Name :_____________________________ Chapter 13 Reproduction and Growth

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CHAPTER 13 : REPRODUCTION AND GROWTH

TAJUK 13 : PEMBIAKAN DAN PERTUMBUHAN
WORKSHEET 13.8 : Reproduction in flower plant
The part of a flower
LEMBARAN KERJA 13.8 Bahagian pada bunga

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Development of embryo sac (an ovule)

Perkembangan pundi embrio (ovul)

Keratan rentas ovul

Perkembangan pundi embrio

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Double Fertilization in plant

Persenyawaan Ganda Dua pada tumbuhan

Double fertilization
Persenyawaan ganda dua

2 male gamets and 1 tube nucleus

(degenerate) 1. 1 male gamet + ovum zigot (2n)

2. 1 male gamet + 2 polar nuclei Endosperm (3n)

After fertilization - Ovary becomes fruit and ovule becomes seed

Selepas persenyawaan- Ovari menjadi buah dan ovul menjadi biji benih

Sexual Reproduction in flower plant :

Pembiakan seksual pada tumbuhan berbunga

1. Male and female gametes develop within anthers and ovaries,

respectively.

Perkembangan gamet jantan dan betina dalam anter dan ovari.

2. Pollination brings female and male gametes together.

Pendebungaan membawa gamet jantan dan betina bersama

3. Double fertilization gives rise to the zygote and endosperm .

Persenyawaan ganda dua memberikan kebaikan kepada zigot dan endospem

4. The ovule develops into a seed containing an embryo and a supply of

nutrients .

Ovul berkembang menjadi biji benih yang mengandungi embrio dan

membekalkan nutrient.

5. The ovary develops into a fruit adapted for seed dispersal .

Ovari berkembang menjadi buah yang beradaptasi unruk penyabaran biji

benih.

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Structure of seeds/ Struktur biji benih

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ACTIVITY 1

Label the diagram below

(a)
(e)

(b)

(c)

(f)
(d)

(g)

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ACTIVITY 2
Fill in the blanks with appropriate answer

Double fertilisation refers to the process in angiosperms (flowering plants) during

Persenyawaan ganda dua merujuk kepada proses dalam angiosperm (tumbuhan berbunga)

reproduction, in which two (a)__________ nuclei from each pollen tube fertilise two cells in

semasa pembiakan, yang mana dua (a)__________ nukleus daripada setiap tiub debunga

(b)_______________.

bersenyawa dengan dua sel dalam(b) _____________.

The ( c)___________grain adheres to the stigma of the (d)___________(female

reproductive

(c) ________________debunga melekat pada stigma pada (d)____________( struktur

structure) and grows a (e) _________that penetrates the ovum through a tiny pore called a

pembiakan betina) dan bertumbuh (e)_____________ yang menembusi ovum melalui celahan

(f)_______________.

dipanggil (f)_______________.

Two sperm cells are released into the ovary through this tube. One of the two sperm cells

Dua sel sperma dibebaskan ke arah ovari melalui tiub ini. Satu daripada sel sperma

fertilises the egg cell (at the end of the ovary), forming a (g)_________ zygote. The other

bersenyawa dengan sel telur membentuk (g)_____________zigot. Sel sperma yang lain

sperm cell fuses with two haploid (h)__________in the center of the embryo sac. The

bersenyawa dengan dua (h)___________haploid di tengah kantung embrio. Ini

resulting cell (i)__________. This triploid cell divides through mitosis and forms the

menghasilkan sel (i)_____________. Sel triploid ini membahagi secara mitosis dan

(j)____________, a nutrient-rich tissue inside the fruit.

Membentuk (j)___________, tisu yang kaya nutrien dalam buah.

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ACTIVITY 3

The diagram below is about the embryo sac , the events approaching fertilisation ,
stages of growth and development of embryo.
Diagram di bawah tentang kantung embrio, proses persenyawaan, tahap pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan embrio.
Label the diagram with the appropriate answer below.

Tube nucleus endosperm Cotyledon zygote

Tiub nucleus kotiledon zigot

Three antipodal cell double fertilisation seed coat

Tiga sel antipodal persenyawaan ganda dua testa

(a)

(c)

(b)

(e)
(d)

(f)
(g)

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ANSWER SCHEME

ACTIVITY 1

(a)
(e)

(b)

(c)

(d) f
)

(g)

ACTIVITY 2

(a) sperm (f) micropyle

(b) ovary (g) diploid
(c) pollen (h) embryo
(d) carpel (i) triploid
(e) pollen tube (j) endosperm

ACTIVITY 3
(a) three antipodal cells (e) endosperm
(b) tube nucleus (f) seed coat
(c) double fertilisation (g) zygote
(d) cotyledon

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OBJECTIVE

1. A 6 B
2 B 7 A
3 B 8 B
4 B 9 D
5 A 10 B

ESSAY

1. (a) (i) - The ovary is the female reproductive organ, found in plants and animals.
- It is the organ which produces eggs, or female gametes. The ovary becomes
the pericarp in a fruit. ( 2 marks )

- The ovule is a structure found inside the ovary of a flower. The ovule is
found only in plants. It is inside the ovule that the female gamete is found.
- Each ovule contains only one egg. After fertilisation, the ovule becomes
the seed. ( 2 marks )
_________
4 marks

(ii) - Fertilisation is the process of fusion between the male and female gametes
of plants and animals. ( 1 mark )

- Pollination is the process whereby the pollen grains of a flower are

transferred from the anthers to the stigmas for the fusion of the male and
female gametes.
- There are two types of pollination: self-pollination and cross- pollination.
- Pollination must take place before fertilisation can occur in flowering plants.
( 3 marks )
_________
4 marks

(b) - When a pollen grain lands on a stigma during the process known as pollination,
the epidermal cells of the stigma secrete a sucrose solution which stimulates
the germination of the pollen grain. ( 1 mark )

- A pollen tube then grows out of the pollen grain. It grows down the style into
the ovary and enters an ovule through a hole called the micropyle. ( 1 mark )

- It secretes enzymes to digest the surrounding tissues as it grows downwards.

( 1 mark )

- The direction of growth of the pollen tube is controlled by the tube nucleus

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which is positioned at the tip of the pollen tube. ( 1 mark )

- The generative nucleus which follows closely behind the tube nucleus divides
by mitosis to become two nuclei which become the male gametes. ( 1 mark )

- The male gametes follow the tube nucleus at the tip of the pollen tube until
it reaches the micropyle. ( 1 mark )

- Upon reaching the micropyle, the tube nucleus degenerates and the tip of the
pollen tube burst open. ( 1 mark )

- The male gametes then enter the embryo sac. ( 1 mark )

- During fertilisation, one of the male gametes fuses with the egg cell to form the
diploid zygote. This is the first fertilisation. ( 1 mark )

- The other male gametes fuse with the polar nuclei in the middle of the embryo
sac to form a triploid nucleus. ( 1 mark )

- This triploid nucleus will be divided by mitosis to eventually form the endosperm
tissue. This is the second fertilisation. ( 1 mark )

- Because there are two fertilisations, the process is known as double fertilisation.
( 1 mark )
____________
( 12 marks )

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