Biology Essay PDF

BIOLOGY SPM ESSAY QUESTION COLLECTIONS 4551/2
Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane
SBP 2011
1 (a) Movement of substances across the plasma membrane in the cell is important for the
continuity in life of organisms. The process helps to maintain a constant internal
environment.
(i) Explain the importance of plasma membrane for the survival of living organism.
[4 marks]
˗ living organism need nutrients / oxygen / glucose / mineral / any suitable example
to continue their life`s processes ions inside cells must be kept at different
concentration to outside the cells.
˗ to maintain a constant internal environment/ (homeostasis)
˗ The substances across the plasma membrane from the external environment
˗ cells produce waste products which exit through the plasma membrane
˗ The movement / types / amount of substances in and out of the cells is regulated by
plasma membrane.
˗ the cells need to maintain suitable pH of the cells for enzyme activity
˗ so that cell can secretes useful substances / hormones / enzymes
(ii) Diagram 1.1 shows two types of transport of substances through plasma membrane.
Diagram 1.1
Explain the two types of transport of substances through plasma membrane shown in
Diagram 1.1.
[6 marks]
Type 1
˗ facilitated diffusion occur
˗ diffusion of small molecules / ions
˗ move from higher concentration to the higher concentration of solute
˗ through pore protein
˗ does no need energy
Type 2
˗ Active transport occur
˗ The molecules such as sodium ions / potassium ions / glucose / amino acid
˗ move against concentration gradient / from lower concentration to the higher
concentration
˗ through carrier protein
˗ have active site with bind with particular molecule
˗ need energy / ATP
(b) A student carry out the experiment to determine the concentration of an external solution which
is isotonic to the cell sap. The student immersed the potato strip in a different concentration of
sugar in 30 minutes time.
Diagram 1.2 shows graph plotted to show the change in mass against concentration of solution.
Diagram 1.2
(i) Based on the graph in Diagram 1.2, state the concentration of the solution that is isotonic to
cell sap.
[1 mark]
2
Isotonic to the sap cell: 0.27 mol dm-3/ 0.28 mol dm-3/ 0.29 mol dm-3
(ii) Explain what happen to the cell at point P , Q and R.

[9 marks]
Point P
˗ The mass of potato increase
˗ (This occur because) the solution concentration is hypotonic to the sap cell of the
potato
˗ The water molecule diffuse out from lower concentration/ hypotonic region to the
higher concentration/ hypertonic region
˗ by osmosis
˗ cell becomes turgid (so the mass increased)
Point Q
˗ The potato does not lose or gain mass
˗ This occur because the concentration o the solution is isotonic to the cell sap
˗ Diffusion of water molecule is at equilibrium / equal rate
˗ no net gain or loss of water molecule (so the mass is maintained)
Point R
˗ The mass of potato decrease
˗ (This occur because) the solution is hypertonic to the cell sap
˗ The water molecule diffuse out from cells / from higher concentration to the lower
concentration / solution at surrounding
˗ by osmosis
˗ cell becomes flaccid (so the mass decreased)
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Nutrition
SBP 2011
1 (a) Diagram 1.1 show the digestive system of a herbivore.
Diagram 1.1
Describe how cellulose in the plant fibres are digested and how the products of digestion of
cellulose are absorbed into the body of the herbivore.
[10 marks]
How cellulose in the plant fibres are digested
˗ This is the digestive system of a non ruminant example a rabbit.
˗ Mouth: Plant tissues are cut, crushed and grind by the teeth / incisors / premolars /
molars.
˗ Plant cell walls are disrupted / cellulose exposed
˗ Stomach / duodenum / ileum – No enzyme cellulase secreted / No digestion of cellulose.
˗ Caecum (Enlarged )/ contains microorganisms / bacteria / protozoa which secrete
cellulase
˗ to digest the cellulose
˗ Appendix Enlarged / contains mi.croorganisms / bacteria / protozoa which secrete
cellulase
˗ to digest the cellulose.
˗ Cellulase hydrolyse cellulose to glucose in the caecum and appendix
Absorption of glucose
˗ Some glucose are absorbed by the caecum.
˗ No absorption of glucose in rectum
˗ Re-swallow the digested cellulose/glucose / pallet from the caecum after it has left the
anus / coprophagy
˗ All the glucose is absorbed into the blood capillaries of the villus in the ileum
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(b) Diagram 1.2 shows a food pyramid.
Diagram 1.2
Based on Diagram 1.2, explain how a teenager may be able to plan his daily diet wisely to
maintain his normal growth and good health.
[10 marks]
A good dietary habit for normal growth and good health of an adolescent:
˗ practicing a daily balance diet
˗ the diet comprises all food classes // carbohydrates, lipoids, proteins, vitamins, mineral
salts and fibers // foods from level 1, level 2, level 3 and level 4.
˗ in the correct amount
˗ should take more foods from level 1, 2 and 3 / containing carbohydrates, fruits and
vegetables / proteins
˗ for sustaining better general body growth / normal metabolism of the body.
˗ the adolescent requires more carbohydrates (as level 1)
˗ for example energy production / energy resources in the body
˗ More proteins (as level 3)
˗ for rapid muscular growth / replacement of dead tissues / cells / repairing damaged cells
˗ and synthesis of functional proteins/ enzymes / antibody /hormones / insulin
˗ vitamins / minerals serve as co-enzyme / co-factor for normal enzyme activities
˗ elements like Ca/ P / iodine are important for growth of bones / teeth / development of
endocrine gland / thyroid
˗ fibers helps peristalsis in the alimentary canal / avoiding constipation
˗ should avoid from consuming excessive fats (as level 4)
˗ which is the principal cause of cardiovascular problems / heart problem / hypertension /
thromboses coronary / arterosclerosis / obesity
5
Kedah 2011
2 Diagram 2.1 shows a food pyramid.
Diagram 2.1
(a) Explain why ice cream, butter cake are placed at level 4 in the food pyramid.
[6 marks]
˗ Food at level 4 should only be taken in smallest amount / ratio.
˗ Ice cream contain a lot of sugar.
˗ Sugar has high energy value.
˗ Excessive sugar in the body will lead to obesity / diabetes.
˗ Butter cake contain a lot of lipid.
˗ Lipid has high energy value.
˗ Excessive lipid will form adipose tissue in the body // increase cholesterol level in body.
˗ (Excessive lipid will) lead to heart attack / cardiovascular disease / stroke.
(b) Explain the importance of consuming food from level 2 in our daily diet.
[4 marks]
˗ Food at level 2 contains a lot of water, vitamins, minerals and roughage / fibre.
˗ Water is important in all cell activities / physiological / biochemical processes in our
body.
˗ Body need enough vitamins to preserve / maintain health // Any suitable example of
vitamin and the related function
˗ Body need enough minerals to preserve / maintain health and growth // Any suitable
example of mineral and the related function.
˗ Roughage is necessary in the diet to stimulate peristalsis / to prevent constipation.
(c) Diagram 2.2 shows a few examples of fresh food and processed food.
Diagram 2.2
Discuss the good effects and bad effects of processed food in our daily life.
[10 marks]
Good Effect : By producing processed food
˗ Food can be preserved / kept longer.

˗ to prevent food poisoning / wasting of food.
˗ Crops can be planted / livestock / poultry can be reared in big scale.
˗ to prevent food shortage.
˗ (food are packaged) to increase the commercial value / easier to be transported.
˗ more types / varieties of food can be produced.
Bad Effect : By regular consuming of processed food
˗ Loss a lot of nutrition value (under high temperature during the process).
˗ (Contain) preservative / colouring / dye / flavour which is carcinogenic.
˗ lead to mutation / cancer / health problem / suitable example.
˗ Contain excessive salt / sugar.
˗ lead to high blood pressure / diabetes / obesity
SBP 2010
3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows three processes involved before the food substances taken in areable to be
incorporated into the body cells of humans.
Diagram 3.1
Explain the digestion of butter before it is absorbed by P.

[4 marks]
˗ (Butter) contains lipids / fats
˗ Digestion occurs in the duodenum / ileum
˗ The bile salts emulsify the fats / turn into tiny droplets
˗ (Catalyses by enzyme) lipase
˗ By hydrolysis
˗ Fat into fatty acids and glycerol
(b) Describe the absorption and assimilation of the food taken in during breakfast.
[10 marks]
Absorption
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˗ Products of digestion; glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerols.

˗ Glucose and amino acids enters the blood capillaries of villi
˗ Fatty acids and glycerols enters lacteal of villi
Assimilation
(i) Glucose
˗ Used by cells to produce energy // Cellular respiration
˗ Excess glucose is converted into glycogen
˗ And stored in the liver / muscles
˗ (When liver is saturated with glycogen) glucose is converted into fats.
(ii) Amino acids

˗ Used to make proteins / enzymes / cell cytoplasm / muscle cells
˗ Used in growth / cell repairs
˗ Excess amino acids converted into urea
˗ And eliminate in the urine
˗ Excess may be converted into fats
(iii) Fats
˗ Used in building plasma membrane / cell membranes
˗ Excess fats are stored in adipose tissues
(c) About 50% of the small intestine of a man is cut and removed due to cancer.
Explain the effect to the function of structure P and to the amount of stored carbohydrates in his
organ Q.
[6 marks]
˗ To the function of villi
˗ Less digested food is absorbed
˗ Because total surface area decrease / less
˗ Less digested food transported
˗ Because less blood capillaries / lacteals
˗ To the amount of glycogen in the liver

˗ Less glycogen (stored in the liver)
˗ No excess glucose
˗ Absorbed by villi
˗ Glucose absorbed (by villi) does not meet the body needs
Johor 2010
4 (a) Photosynthesis occur in two stages which are light reaction and dark reaction.
Describe the differences between the light reaction and dark reaction.
[4 marks]
Light reaction Dark reaction
Occurs in granum Occurs in stroma
Requires light Does not require light
Involves reduction/fixation of carbon
Involves photolysis of water
dioxide
Materials required is carbon dioxide /
Materials required is water / chlorophyll
hydrogen atoms / ATP
Produces oxygen and water Produces glucose
8
(b) In countries with four seasons, plants are grown in greenhouse.

