Measurement
Interval / Ordinal Nominal
Ratio
Compare three or One-way Kruskal- Chi-square
more unmatched ANOVA Wallis test test of
groups Homogeneity
Compare three or Repeated Friedman Cochrane Q
more matched measures test
groups ANOVA
Compare two Mann- Chi-square
Unpaired
unpaired groups whitney test of
t-test
test Homogeneity
Compare two Paired Wilcoxon McNemar’s
paired groups t-test test test
 ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA)

It is based on a comparison of two different

estimates of the variable common to the
different populations. (Triola)
 One-Way ANOVA
A Factor (or ƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚ) is used as the single
property, or characteristic, that allows us to
distinguish the different populations from one
another. (Triola)
 Example: One-Way ANOVA

The South East Asian Nurses Organization

(SEANO) wants to know if there is a
significant difference between the salary of
Chief Nurses from public, semi-private, and
private hospitals all over the region.

Treatment Factor: Hosptal type

 Hypothesis Testing: Steps
1. State the null and alternative Hypothesis

2. State the level of significance:

α = 0.05
α = 0.01

3. Analyze: p-value (SPSS)

4. Make a statistical Decision

5. Interpret
 Hypothesis Testing: One-Way
ANOVA
Step 1
H 0: µ 1 = µ 2 = µ 3

“salary of chief nurses from the 3 types of hospital

all over South East Asia are significantly the same.”

Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3

“salary of chief nurses from the 3 types of hospital

all over South East Asia are significantly different.”
 Hypothesis Testing: One-Way
ANOVA
Step 2 :
Level of Significance: α = 0.05

Step 3 : SPSS encoding (excel format)

(numerical labelling of the factor)
 Hypothesis Testing: One-Way
ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value
(Analyze)
 Hypothesis Testing: One-Way
ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value
(Variable Input)
 Hypothesis Testing: One-Way
ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (output)
 Hypothesis Testing: One-Way
ANOVA
Step 4

Probability Value (p-value) Decision

Level of
α = 0.05 Reject the H₀
Significance
p-value 0.000
The p-value 0.000 is less than α = 0.05
 Hypothesis Testing: One-Way
ANOVA
Step 5

Interpretation:
“There is a significant difference between the
salaries of chief nurses from Public, Semi-private,
and Private hospitals all over South East Asia.”
 Example: Repeated Measures
ANOVA

According to studies, Aloe Vera plants can

decrease the humidity in the air. Students
from TUA-SLCN wants to find out at what day
will aloe vera take effect after being placed.

Factor:

Source: Bungcag et.al. (2016). Undergrad Thesis. TUA-SLCN

 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 1
H0: µ1 = µ2 = µ3 = µ4 = µ5 = µ6
“the humidity level of all the days after placing aloe vera is
significantly similar with the pre-test measurement.”

Ha: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3 ≠ µ4 ≠ µ5 ≠ µ6 or
µ1 ≠ µ2 ; µ1 ≠ µ3 ; µ1 ≠ µ4 ; µ1 ≠ µ5 ; µ1 ≠ µ6
“the humidity level of all the days after placing aloe vera is
significantly different with the pre test measurement.”
or
“the humidity level of one of the five days after the placement
of aloe vera will be significantly different with the pre-test.”
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 2 :
Level of Significance: α = 0.05

Step 3 : SPSS encoding (excel format)

 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (Analyze)
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (Factor and number of groups)
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (input groups by numerical
assignment)
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (Numerical Assignment)
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (options: set up)
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (set up)
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value (output)

p-value = 0.000

A significant p-value in Wilks’ Lambda means that

there is atleast one pair of groups or all the groups
are significantly different.
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Step 3 : p-value

Using the Pairwise Comparisons table, compare all

groups to each other using the corresponding p-values
to identify which pair are significantly different.
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA

Take note:
Repeated measures ANOVA is a study of
comparing between multiple groups,
therefore can make different comparisons in
each pair of groups.

Thus, in making interpretations with ANOVA

will depend on the objective of the study.
 Hypothesis Testing: Repeated
Measures ANOVA
Interpretation:
“After the placement of Aloe Vera, there was a
significant decrease in humidity level on the third
day. But, there are no sufficient evidences to
conclude that the pre-test measurement and the
measurement on the fourth and fifth day are
significantly different.”
Pre-test
measure Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
ment
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
P-value 1.000 1.000 0.000 0.664 0.786
 Pointers in Statistical Testing
1. Tests are valuable in scientific research
2. Use of computer software packages
(e.g. MS Excel, SPSS) are
advantageous for computations
3. Selection of the test will depend
upon the study design,
sampling method, sorting of group,
study variables, and scale/levels of
measurements
 Pointers in Statistical Testing
4. Keep in mind that a statistical test is
always a test on the Null Hypothesis
(H0)
5. Specifically, statistical tests measure
the probability of the H0 to be valid.
ie. H0 with low probability (p-value) to be valid
(significance level α) is therefore rejected; thus
leaving the option of accepting the alternative
hypothesis (Ha) as the conclusion of the study.
 Other References

Statistical Testing for Dummies. Fundamentals of

Research. CBGS Marine & Environmental Science.