Based on the statement, explain why this method is carried out to ensure the production of crops
throughout the year.
[6 marks]
˗ In the temperate countries light intensity / temperature changes throughout the year.
˗ In winter, temperature is very low.
˗ In autumn, the plants shed their leaves // Light intensity / temperature is low.
˗ Rate of photosynthesis is very low.
˗ In spring and summer, the light intensity / temperature are optimum for photosynthesis.
˗ So the rate of photosynthesis is maximum / highest.
˗ In the greenhouse, light intensity / concentration of carbon dioxide / temperature are
maintained at optimum level (for photosynthesis) throughout the year.
˗ So the rate of photosynthesis is maintained at maximum level throughout the year
(regardless of changes in light intensity or temperature).
˗ The plants are able to increase yields / increase the crops production throughout the
years.
(c) Graph in Diagram 4 shows the changes in the rate of photosynthesis throughout the day in a
tropical country.
Diagram 4
Based on the graph, explain the changes in the rate of photosynthesis in the plant throughout the
year.
[10 marks]
0000 to 0600
˗ The rate of photosynthesis is very low.
˗ The light intensity / temperature is (very) low.
˗ (At low temperature), photosynthetic enzymes are inactive.
0600 to 1200
˗ The rate of photosynthesis increase (rapidly)
˗ Light intensity / Temperature also increases.
˗ Enzymes for photosynthesis become more active.
˗ Stomata open wider to allow absorption of more carbon dioxide.
At 1200
˗ The rate of photosynthesis is maximum / the highest.
˗ The light intensity maximum / temperature is optimum (for photosynthesis) / stomata
open fully.
˗ Enzymes are the most active.
1200 to 1800
˗ The rate of photosynthesis decreases.
˗ Light intensity / temperature decreases.
˗ Photosynthetic enzymes are less active.
˗ Stomata openings / pores become smaller.
˗ Less carbon dioxide is absorbed.
1800 to 2300
˗ The rate of photosynthesis becomes very low / stopped / ceased.
˗ Light intensity very low / temperature is very low / no light
˗ Photosynthetic enzymes are not active.
˗ Stomata closed.
˗ Very little / no carbon dioxide is absorbed.
Perlis 2010
5 The photographs in Figure 5.1 show three individuals with different needs for energy.
Figure 5.1
(a) (i) What is a balanced diet? Why do we need a balanced diet?

[2 marks]
˗ A balanced diet is the foods that contain correct proportion of nutrients which
include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre
/ roughage. or
˗ A balanced diet is one which contains the correct proportions of all the different
food requirement of the body.
˗ We need a balanced diet to supply enough energy for each day’s activities.
(ii) Based on your biological knowledge about balanced diet, explain the factors that determine
the energy requirement for the three individuals in figure 5.1.
[8 marks]
A lady athlete:
˗ An athlete is a very active person and has high rate of metabolism to produce
energy.
˗ The diet should include more carbohydrates to supply enough energy to carry out
the vigorous activity in sports // She needs to contract and relax her muscles
frequently for her vigorous activities. // Energy is needed to contract the muscles.
˗ The diet should include more protein to build new tissues to replace tissues that
are dead or damaged.
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˗ She also needs calcium, sodium and potassium to strengthen the bones and to
prevent muscular cramp.
A pregnant lady:
˗ A pregnant lady has a high rate of metabolism to provide energy for herself and
the baby.
˗ The pregnant lady also needs more iron and calcium to build red blood cells to
avoid anemia.
˗ She needs high quantity of calcium and phosphate to form strong teeth and bones
for the baby.
An old lady:
˗ An old lady has low rate of metabolism as she does not need energy to grow. (age)
˗ An old lady needs less carbohydrates and fats because she is less active and thus do
not need much energy.
˗ She needs calcium and phosphorus to prevent osteoporosis.
˗ She should avoid food that contains a lot of fats, sugar and salt because excess fat
can lead to heart diseases, excess sugar can cause diabetes mellitus and excess salt
can cause high blood pressure.
(b) Figure 5.2 shows human’s digestive system. X is part of the cross section of structure Y.
Figure 5.2
(i) What are the processes that occur in structure Y?

Describe the processes by giving examples.
[5 marks]
˗ Digestion // Intestinal glands of the wall of ileum secrete a few enzymes to complete
the digestion process.
˗ Digestion process is complete in ileum to produce simple sugars (glucose, fructose
and galactose), amino acids, fatty acids and glycerol.
˗ Example:
1. Enzyme erepsin (peptidase) – peptide to amino acids.
2. Enzyme sucrose – sucrose to glucose and fructose
˗ Absorption // The wall of ileum has many projections called villus to absorb the
products of digestion.
˗ Blood capillaries in the villus absorb simple sugars, amino acids, minerals,
vitamins B and C (example)
˗ lacteal of the villus absorb fatty acids, glycerol, fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.
(ii) Describe the adaptations of X that allow structure Y to carry out its function efficiently.
[5 marks]
˗ X is villus – has very thin epithelium that is only one cell thick.
˗ the thin epithelium facilitate the diffusion of digested food // enable digested food
to move across easily.
˗ X is greatly folded structure.
˗ provides a large surface area for efficient absorption of digested food.
˗ It has a mass network of blood capillaries.
˗ to transport the digested food such as glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamin
B and C that has been absorbed.
˗ Each villus has a lacteal.
˗ to transport lipid soluble nutrient // fatty acids, glycerol and lipid soluble vitamins.
SPM 2006
6 Diagram 6 shows three organisms, P, Q and R.
P Q R
Diagram 6
(a) (i) Describe the type of nutrition in P and Q.

[4 marks]
P
˗ Autotroph
˗ synthesizes its own food
˗ from carbon dioxide and water using sunlight
Q
˗ Heterotroph
˗ consumes food from organic substances in the environment
(ii) Explain one similarity and four differences between the alimentary canal of Q and R.
[10 marks]
12
Similarity:
˗ The alimentary canals of both Q and R have bacteria / protozoa
˗ to hydrolyse cellulose
Differences:
˗ R has 4 stomach chambers while Q has one stomach chamber.
˗ Where digestion of cellulose occur.
˗ The size of the caecum in R is small and short while in Q it is big and long.
˗ In Q, it is a place where bacteria hydrolyse cellulose.
˗ The bacteria and protozoa in R are found in the rumen and recticulum while in Q
there are mostly found in the caecum.
˗ Bacteria secrete cellulase.
˗ In R, food passes through the stomach chamber twice while in Q food passes
through stomach chamber once.
˗ To digest food by increasing the efficiency of the cellulase reaction.
(b) Constipation, night blindness and anemia are three health problems.
State the cause and suggest the ways to overcome these health problems from nutritional aspects.
[6 marks]
Health
Causes Ways to overcome
problems
Insufficient amounts of fibrous
Constipation Eat more vegetables and fruits
food
Night blindness Insufficient vitamin A Eat more carrots and tomatoes
Anaemia Insufficient iron Eat more spinach
SPM 2008
7 (a) (i) After absorption of nutrients in the small intestine, the undigested substances in the colon
result in the formation of faeces.
Explain the formation of faeces in human.
[4 marks]
˗ The contents in the small intestine that are not absorbed enter the colon.
˗ The intestinal content consists of a mixture of water, indigestible food, bacteria,
dead cells and pigments.
˗ The contents move slowly along the colon by peristalsis.
˗ Water is reabsorbed and faeces are formed.
(ii) Malnutrition is a condition due to taking an unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are
lacking, in excess or in the wrong proportions.
Explain the effect on a child who is given insufficient amounts of any two nutrients of
food for a long period of time.
[6 marks]
˗ A child who is deficient in protein may suffer from kwashiorkor.
˗ Protein is need for normal growth. Lack of protein causes growth of the child to be
stunned.
˗ A child who is deficient in vitamin C may suffer from scurvy.
˗ Vitamin C is need for healthy gums swollen and bleeding gums.
˗ A child who is deficient in roughage may suffer from constipation.
˗ Roughage is needed to stimulate peristalsis.
˗ Lack of roughage causes difficultly in defaecation.
13
(b) Table 7 shows the food intake by a boy aged 15 years in his daily menu. The daily energy
requirement for him is 12 500 kJ.
Types of food Quantity taken /g Energy content /kJ
Rice 400 1 600
Potato chips 500 1 000
Chicken curry 300 300
Boiled egg 150 630
Butter 50 3 000
Milk 280 300
Sausage 300 500
Sardine 150 900
Table 8
(i) Based on Table 7, state the value of energy contained in this daily food intake.
Does the food intake satisfy his daily energy requirement?
[2 marks]
˗ 8 230 kJ
˗ The energy produced from the food taken daily is insufficient.
(ii) This boy takes this menu continuously for a long time.
Explain the consequences to his health.
[8 marks]
The menu is an unbalanced diet because:
Does not contain the 7 classes of food in
Leads to malnutrition
the appropriate proportions
Does not contain sufficient roughage Leads to constipation
Contains only certain vitamins Leads to deficiency disease
Contains enough fat Causes healthy life
Contains enough protein Causes normal growth
Contains less minerals Leads to deficiency disease
Adabi 2011
8 (a) What is meant by a ‘balanced diet’?

[2 marks]
˗ A balanced diet is a diet made up of all the seven classes of food in the right proportion
for the body’s needs.
˗ The seven classes of food are carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, water
and roughage.
(b) Discuss the importance of the following classes of food:

(i) roughage
(ii) water
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Roughage:
˗ Provides the bulk to intestinal contents because of its high water holding capacity.
˗ Aids in peristalsis
˗ Aids in bowel movement
˗ Lowers the cholesterol level in the blood
˗ Deficiency of roughage can lead to constipation
Water:
˗ Medium for all cellular biochemical reactions
˗ Medium for transportation for respiratory gases and nutrients
˗ Regulates body temperature
˗ Aids peristaltic temperature
˗ Maintain osmotic pressure in the tissue fluid and blood plasma
(c) Discuss a diet appropriate for the following target group:

(i) children
(ii) pregnant mothers
Children:
˗ Appropriate food for children
˗ Children are in stage of growth. They need the food contain
˗ More carbohydrate, to provide extra energy for active children
˗ More protein to build body and tissues
˗ More fats, to provide energy and tissues
˗ More iodine mineral to produce thyroxine hormone essential for physical and
mental growth
˗ More vitamin especially D for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and folic
acid to reduce the risk of birth defect
˗ High calcium and phosphorus content grow of bone and tissues
Pregnant mother
˗ They need the food contain
˗ High protein such as meat (20% more than non-pregnant woman) for building
foetus body tissues
˗ High carbohydrate content such as meat (14% more than non-pregnant woman)
for building foetus body tissues
˗ High calcium and phosphorus content (50% more than non-pregnant woman) for
building foetus body tissues
˗ Extra vitamins, especially D for the absorption of calcium and phosphorus and folic
acid to reduce the risk of birth defect
˗ Extra irons for making red blood cells
15
Respiration
Kedah 2011
1 The diagram 1.1 shows two processes of energy production in human muscles.
Oxygen Glucose Chemical equation:
C 6 H12 O 6  6O 2  6CO 2  6H 2 O  2898kJ

glucose oxygen carbon water energy
2898 kJ dioxide
Energy
Process P
Glucose Chemical equation:
C 6 H12 O 6  C 3 H 6 O 3  150kJ
glucose lactic acid energy
150 kJ
Energy
Process Q
(a) Based on Diagram 1.1 , explain process P and process Q. [4 marks]
Process P
˗ Aerobic respiration.
˗ glucose is completely oxidized / breakdown in the presence of oxygen
˗ the quantity of energy produced is higher
Process Q
˗ Anaerobic respiration
˗ glucose is not completely oxidized / the glucose molecules breakdown partially (into
lactic acid)
˗ the quantity of energy produced is lower
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the respiratory centre and chemoreceptor which are involved in the
regulation of the carbon dioxide content in the body.
Diagram 1.2
Based on Diagram 1.2, explain how respiratory centre responses when the carbon dioxide
content in the body increases during vigorous exercise.
[6 marks]
˗ During vigorous exercise, carbon dioxide is produced and increased in the respiring
cells.
˗ Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in blood results in decrease in blood pH /
increase acidity.
˗ The drop in pH is detected by the central chemoreceptors (in the medulla oblongata )
˗ The central chemoreceptors generate the nerve impulses
˗ The nerve impulse is sent to the respiratory centre
˗ The respiratory generate the new impulse.
˗ The impulses is sent to the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
˗ Cause respiratory muscle to contract and relax faster
˗ As a result, the breathing rate increase (causes)
˗ More carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body,
˗ the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood return to normal level
(c) Diagram 1.3 shows the inhalation process in a fish.
bucal cavity
Gil
Opercular
cavity
Diagram 1.3
(i) Describe the breathing mechanisms in fish.

[4 marks]
˗ When the mouth opens, the floor of the buccal cavity is lowered.
˗ Increase the volume/ space of the buccal cavity
˗ This lowers the pressure in buccal cavity .
˗ Water with dissolved oxygen is drawn into the mouth.
˗ When the mouth closes, the floor of buccal cavity is raised.
˗ Water flow through the lamellae and gaseous exchange between the blood
capillaries and water takes place.
˗ Oxygen diffuses from the flowing water through the gill lamellae into the blood
capillaries.
˗ Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries via the gill lamellae into the
flowing water.
17
Diagram 1.4 shows the respiratory structure X and Y in the fish and human.
Diagram 1.4
(ii) Explain the similarities between respiratory structure X and Y in order to function
efficiently.
[6 marks]
˗ Both / fish and human have thin/one cell thick walls
˗ Gases can diffuse easily across the thin wall
˗ Human have a large number of alveolus while fish have a large number of
filaments.// both structure X are exist in large numbers
˗ To increase surface area for exchange of gases
˗ Both structure X and Y/alveolus and gills are surrounded by a network of blood
capillaries.
˗ To facilitate efficient exchange of and transport of respiratory gases / oxygen and
carbon dioxide.
Pahang 2010
2 (a)
Diagram 2
Diagram 2 (i) and (ii) show the respiratory structures of an insect. Describe the respiratory
structure and breathing mechanism of an insect.
[8 marks]
Respiratory structure
˗ the tracheal system consists of network of trachea
˗ the trachea is lined with chitin to prevent from collapsing
˗ spiracle is tiny openings that allow air to go in and out
˗ the trachea branch into fine tubes called tracheole
˗ the tracheole branch throughout the body and penetrate into body tissues/muscle
Breathing mechanism
˗ when the insect inhales, the abdominal muscles relax and spiracles open
˗ air pressure inside the trachea decreases and air is drawn in
˗ when the insect exhale, the abdominal muscles contract
˗ so increase air pressure inside trachea and forces air out through spiracles
˗ insect inhale and exhale through rhythmic contraction and expansion of their
abdominal muscles
˗ the body movement and contractions of abdominal muscles speed up the rate of
diffusion of gases from trachea into body cells
(b) Like animals, plants also respire aerobically to obtain energy for metabolism. They derive
most their energy from cellular respiration. During cellular respiration, the plant cells take
in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Based on the above statement, describe the intake of oxygen by plants for respiration.
[6 marks]
Structure involved
˗ the intake occurs by diffusion mainly through stomata and lenticels
˗ stomata can be found in epidermis of the leaves /the stems of herbaceous plants
˗ lenticels can be found on the stems and roots of plants
Explanation
˗ when stomata open, they connect the air spaces (within the leave) to atmosphere
˗ oxygen from atmosphere diffuses into the air spaces
˗ then dissolves in the film of water around the mesophyll cells
˗ so the concentration of oxygen in the cells becomes lower than in the air spaces
˗ thus, oxygen diffuse continuously from air spaces to the cell
˗ during daytime, carbon dioxide that is produced during respiration is used in
photosynthesis
˗ the excess carbon dioxide diffuses into the air spaces and then through stomata into
atmosphere
(c)
Diagram 2.2
Diagram 2.2 shows two types of different organelles. Explain the differences between the
process that take place in organelle P and organelle Q.
[6 marks]
P: mitochondrion
Q: chloroplast
The differences between the process in organelle P and Q:

Organelle P / Mitochondrion Organelle Q / Chloroplast
Process Respiration Photosynthesis
Aim Release energy Stores energy

Raw materials Glucose, oxygen Water, carbon dioxide, light
Products Energy, water, carbon dioxide Glucose / starch, water and oxygen
Energy Not required Required in form of light
20
Dynamic Ecosystem
Kedah 2011
1 Diagram 1.1 shows the distribution zones of mangrove trees K and L found in Kuala Kedah.
Diagram 1.1
(a) (i) Explain how mangrove trees K able to survive in zone U.
[6 marks]
˗ Mangroove trees K are Avicennia sp./ Sonneratia sp.
˗ have long underground cable roots that
˗ support them in the soft and muddy soil
˗ have thin, vertical breathing roots/ pneumatophores(which project above the water
around the trees).
˗ gaseous exchange / breathing
˗ the root cells also have a higher osmotic pressure
˗ prevent water lost from cells ( in the sea water )
˗ Salt water that enters the root cells is excreted through hydatodes (the pore in the
epidermis of the leaves)
˗ Able to germinate while still being attach to the parent tree / vivipary
˗ which increase the chances of survival of the seedlings
(ii) Mangrove tree L is a successor of mangrove tree K.

Explain how the process of succession occurs.
[4 marks]
˗ Pneumatophore of pioneer sp / Avicennia sp / Sonneratia sp traps/ collect muds /
organic substances/ sediments
˗ Increase the thickness of the soil / land become higher
˗ As time pass by the soil becomes more dense/ compact and firm/
˗ drier
˗ The condition favours the growth of Rhizophora sp.
˗ The Rhizophora sp. replaces the pioneer species.
2 (a)
Panthera tigris
(i) (ii)
Diagram 2.1
The classification of organisms is very important in ecological studies. Diagram 2.1 (i) and (ii)
shows two different animals based on the above diagram, explain how a classification system is
used to name both of these animals.
[4 marks]
˗ based on Linnaeus Binomial system
˗ the first name begin with capital letter refers to genus whereas second name begins with
small letter refers to species
˗ the names are written in italic
˗ (based on example from question) Panthera is the genus and tigris is the species
(b)
(i) (ii)
Diagram 2.2
Name and describe the interactions shown in Diagram 2.2 (i) and (ii).
[4 marks]
Diagram 2.2 (i)
˗ Commensalism
˗ a clown fish gains protection from (predators) by living among sea anemones
˗ sea anemones unaffected
Diagram 2.2 (ii)

˗ Mutualism
˗ alge synrthesis for itself and for fungus
22
˗ fungus supplies carbon dioxide and nitrogenous compound for alga to synthesise its
food
Diagram 2.3
(c) Most microorganisms are harmless and useful to human being. Diagram 9.3 shows an example of
a type of microorganism from the kingdom of Fungi. Describe the benefits of using above
microorganism to produce useful products for humans.
˗ bread making
˗ flour, sugar and yeast are used. Yeast helps the dough to rise
˗ through fermentation that release carbon dioxide
˗ beer making –
˗ two species of yeast are used, beer is brewed from barley grains
˗ wine
˗ is made through fermentation of grape juices produce ethanol
˗ soya sauce
˗ is made from soya beans fermented by the action of fungi
(d) It is important for us to conserve and preserve our biodiversity. Suggest three ways how to
implement it.
o [6 marks]
˗ Replanting programs after selective logging in rainforest
˗ Each house/school plant at least one tree
˗ Campaign through media/NGO/private sectors
˗ Banner/radio/television/pamphlet
˗ Recycle/reuse/reduce waste products
˗ Build the centre for recycling/any relevant explanation
˗ Stop open burning
˗ Dig and put the waste in the ground
˗ Car pool/use public transport
˗ Reduce the use of fuel and release of pollutants
˗ Any relevant fact
˗ Any relevant explanation
23
Endangered Ecosystem
Kedah 2011
1 (b) Diagram 1.2 shows a section of a river that flows through rural and urban areas.
People live in residential area complained that the river water has turned green and many fishes
die.
Explain the phenomenon.
[10 marks]
˗ Eutrophication occur
˗ Farmers use fertilizers that usually contains nitrates/phosphate
˗ Fertilizer/animal waste/silage which contain nitrate/phosphate may washed out in
water when it rains/leaching/run into the river.
˗ Increase the nutrient content in the river
˗ Algae in the river grow faster (when they are supplied with extra nitrate/(phosphate)/
Algal bloom
˗ (they may grow so much) that they completely cover the water.
˗ block the sunlight to reach the plants in the water.
˗ Rate of photosynthesis decrease/ not occur
˗ The aquatic plants die
˗ Bacteria decomposed dead plant
˗ Population of bacteria increase
˗ oxygen in the water used up by the bacteria
˗ Dissolve oxygen also reduced/ BOD increase
˗ Caused aquatic plants and fish die
24
Johor 2010
2 (a) Diagram 2.1 shows a phenomenon which occur in the Earth’s atmostphere.
Diagram 2.1
(i) Explain how the phenomenon happens and its effect on the environment.
[6 marks]
Causes of the phenomenon:
˗ This phenomenon is called green house effect
˗ Combustion of fossil fuels from vehicles / factories / forest burning / coal-fired
power station
˗ excessive deforestation
˗ increase carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere cause by industries
˗ pollutants / CFC / methane
Effects of the phenomenon

˗ carbon dioxide traps heat / infra-red light / long-wave radiation
˗ increase in global / world atmospheric temperature / cause a rise in Earth’s
temperature / global warming
˗ melting of polar ice / rise in the sea levels
(ii) Suggest measures needed to be taken to overcome the phenomenon.

[4 marks]
˗ Use alternative source of energy to reduce the usage of fossil fuels / energy
generated from wind / water / solar
˗ restrict open burning / forest burning / use incinerator
˗ reduce deforestation for farming / other development projects
˗ selective harvesting / logging / cut matured tree only
˗ replanting more trees which have been cut down
˗ the use of technology / unleaded petrol / catalytic converter
(b) Diagram 2.2 shows another environmental phenomenon which has become a current topic of
discussion.
25
Diagram 2.2
Name this phenomenon and discuss the effects of the phenomenon on humans and ecosystem.
[6 marks]
˗ The phenomenon is known as the thinning / depletion of the ozone layer
˗ More ultraviolet ray reaches the Earth’s surface
˗ Ultra-violet ray will deteriorate / weaken the human’s body immune system
˗ An increase in the number of people suffering from skin cancer / melanoma / cataract
˗ High ultraviolet rays destroy phytoplankton
˗ break the food chain of marine life / the aquatic ecosystem
˗ the number of stomata / chlorophyll of the leaves will be reduced
˗ Rate of photosynthesis decreases
˗ Changes in climate pattern
(c) Explain the concept of sustainable development and the need for it to protect our environment.
[4 marks]
˗ (Sustainable development refers to) the measures undertaken to ensure that human
activity optimally utilize Earth’s natural resources such that they can be replenished
natural // suitable explanation
˗ Sustainable development is necessary as the rate at which man is using the finite natural
resources will compromise future generation’s demands // suitable explanation/
necessary to exploit natural resources at the same time measures taken so that these
resources can be replenished and be available for future generations.
˗ Ultimately, the natural resources, if continued to be depleted, will no longer be able to
sustain human society // suitable explanation
˗ Sustainable development involves the protection of air / land / water / flora and fauna /
forests
˗ which make up the surrounding we live in and survive upon.
˗ includes proper usage of renewable resources
˗ in order to maintain a stable / balanced ecosystem
26
Kedah 2010
3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows the information relating to the campaign of recycling practice.
Diagram 3.1
Based on the given information, explain how recycle practice able to preserve the balance of
environment.
[10 marks]
The tree
˗ Less tree will be chopped / felled
˗ More CO2 absorbed by the trees for photosynthesis
˗ Avoid the increasing of CO2 in the atmosphere.
˗ Reduce the impact of Green house effect // global warming
˗ Less habitat of fauna and flora will be destroyed.
˗ Reduce / avoid the extinction of fauna and flora.
˗ To maintain / preserve the biodiversity.
The oil / fuel // Save Energy

˗ Reduce the burning of oil / fuel
˗ More fuel/energy can be preserved for future.
˗ Less green house gases / acidic gases released.
˗ Reduce / avoid the impact of green house effect / acid rain.
The Landfill
˗ Less landfill will be opened
˗ Landfill cause leaching / ground water pollution.
˗ Less diseases / health problem caused by the improper managed landfill.
The Water
˗ Less used water / effluent / untreated sewage released into river.
˗ Reduce / avoid the impact of water pollution / avoid the extinction of aquatic organisms.
27
(b) Diagram 3.2 shows a large area of forest involved in the building of a dam.
Diagram 3.2
Discuss the good and bad economical and environmental effects of this development.
[10 marks]
Good Effect
˗ Generate hydropower electricity
˗ As reservoir / to store water / supply fresh water
˗ Supply water for agricultural / industries.
˗ Place/site for recreation / tourism
˗ Reduce the flood problem at the downstream.
Bad Effect
˗ Flooded / submerge trees / habitat of the fauna and flora
˗ Less tree / plants to carry out photosynthesis // Less CO2 absorbed for photosynthesis
˗ Amount of CO2 in the atmosphere increase
˗ Increase the impact of green house effect / global warming.
˗ Many species of fauna and flora extinct // Reduce the biodiversity.
˗ Reduce the flow of water at the downstream.
˗ Cause the population of aquatic life at the downstream reduce.
˗ Reduce the land used for residential / agricultural
˗ Flooded / destroy / loss of historical building / site.
28
Melaka
4 (a) A group of farmers planned to develop an agriculture nearby the lake. Besides to obtaining a high
agriculture yield, they suggested that the area be made into a eco-tourism area. The following are
a part of the details of their planning:
Type of plants:
Strawberry and rose plant.
Location:
Near a natural lake.
Type of fertilisers used:

Compost, lead nitrat salt, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate
and phosphate.
Based on the detail above, explain the effect on the lake if their planning is not managed properly.
[10 marks]
˗ the leaching of chemical fertiliser/phosphate/nitrate from agriculture area to the lake
˗ Increase the fertility of the lake
˗ Encourages eutrophication (encourage algal growth)
˗ The growth alga prevent the light from reaching the base of the lake
˗ This reduce and prevents photosynthesis by aquatic plant.
˗ Reduse the oxygent release
˗ Aquatic plants and animals die due to lack oxygent.
˗ decomposition of dead plants, animals and organic mater by saprofitic bacteria iccure
˗ This will decrease the dissolved oxygen content
˗ BOD increase the water polluted
˗ This couse the aquatic animals die.
(b) Diagram 4 shows one phenomenon in the ecosystem due to an unplanned development.
Diagram 4
Based on the Diagram 4, explain the phenomenon and its effect to the environment.
[10 marks]
˗ (Name the effect) (The phenomenon) is acid rain
˗ Factors / motor vehicles / factory released large amount of nitrogen oxyde
˗ and sulfur dioxyde

˗ oxyde of nitrogen combine with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form nitric acid.
˗ sulphur dioxyde combined with water vapour (in atmosphere) to form sulphuric acid.
˗ the rain fall as the acid rain.
˗ Effect
˗ may corrode the building
˗ acidic water couse aquatic animal died.
˗ minerals in soil dissolved/washed into river.
˗ siol become infertile / not suitable for plant to growth.
˗ Less yield / plant become die becouse the infertile soil.
˗ The ecological ballamce of ecosystem distrupt.
SBP 2010
5 (a) Diagram 5.1 show a newly developed area.
Diagram 5.1
Explain how the human activity affects the river aquatic ecosystem.
[10 marks]
˗ Water pollution
˗ Caused by abundant supply of fertilisers (that are discharged from the plantation into
the river).
˗ Fertilisers contain high concentration of nitrates and phosphates
˗ Encourage eutrophication.
˗ They promote the rapid growth of algae // As a result, the population of algae increases.
˗ The surface of river is covered up by the algae (which grow extensively).
˗ The plants in the lower depths of the water cannot obtain sunlight.
˗ Hence, the plants die (when they are unable to carry out photosynthesis).
˗ The number of aerobic bacteria / decompose the dead plants also increases.
˗ They use more of the oxygen (in the water) during the decomposition.
˗ This reduces the concentration of oxygen in the water
˗ Causes the death of more aquatic organisms.
˗ The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) increases (as a result of the rapid growth of the
algae and the process of decomposition of the bacteria).
(b) Diagram 5.2 shows an environmental phenomenon.
30
Diagram 5.2
(i) Discuss the good and bad effects in the formation of a layer of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
[5 marks]
Good effect:
˗ Trap heat / provide temperature suitable to sustain life on earth.
Bad effects:
˗ Increase global temperature // Greenhouse effect.
˗ Reduce agricultural productivity // Rate of photosynthesis.
˗ Change in global climate // Draught // Hurricane.
˗ Melting of ice caps in the artic.
˗ Rise in sea level // Big flooding // Sea water entering agricultural area.
˗ Death of plants / animals / humans // Reduce biodiversity.
(ii) Can we save the world from the impact of the phenomenon? Justify your opinion.
[5 marks]
Opinion: Yes
Suggestion:
˗ Avoid cutting down trees/ deforestation
˗ Plants absorb CO2 in the atmosphere
˗ Replanting
˗ To absorb CO2 by plants
˗ Avoid open burning
˗ To avoid the release of CO2 into the atmosphere
˗ Use public transport/LRT
˗ Less vehicles producing CO2
˗ Use alternative energy from natural source (such as solar, wind, water flow)
˗ To decrease the release of CO2 by using fossil fuels as the energy source.
31
Transport
SBP 2011
1 (a) Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 shows the stages in blood clotting.
Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.2
Based on the diagram and on your biological knowledge, describe how the mechanism of blood
clotting helps to prevent infection when a wound occurs.
[10 marks]
˗ Wall of blood vessel is broken / damage / injured / severed
˗ The connective tissue in the vessel wall is exposed to blood.
˗ Platelets stick to the collagen fibres in the connective tissue.
˗ Then aggregation of platelets forms platelet plug.
˗ The clumped platelet, damaged cells and clotting factors in the plasma
˗ forms activators known as thromboplastine.
˗ Thromboplastine, in the presence of Ca2+ and vitamin K
˗ convert prothrombin ( inactive plasma protein) into thrombin (active plasma protein).
˗ Thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin.
˗ Fibrin threads form a network that mesh over the wound trapping red blood cells
˗ and sealing the wound.
˗ A blood clot is formed preventing further blood loss from the vessel.
˗ prevent bacteria / pathogen / microbe from entering the cell through wound
(b) The statement below describes the lymphatic system.
 Lacteals in interstinal villi transport products of lipids

 About 10% of interstitial fluid returns to the circulatory
system via the lymphatic system.
Based on these statements, explain why the lymphatic system is considered complementary to the
blood circulatory system.
[10 marks]
Statement 1:
˗ In the small intestine, the products of lipid which are fatty acids and glycerol
˗ are first transport into the lacteals in the villi.
˗ The lacteals fuse to form larger lymphatic vessels
˗ and enter the lymphatic system.
˗ Lymphatic fluid carrying the products of lipid digestion eventually drains into the
thoracic duct.
˗ The thoracic duct merges into the left subclavian vein which is a part of the blood
circulatory system.
˗ Thus the lymphatic system complements the circulatory system in transporting the
products of digestion.
Statement 2:
˗ (90% of) tissue fluid form at capillary network (interstitial fluid)
˗ must be return to the circulatory system.
˗ The remaining (10%) flows into blind-ended lymph capillaries
˗ which are found in capillary network.
˗ These lymph capillaries drain into larger lymph vessels
˗ which eventually drain back into the blood circulatory system
˗ via the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.
˗ Thus, the lymphatic system complements the circulatory system in ensuring that the
volume of blood in blood vessels is kept constant.
SBP 2010
2 (a) Diagram 2.1 shows a body defense mechanism.
Diagram 2.1
Explain the body’s response towards the entry of bacteria into the body.
[4 marks]
˗ Pathogens / bacteria succeed in penetrating the skin / first line of defence.
˗ Chemicals / proteins / antigens (produced by the pathogens)
˗ Attract the phagocytes / neutrophils / macrophages / monocytes (to the infected area)
˗ By using pseudopodia
˗ Surround / engulf / kill / destroy the pathogens / bacteria
˗ by lysozymes / lysosomes.
33
˗ A non-specific immune response.
(b) Microorganisms are very useful in medicinal field. They are widely used in biotechnology in
producing substances to fight against diseases.
Explain this statement by using two examples of the application.
[6 marks]
Example 1
˗ The production of insulin.
˗ Insert human gene (which controls the synthesis of insulin) into bacteria
˗ Bacteria are cultured / multiplied
˗ Insulin produced (by bacteria is collected)
Example 2
˗ The production of antiserum.
˗ (Specific) antigens / pathogens are injected into an animal.
˗ The animal produces (specific) antibody
˗ Antiserum is extracted / taken (from the animal’s blood).
˗ To stimulate passive immunity (in humans).
Example 3
˗ The production of vaccine.
˗ (A suspension) containing weakened / dead antigens / pathogen.
˗ Injected into human (body / blood)
˗ To stimulate the production of antibody (actively) // to achieve active immunity.
Example 4
˗ The production of antibiotics.
˗ Chemicals produced by microorganisms / Penicilium notatum / Streptomyces to kill
other microorganisms / bacteria.
˗ Example: penicillin / streptomycin.
˗ Penicillin is used to treat gonorrhea / syphilis / lung infection.
˗ Streptomycin is used to treat tuberculosis / TB.
34
(c) The graphs in Diagram 2.2 show the concentration of antibodies in the blood of two individuals,
X and Y, after given two injections of different substances.
Diagram 2.2
(i) Explain with examples why both individuals are immuned to specific antigens.
[5 marks]
˗ Individual X is immune to (a disease such as) tuberculosis / TB / chicken pox /
poliomyelitis / polio.
˗ Individual Y is immune to (a disease / toxin such as) tetanus / snake venom.
˗ Both involved in the increase in the level / concentration of antibodies (in the blood
/ body),
˗ Above the immunity level.
˗ The antibodies attack / neutralize specific antigens / pathogens in the body // The
active sites on the antibodies are specific to certain antigens.
˗ Produce specific (immune) response.
(ii) Describe the differences between the immunity obtained by the individuals.
[5 marks]
X Y
Active immunity Passive immunity
Immunity achieved through the
Immunity achieved through the
injection of an antiserum / serum which
injection of a vaccine
contains a specific antibody
Does not result in an immediate result in an immediate immunity
immunity (against a disease) (against a disease)
Lymphocytes (in the body will be
Antibody is received from the injections
activated to) produce antibody
The immunity usually last for a long The immunity lasts only for a short term
time / and offers temporary protection
35
Second injection is given when (the

Second injection ( booster) is necessary
person still infected and) his antibodies
to increase the antibody production (to a
has dropped below immunity level,
level that protects the person against the
(therefore he needs antiserum injection
disease)
against the disease)
Adabi 2011
3 (a) Describe the role played by each of the following in maintaining the circulation of blood in the
human body.
(i) The heart
(ii) The blood vessels
(iii) The muscle of the limb
[12 marks]
Heart:
˗ The heart is a muscular organ with two distinct valves, the left side receives and pumps
out oxygenated blood, the right side receives and pumps out oxygenated, the right side
receives and pumps out deoxygenated blood
˗ Rhythmic contractions of the heart help pump blood into the pulmonary and systemic
circulations
˗ The blood is pump into the systemic circulation at a lower pressure because the lungs
are situated close to the heart
˗ The heart rate changes according to the body’s requirements
˗ Example, strenuous activity causes the heart rate to increase
Blood vessel:
˗ Arteries are vessels that are thick-walled, containing muscle and elastic tissue within the
walls
˗ Arteries are capable of peristaltic movement which pushes blood further along the
arteries: this is important for arteries that supply tissues that are distant from the heart
˗ Veins are vessels with thinner walls and they have valves
˗ The pressure of blood in veins is very low, thus the presence of valves aid the flow of
blood towards the heart
˗ Capillaries have wall which are one-cell thick and permeable. This allow the exchange
of material between the blood and body cells.
Muscle of the limb:

˗ Large veins are located between the muscles of limbs
˗ The constriction of muscles squeeze the veins
˗ Blood in the veins are forced to move in one direction only (towards the heart)
(b) Diagram 3.1 shows a red blood cell structure. One of the major function of blood is the transport
of oxygen.
Diagram 3.1
Describe how the structure of red blood cells is adapted to perform this function.
[4 marks]
36
˗ The biconcave disc provides a large surface area to volume ratio

˗ This increases the rate of gaseous exchange
˗ The absence of a nucleus provides more space to store haemoglobin
˗ The flexible and elastic membrane of a red blood cell allows it to squeeze through
narrow capillaries
(c) Diagram 3.2 shows that the blood circulatory systems of an amphibian and a human.
Amphibian Human
Diagram 3.2
Based on the diagram compare both circulations.

[4 marks]
Similarities:
˗ Both are closed circulation systems
˗ Both are double circulatory system
Differences:
Amphibian Human
Have three chambers in the heart Have four chambers in the heart
There is some mixing of the oxygenated There is no mixing of the oxygenated and
and deoxygenated blood in the ventricle deoxygenated blood in the ventricle
(incomplete circulatory system) (complete circulatory system)
TIMES 2011
4 (a) Diagram 4.1 shows the movement of water from the roots to the leaves and out to the atmosphere.
Diagram 4.1
Based on Diagram 6.1, describe the movement of water from roots to the leaves.
[10 marks]
Root pressure
˗ The cell sap of root hair (usually) hypertonic to the surrounding soil solution
˗ Water diffuses into the root by osmosis.
˗ (As they absorb more water by osmosis), a cell sap becomes more dilute compared to
neighbouring cells.
˗ Water (therefore) moves to these adjacent cells which become more diluted themselves,
so
˗ osmosis continues across the cortex
˗ (At the same time), ions from the soil are actively secreted into the xylem vessels and
this causes osmotic pressure to increase
˗ Water flows continuously into the xylem and this create a pressure known as root
pressure
˗ Root pressure gives an initial upward force to water and mineral ions in the xylem
vessels
Capillary action
˗ Water moves up through the xylem in the stems by capillarity (with is the upward
movement of a
˗ fluid in a narrow bore tube)
˗ Capillary action is due to combined force of cohesion (water molecule have attraction
for each
˗ other) and adhesion (water molecules are attracted to the side of the vessels)
˗ Water molecule form a continuous water column in the xylem vessel (due to cohesion
and adhesion force enable water to move up along the xylem vessels)
˗ (As water is pulled upwards) the cohesion of water (which is due to hydrogen bonding
holds the
˗ water molecule together) prevent the water column in the xylem breaking apart
˗ (At the same time) the adhesion of the water (to the wall of the xylem vessel and
tracheids) prevents gravity from pulling the water down the column
38
Transpirational pull
˗ The lost of water from the mesophyll cells during transpiration is replaces by water
which flows
˗ in from the xylem vessels in the leaves
˗ This creates a tension / suction force in the water column because water has cohesive
properties
˗ called transpiration pull
˗ The transpiration pull draws water from the xylem in the leaves/stems/roots.
˗ The continuous flow of water through the plant is known as the transpiration stream
(b) Diagram 4.2 shows part of the blood circulatory system and the lymphatic system in the
human body.
Diagram 4.2
(i) Explain the differences between the composition of fluid P and fluid Q.
[4 marks]
˗ Fluid Q/lymph has a larger numbers of lymphocyte compare to fluid P/blood
˗ lymphocyte is produced by the lymph nodes in lymph system
˗ Fluid Q/lymph has lower contents of oxygen compare to fluid P/blood
˗ oxygen has been used up by the cell
(ii) Describe how fluid Q is formed from blood until it is brought back into the blood
circulatory system.
[6 marks]
˗ (When the blood flows from arteries into capillaries)there is higher hydrostatic
pressure at the arterial end of the capillaries
˗ (This high pressure) forces some plasma to pass through the capillary walls into
the intercellular spaces (between the cells)
˗ Once the fluid leaves the capillary walls, it is called interstitial/tissue fluid // The
interstitial fluid fills the spaces between the cells and constantly bathes the cells
˗ 90% of the interstitial fluid diffuses back into blood capillary
˗ 10% of the interstitial fluid that has not been reabsorbed into the bloodstream
goes into the lymph capillaries. (Once inside the lymph capillaries) the fluid is
known as lymph.
˗ The lymph capillaries unite to form larger lymphatic vessels.
˗ From the lymphatic vessels, lymph eventually passes into the thoracic duct/the
right lymphatic duct.
˗ The thoracic duct empties its lymph into the right subclavian vein. (Hence, lymph
drains back into the blood).
39
Support and Locomotion
SBP 2011
1 (a) Diagram 1.1 shows the human vertebral coloumn. P and R are two types of vertebrae in the
human vertebral column.
Diagram 1.1
(i) Explain the adaptation of vertebrae P and vertebrae Q to function efficiently.

[6 marks]
˗ P is thoracic vertebrae
˗ Have long spinous processes
˗ and directed downwards
˗ for muscle / ligament attachment
˗ articulate with ribs to make up the side of the thoracic cavity.
˗ Q is lumbar vertebrae
˗ Largest / strongest vertebrae
˗ Their processes are short / thick
˗ Have large centrum which bear the weight of lower back
˗ To provide support to the (upper) body
˗ Are attach to many of the back muscles
(ii) Explain why human requires endoskeleton for efficient daily activities.
[4 marks]
˗ Mechanical support
˗ Protection for internal organs
˗ A firm base the attachment of muscles
˗ Gives shape to the organism
˗ Helps in movement of the organism

˗ Site for production of blood cells
˗ Storage for phosphate and calcium
(b) Explain why:

 An athlete must do a warming up before the event
 Elderly people experiences pain at their joint.
[10 marks]
An athlete must do a warming up before the event
˗ to increase temperature of body / muscle
˗ enabling more efficient use of energy
˗ more efficient of glucose oxidation
˗ increase blood circulation / increase heartbeat/supply oxygen faster
˗ prevent injuries to muscle
˗ muscle can contract more efficiently
˗ prevent muscle cramp / allow muscle to be stretch more easily
Elderly people experiences pain at their joint

˗ small amount of synovial fluid produced (by the synovial membrane)
˗ thus increase friction between the end of the bones
˗ cartilage has become thinner
˗ thus cartilage is unable to cushions the joint / absorbs shock / further increases the
friction between the end of bone
˗ ligaments become shorter / loss elasticity
˗ result in stiff / painful joint
˗ difficulty in movement
Kedah 2010
2 (a) Diagram 2.1 show a fish.
Diagram 2.1
(i) State two adaptations of the fish on how to reduce the resistance in water.
[2 marks]
˗ fish have streamline shapes // the anterior of the fish is smooth and rounded // the
body is long and tapers towards the end.
˗ the body of a fish is covered with scales that have a slimy coating
(ii) Explain the role of body muscle in the mechanisms of locomotion in fish.
[6 marks]
˗ myotomes muscles are arranged in both side of the body
˗ the vertebral column of the fish is flexible and can bent from side to side
˗ myotome muscles act antagonistically in fish./ carry out opposite action in a fish
˗ when the muscles on right side contract, the muscle on the left side relax
˗ the tail/body will be bent to the right.
41
˗ when the muscles on left side contract, the muscle on the right side relax
˗ the tail/body will be bent to the left.
˗ alternate contraction of the right and left myotome block enable its tail to move
left and right
˗ to produce a force that propel the fish forward.
(b) Diagram 2.2 shows a forearm of humans.
Diagram 2.2
(i) Explain the similarity and difference between joint S and T.

[8 marks]
Similarities:
˗ Both Joint S and Joint T has a cavity filled with svnovial fluid // lined with synovial
membrane
˗ Synovial fluid acts as lubricant to reduce friction between bones // absorbs shock
of the movement.
˗ The end surfaces of the humerus bone of Joint S and Joint T are covered with
cartilage
˗ To protect the bone / reduce friction between the bones
˗ Both Joint S and T are connected with ligaments
˗ to absorb shock // strengthen the articulation of bones/ joint.
Differences:
˗ Joint S is hinge joint
˗ Joint S allows the movement of bones in one plane / direction
˗ Joint T is ball-and-socket joint.
˗ Joint T allows rotational movement of bones in all directions.
(ii) Osteoporosis is a bone disorder. Arthritis cause painful joint.

Explain the condition of osteoporosis and arthritis respectively.
[4 marks]
Osteoporosis
˗ the bone become thinner / more brittle / porous / fragile.
˗ Loss of bone mass.
˗ Lack of calcium / phosphorus / vitamin D
Arthritis
˗ Cartilage between bones become thinner.
˗ Ligaments become shorter / loss elasticity
˗ Less production of synovial fluid.
˗ The joints become swollen / stiff / painful
42
Coordination and Response
TIMES 2011
1 (a) Diagram 2.1 shows reflex arc when a hand touches a hot object while Diagram 2.2 shows
synapse.
Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2
Based on Diagram 2.1 and 2.2, explain the pathway of an impulse in a reflex arc shown in
Diagram 2.1.
[8 marks]
˗ the heat on the object stimulates the nerve endings (receptors) in the skin.
˗ impulses are triggered.
˗ This impulses travel along the sensory/afferent neurone to the spinal cord.
˗ in the spinal cord, the impulses are transmitted first across a synapse to the
interneurone and then across another synapse to the motor/efferent neurone. (at least 2
type of neurone)
At synapse
˗ When an impulse reach a presynaptic membrane, it triggers the synaptic vesicles to
release neutrotransmitter into the synaptic cleft.
˗ The neurotransmitter diffuse across the synaptic cleft
˗ and bind to receptors which are attached to the postsynaptic membrane.
˗ The binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptors leads to the generation of a new
impulse
˗ Impulses leave the spinal cord along the motor/efferent neurone to the effector
˗ the effector is the biceps muscle which then contracts. This brings about a sudden
withdrawal of the hand.
(b) (i) Explain with the help of diagrams, how geotropism is brought about in a plant root and
shoot.
[8 marks]
Diagram :
43
Shoot
˗ The auxin that is produced at the tip of shoot.
˗ auxin moves downward/ accumulate on the underside of the shoot tip due to the
pull of gravity.
˗ the high concentration of auxin accelerates the growth
˗ stimulating greater cell elongation on the underside relative to the cells on the
upper side.
˗ this differential elongation causes the shoot to bend away from gravity / grow
downwards.
Root
˗ The auxin that is produced at the tip of root.
˗ auxin moves downward/ accumulate on the underside of the root tip due to the
pull of gravity.
˗ the high concentration of auxin inhibits the growth
˗ slowing down cell elongation on the underside relative to the cells on the upper
side.
˗ this differential elongation causes the shoot to bend towards gravity / grow
downwards.
(ii) Explain the advantages of geotropism to a plant.

[4 marks]
Advantages Explanation
Ensures the root grow/penetrate deep
To anchor the plant firmly in the ground
into soil
The roots always contact with the soil The roots always contact with the soil
water/mineral/nutrients water/mineral/nutrients
The roots always contact with the soil The roots always contact with the soil
water/mineral/nutrients water/mineral/nutrients
Kedah 2010
2 (a) Diagram 3.1 show the structure of a synapse.
Diagram 3.1
Explain how the nerve impulse is transmitted across the synapse.

[6 marks]
˗ Nerve impulses arrive at the axon terminal of (presynaptic) neurone.
˗ Causes the synaptic vesicles to move towards the (presynaptic) membrane and fuse with
the membrane.
44
˗ Neurotransmiters /acetylcoline (examples) molecules are released from synaptic vesicles.

˗ (The neurotransmitter molecules) diffuse across the synaptic cleft into the postsynaptic
knob / dendrite / cell body of neighbouring neurone..
˗ The neurotransmitter molecules bind to specific receptor sites in the postsynaptic knob.
˗ The binding triggers / generates new nerve Impulses.
˗ The impulses then move along the postsynaptic neurone.
˗ The release of neurotransmitter is in one direction, from the synaptic knob to the
postsynaptic neurone.
˗ Mitochondria in the synaptic knob generate ATP / energy to synthesis neurotransmitter
molecules.
(b) Diagram 3.2 shows a reflex action that involves neurone X and Y.
Describe the reflex action.

[4 marks]
˗ The receptor at the terminal of X stimulated by the heat.
˗ The receptor generates a nerve impulse.
˗ The nerve impulse travels along X / afferent neurone to the spinal cord.
˗ In the spinal cord, the nerve impulse is transmitted to an interneurone.
˗ From the interneurone, the nerve impulse is transmitted to an efferent neurone/ neurone
Y.
˗ Nerve impulse travels along efferent neurone / Y and reach the effector / muscle tissue /
fingers.
˗ Muscles contract to withdraw the hand / finger.
(c) When a man is chased by a fierce dog, he is experiencing ‘fight or flight’ situation.
Explain how the nervous system and the endocrine system of the man coordinate to respond to
his situation.
[10 marks]
˗ The receptors in the eyes detect the dog.
˗ Nerve impulses are generated and transmitted to the brain via the afferent neurone.
˗ The hypothalamus in the brain is stimulated.
˗ It actives the sympathetic nervous system to generate nerve impulses.
˗ Nerve impulses are transmitted to the adrenal medulla to stimulate secretion of
adrenaline.
˗ Adrenaline carried / transported by blood circulatory system to the targeted organs.
˗ Adrenaline promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
˗ (Adrenaline) increases the breathing rate.
˗ More oxygen will be taken into the body
˗ (Adrenaline) increases the rate of heartbeat/ blood pressure.
˗ Rate of the blood flow increase.
˗ More glucose and oxygen will be supplied to the muscles.
˗ More energy produced by the muscles. // metabolic rate increase.
˗ Body has enough energy to face the ‘fight or flight’ situation.
45
Melaka 2010
3 (a) (i) Diagram 3.1 shows the formation of glomerular filtrate in process Y during urine formation.
Diagram 3.1
Based on Diagram 3.1, describe briefly the formation of the glomerular filtrate.
[4 marks]
Process Y is ultrafiltration
A process whereby
˗ water and solutes from glomerulus being forced to filter through the membrane of
Bowman’s capsule
˗ by the high hydrostatic pressure
˗ forming glomerular filtrate that contains water, glucose, amino acids, urea, mineral
salts and other small molecules
(b) En. Kamal was informed by his doctor that his left kidney fail to function.
By using your biology knowledge, explain the effect of his kidney failure on his health and give a
suggestion to overcome this problem.
[6 marks]
˗ less efficient in filtration of waste products and excess water in blood plasma
˗ as a result, urea uric acid/ creatinine / salt concentration will be increase
˗ increase the blood pressure
˗ use haemodialysis machine / kidney transplant
˗ to replace the function of kidney; filtrate all the waste product and excess water.
(c) Table 3.2 shows the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma, glomorular filtration and urine
of an adult.
Concentration of solutes (g/dm3)
Solute
Blood plasma Glomerular filtrate Urine
Glucose 1.0 1.0 0.0
Amino acid 1.5 1.5 0.0
46
Protein 80.0 0.0 0.0

Urea 0.3 0.3 20.0
Sodium ion, Na+ 3.2 3.2 1.6
Table 4.2
Base on the Table 3.2, explain why the concentration of solutes in the plasma, glomerular
filtration and urine of the adult are differ.
[10 marks]
˗ Glucose reabsorbed by facilitated diffusion into blood capillary
˗ Glucose needed by our body
˗ Acid amino reabsorbed by facilated diffusion
˗ Acid amino is needed for body growth / tissue repair
˗ Protein is a big molecule and cannot move via membrane plasma.
˗ Protein is still circulate in blood capillary.
˗ Urea is secreted substances and cannot move back to blood capillary
˗ Water is reabsorb by osmosis and the concentrate of urea increase.
˗ Sodium ion is move back to blood capillary via active transport
˗ Sodium is importance for maintain the blood pressure.
Pahang 2010
4 (a)
Diagram 4.1
Diagram 5.1 shows the negative feedback mechanism that regulated the blood glucose level in
human being.
(i) Explain briefly the meaning of ‘negative feedback’ in Diagram 4.1.
[2 marks]
˗ it is a corrective mechanism (which reverses the original change and brings the
system back to normal)
˗ when the blood glucose level decreases, it will increase and finally back to normal//
vice versa
(ii) Describe how hormone X and Y regulate the blood glucose level in humans.
[8 marks]
˗ Hormone X and Y are produced by pancreas
47
˗ Hormone X/glucagon is secreted by alpha cells whereas hormone Y/insulin is

secreted by beta cells
˗ if the blood sugar level is lower than normal, more hormonebX/glucagon is secreted
into blood stream
˗ hormone X/glucagon is transported by the blood to the liver
˗ hormone X/glucagon causes/stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose
˗ this causes the level of glucose to rise and back to normal
˗ if the blood sugar level is higher than normal, more hormone Y/insulin is secreted
˗ hormone Y/insulin causes/stimulates the liver to convert glucose into glycogen
˗ this causes the level of glucose decrease and back to normal
(b) (i)
Diagram 5.2
Diagram 4.2 shows the various structures involved in regulation of body temperature in the
human body.
A worker enters a cold room that stores frozen meat. Explain how the regulation of the
worker’s body temperature occurs.
[6 marks]
˗ when the environment is too cold, the stimuli is detected by receptors in the skin
˗ impulse is sent to brain/hypothalamus
˗ hypothalamus send impulse to the effectors
˗ sweat glands are not stimulated so no sweating
˗ vasoconstriction of arterioles in the skin, less blood flows to the skin
˗ so less heat is lost (to surrounding)
˗ erector muscle contracts, hair raise up so trap more heat
˗ adrenal gland secrete adrenaline whereas thyroid gland secretes thyroxin to
increase metabolic rate
˗ shivering takes place, this results in increased the production of heat
(ii)
Plants, like animals must respond to conditions and changes in the environment in
order to survive. In plant, response is controlled by chemicals called plants hormone or
plant growth regulators. A plant hormone is a chemical substance which is produced
by a plant and influences the growth and development of the plant.
Based on the statement above, state and explain the use of hormones in agricultural.
[4 marks]
Auxin
˗ promote the growth of adventitious root
˗ induce the development of fruit without
˗ fertilization/parthenocapy/fruit without seed
˗ prevent young developing fruit from falling off prematurely

˗ gardeners use auxins to stimulate growth of fruits/to delay fruit ripening
Ethylene
˗ promoting the ripening of fruits // the unripe imported fruit will be exposed to
ethylene gas for sale
Johor 2010
5 (a) Describe how the structure of the kidney are adapted to enable them to play a role in homeostasis.
[4 marks]
˗ (each kidney) contains hundreds of thousand / a large number of nephrones / nearly one
million nephrones
˗ to filter substances from the blood efficiently
˗ (each kidney) has ureter

˗ to carry away the urine / solution of wastes dissolved in water / creatinine / toxin and drugs
˗ (each kidney) has rich capillary network

˗ ultrafiltration / reabsorption can take place efficiently
˗ Has Bowman’s capsule / proximal convoluted tubule / loop of Henle / distal convoluted
tubule / collecting duct
˗ ultrafiltration / reabsorption / secretion
(b) Diagram 5 shows a simplified version of a kidney dialysis machine.
Diagram 5
Describe how the machine is used to remove waste products such as urea from a person with
kidney failure.
[6 marks]
˗ blood from the patient’s vein is passed through a machine
˗ which contains a dialyser / dialysis solution
˗ dialysis tubing has a semi-permeable membrane
˗ concentration of waste molecules / urea in blood is higher than in the dialysis solution //
there is concentration gradient between the blood and dialysis solution
49
˗ waste molecules / urea / excess salts diffuse through membrane from blood to dialysis
solution
˗ dialysis solution is continuously being replaced // essential substances remain in the
blood
˗ plasma protein / red blood cells are not able to diffuse through membrane of dialysis
tubing
˗ because the size is bigger / too big
˗ the direction of the flow of blood is opposite to the direction of dialysis solution
˗ to ensure the waste molecule / urea is continuously being remove from blood to dialysis
solution
˗ the filtered blood re-enters the patient’s blood vessel / vein
(c) Table 5 shows the composition of human blood and urine.
Chemical substances Percentage in blood, % Percentage in urine, %

Water 97 95
Plasma protein 8 0
Glucose 0.10 0
Urea 0.03 2.0
Table 5
Explain the differences between the percentages of chemical substances in blood and urine.
[10 marks]
˗ percentage of water in blood is higher than in urine
˗ in the proximal convoluted tubule
˗ the Na+ are pumped into the capillary // some salts are reabsorbed by active transport
˗ the movement of solutes into the capillary network decreases the solute concentration of the
filtrate but increases the solute concentration in the capillary network
˗ as a result, water diffuses into blood capillaries by osmosis from the proximal convoluted
tubule / Loop of Henle / distal convoluted tubule / collecting duct
˗ percentage of plasma protein is higher in blood compared to urine // percentage of
plasma protein is nil in urine
˗ size of plasma proteins are larger / too large which cannot be filtered out / diffused out during
ultrafiltration
˗ percentage of glucose is higher in blood but nil in urine
˗ all glucose are reabsorbed by active transport at proximal convoluted tubule
˗ percentage of urea is higher in urine than in blood
˗ urea is actively transported from the blood capillary to the distal convoluted tubule
˗ by active secretion process
˗ urea is filter but not reabsorbed into the blood
˗ selective reabsorption
50
Reproduction and Growth
Kedah 2011
1 Diagram 1.1 shows menstrual cycle which is controlled by certain hormones produced by pituitary and
ovary.
Diagram 1.1
(a) Explain the changes and the functions of each type of hormone produced by pituitary and ovary.
[8 marks]
FSH (Follicle – stimulating hormone)
˗ From day 1 to day 5, pituitary gland stars to secrete FSH
˗ FSH stimulates the development of follicle
˗ And stimulates the tissue of ovary to secrete oestrogen
Oestrogen
˗ From day 5 to day 13, concentration of oestrogen continue to increase
˗ Oestrogen causes the repair and heal of the endometrium lining
˗ Endometrium lining becomes thicker and ( filled with blood vessels)
LH (Luteinising Hormone)
˗ On day 13, the LH level increases
˗ Causing ovulation / Graafian follicle releases secondary oocyte.
˗ LH causes the formation of corpus luteum
˗ Corpus luteum secretes progesterone
Progesterone
˗ Progesterone maintains the thickening of endometrium for implantation
˗ Progesterone inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH

˗ If the secondary oocyte is not fertilised by a sperm, corpus luteum disintegrate /
progesterone decreases
˗ Endometrium lining begins to breakdown and menstruation starts
(b) Diagram 1.2 shows the growing of pollen tube in the style and the process of double fertilisation
in flowering plant.
Diagram 1.2
(i) Describe the growing process of pollen tube in the style and and the process of double
fertilisation in flowering plant.
[7 marks]
Growing of pollen tube process
˗ Sugary/sucrose solution stimulate the growing of pollen tube
˗ pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule
˗ The generative nucleus divides to form two male gametes nuclei
˗ Leading the front is the nucleus tube
Double fertilization
˗ Pollen tube penetrate the micropyle to reach the egg cell
˗ Nucleus tube disintegrate
˗ one of male nucleus fuses with egg cell to form a diploid zygote
˗ other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid
nucleus.
˗ which later develops into the endosperm
˗ the synergid cells and the antipodal cells disintegrate
Diagram 1.3 shows the stages of secondary growth in a dicotyledonous stem.
Diagram 1.3
(ii) Explain the process of secondary growth in dicotyledonous stem.

[5 marks]
Secondary growth of dicotyledonous stem
˗ Secondary growth of dicotyledonous stem involves vascular cambium and cork

cambium
˗ Vascular cambium divides actively by mitosis.
˗ To form ring of cambium / new cells
˗ Cells at inner layer will form secondary xylem
˗ Cells from outer layer will form secondary phloem
˗ Cork cambium divides by mitosis to form new cells
˗ The new cells at the inner layer form parenchyma
˗ The new cells at the outer layer form cork (tissue)
53
2 (a) Diagram 2 shows the level of four hormones and the sequence of events that occur during a
menstrual cycle of a healthy woman.
Diagram 2
Describe how the menstrual cycle is affected if the pituitary hormones peak up seven days later.
[10 marks]
˗ Menstruation / menses will occur a week later (than usual) // on the 7th day of the
following cycle / month.
˗ FSH peaks up on day-20 / a week later / just before day-21.
˗ LH peaks up on day 20 / a week later / just before day-21.
˗ ovulation only occur a week later / day-21
˗ due to stimulation / from a rise of LH
˗ level of estrogen remains high until day-21 because
˗ graafian follicle that release estrogen remains intact / due to no LH
˗ corpus luteum will only be formed on day-21 / a week later
˗ this causes level of progesterone to increase after day 21 and remains high
˗ as level of progesterone high, the lining of uterine wall / endometrium will remains thick
longer
˗ when corpus luteum degenerate, level of progesterone drops
˗ this causes the lining of endometrium to disintegrate causing menses which occurs a
week later than usual
(b) “In Malaysia, it is estimated that one baby is abandoned every 10 days in the Klang Valley,
and 100 babies abandoned every year nationwide.”
The Star Online, September 27, 2008

Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages in the application of science and technology in
human reproduction in handling the issue.
[10 marks]
Advantages:
˗ Sterilise method; vasectomy / by cutting the vas deferens in testes
˗ to prevent the sperms from going to prostate glands// ejaculation does not contain
sperms
˗ use of (male) condoms
˗ prevent / reduce chances of sperms from going into cervix / uterus
˗ Use female diaphragm that covers the cervix // Use of female condom which is fitted
inside vagina
˗ Block entrance of sperms into the uterus // Prevent entrance of sperms into uterus //
sexually transmitted disease
˗ Contraceptive pills // Contraceptive implant// Depo-vera injection
˗ prevent development of follicle // inhibit ovulation // difficulties in implantation of zygote
˗ Morning after pill
˗ Prevent fertilization
˗ Sterilization by cutting and tying the fallopian tube
˗ Prevent the egg travelling along the fallopian tube / sperms reaching the ovum.
Disadvantages:
˗ Sterilising method cause permanent disabilities to produce sperm / ovum hence the
person is not able to produce off springs anymore
˗ Condoms; sometimes sperms can still penetrate therefore chances of getting pregnant is
still there
˗ Pills are unreliable because they have to be taken consistently
˗ All these methods will cause teenages / unmarried adults to increase their sexual
activities (because they are not afraid to get pregnant thus increasing the moral issues in
the societies).
3 Sexual reproduction in plants involves the production of pollen grains and ovules.
(a) By using a flow chart describe how pollen grains are formed in plants.
[10 marks]
˗ Pollen grains are male gametes (produced in the anther/pollen sac

˗ (pollen sac) contains diploid pollen parental cell/ pollen mother cell/ microspore mother
cell
˗ (each pollen mother cell) undergoes meiosis

˗ Producing 4 haploid microspores(n)
˗ nucleus of (every) microspore undergoes mitosis forming two nuclei
˗ The generative nucleus and the tube nucleus
˗ Microspore with surfaces adapted for dispersion and is now called pollen
Reproduction technology has contributed a lot to human health and population growth.
(b) Describe how infertility is overcome in humans using the following methods:
 Sperm banking
 Artificial insemination
 In vitro fertilization
 Surrogate mother
[10 marks]
Sperm bank
˗ Used when the man/spouse/male suffers from low sperm count/production of
weak/unhealthy sperms
˗ Sperms are donated and donor’s identity is recorded/secret
˗ Genetic biodata of donor and the woman recipient should match for successful
fertilization
Artificial insemination
˗ Practiced by a couple when the man is sterile
˗ Donor’s sperm are injected into the womans uterus during ovulation
˗ No sexual intercourse is involved
˗ The genetic background and health of donor is screened before acceptance
In vitro fertilization
˗ Practiced when the woman’s ovum cannot be fertilized due to blockage of fallopian tube
˗ Ovum is extracted (from the woman) and fertilized outside the body/in Petri dish/test
tube
˗ Fertilized ovum/zygote grows in culture medium
˗ Than it is implanted into the woman’s uterus
Surrogate mother
˗ Method practiced when a woman cannot be pregnant in normal way
˗ The zygote is obtained by invitro fertilization
˗ Another woman is implanted with the couple zygote
˗ (Surrogate mother) carries the baby only until it is born
Length
4 Height (cm)
(cm)
Time (year) Time (day)

Graph 4.1 (a) Graph 4.1 (b)
56
(a) Graphs 4.1 (a) and 4.1 (b) show the growth curve of human and insect.
Based on the graphs, compare the growth process in human and insect.
[10 marks]
Similarities
- height of man / length of instar increases by time
- both show horizontal line / constant growth during adult
Difference
- Form of graph – Sigmoid form for human and like series of steps in insect
- Age of organism – the height measured yearly, but in insect used day for measuring the
length
- Caused of different – human have endoskeleton but insect have exoskeleton
- Stages involve – in human, the curve has three different phases, but there are five steps
in insect // nymphal stages
- Vertical and horizontal line : curve for human did not shows different line (only the
curve from continuous points), but there are five different horizontal and vertical lines
each
- Zero growth – no point to show zero growth in human, but there are 5 time of zero
growth (at horizontal line)
- Sudden growth : no sudden growth for human, but there are sudden growth in insect
(at vertical line)
- Ecdysis : no ecdysis in human but ecdysis occurred in insect
- Mitosis : the cells in human undergo mitosis all the time, but in insect, mitosis only
occurred at certain time (during ecdysis)
- Absorption of air : in human, there are no absorption of air, but in insect, during
ecdysis
(b) A couple, Mr Zafrie and Mrs Munirah had married almost ten years but still do not have any
child. After undergone an inspection, they found that the husband does not have any problem
but the Fallopian tube of Mrs Munirah is blocked.
Based on your biological knowledge in reproduction technology, explain how the couple can
have children.
[10 marks]
In-vitro technique
˗ means fertilization occurs outside of the body
˗ the wife injected with hormone to fasten the development of the secondary oocyte /
ovum in ovary
˗ secondary oocyte / ovum release out by using laparoscope (from ovary before
ovulation)
˗ sperms from husband fertilize with the secondary oocyte in a Petri dish (contains
culture medium)
˗ (after fertilization) zygote will divide by mitosis
˗ (after 2 days) formed embryo until eight cells stage
˗ embryo transferred to the endometrium of the uterus wall through cervix (using pippet)
˗ embryo implant at the endometrium of uterus wall and develop
˗ baby that is delivered is called test tube baby
˗ This technique is complicated / expensive and the probability to success is low
57
3 (a)
(i)
(ii)
Diagram 3.1
Diagram 3.1 (i) and (ii) shows the formation of pollen grains and development of the embryo sac.
Describe both processes.
[8 marks]
Pollen grains
˗ pollen is produced in the anther (which consists of four pollen sacs)
˗ each pollen sac contains hundreds of pollen mother cells which is diploid
˗ each mother cells undergoes meiosis to form four haploid microspores/cells/tetrad
˗ each cell /tetrad develop into pollen
˗ the nucleus of each cell/microspore/tetrad undergoes mitosis to form (pollen) tube
nucleus and generative nucleus
Embryo sac
˗ embryo sac mother cell (diplod/2n) undergoes meiosis to form four haploid
cells/megaspores
˗ three of the cells/megaspores degenerate, leaving only one(in the ovule)
˗ nucleus of megaspore undergoes mitosis three times to form eight haploid nuclei
˗ three of eight nuclei migrate to one end of the cell to form antipodal cells
˗ another two nuclei/polar nuclei move to the centre
˗ near the opening of ovule/micropyle) one of three nuclei develops into egg cell/female
gamete flanked by two synergid cells
˗ the structure formed is known as embryo sac
(b)
Diagram 3.2
Diagram 3.2 shows the process of double fertilization in plant. Describe the process and explain
the importance of double fertilization for the survival of flowering plants.
[6 marks]
˗ The process of double fertilization
˗ a pollen grain on stigma initiates the fertilization process
˗ sugar (solution) in the stigma stimulates the pollen to germinate and form a pollen tube
˗ the pollen tube grows down the style towards the ovule
˗ (during the growth of pollen tube) the generative nucleus divides by mitosis and form
two male gamete nuclei
˗ the male nuclei follow the tube nucleus down the pollen tube
˗ pollen tube reaches ovule through micropyle and tube nucleus disintergrates
˗ one male gamete nucleus fuses with egg nucleus forming diploid zygote(2n)
˗ other male gamete nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei forming a triploid nucleus(3n)
˗ Explaination
˗ genetic information of parents plants is passed down to the next generation (diploid
zygote)
˗ variation in next generation (as a result of the formation of the male gamete fuses with
egg cell)
˗ endosperm provides food for developing embryo during germination
˗ seeds are surrounded by ovary which develops into fruit, thus fruit protect the seeds –
for survival in new habitat
(c) A husband and wife with seven children plan not to have anymore child. Based on your
biological knowledge, explain the methods that can be recommended to them.
[6 marks]
Diaphragm
˗ inserted into vagina to cover the cervix to stop sperm from entering the uterus
IUD
˗ fitted into uterus by doctor and can be left in the uterus (2 years) and prevent
implantation
Spermicide
˗ chemical cream/gel/foam is applied to vaginal walls before copulation and kill the
sperms ejaculated into vagina
Contraceptive pills
˗ prevents ovulation (by inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH)
Tubal ligation
˗ both the fallopian tubes are cut and tied (in an operation) causes the ovum cannot reach
the part of Fallopian tube, fertilization is not occurred
60
Inheritance and Variation
Melaka 2010
1 (a) Diagram 1.1 and 1.2 shows the distribution of two type of variations in human.
Diagram 1.1 Diagram 1.2
With suitable examples, explain the type of variation for characteristic P and characteristic Q.
[4 marks]
P
˗ Height // weight
˗ continuous variation because have differences very slightly
˗ Controls by environment.
Q
˗ Blood type
˗ discontinuous variation
˗ Controls by genetics.
(b) Diagram 1.3 shows few stages that involved in the production of insulin hormone through
genetic engineering technology.
61
Diagram 1.3
By using your biology knowledge, explain how this technology can be use in insulin hormone
production.
[6 marks]
˗ The gene for the insulin is isolated from human pancreas cell
˗ The bacterial plasmid is isolated (DNA found in bacteria)
˗ The bacterial plasmid is cut by using enzyme
˗ The enzyme used to incorporate gene for insulin production into the plasmid
˗ the bacteria are cultured in bioreactor
˗ the plasmid replicate as a bacteria divide asexually .
˗ the bacteria can produce insulin in large quantity, purified and isolate.
(c) Diagram 1.4 shows differences among cats. Diagram 1.5 shows the factors affected the
differences.
Diagram 1.4
Diagram 1.5
Explain how these factors in the diagram will cause the differences among the cats in Diagrams
1.4.
[10 marks]
Meiosis
˗ produce varies gamet with different genetic contents;
˗ through homologous chromosomes random assortment during metaphase 1
Fertilization
62
˗ random fertilization between sperm and ovum

˗ produce zygote with varies genetic materials.
Crossing over
˗ crossing over occurs between the homologous chromosomes during prophase 1
˗ result recombinants gens
˗ produce varies gamete cells
Perlis 2010
2 (a) Figure 2 shows various types of thumbprints.
Figure 2
(i) Explain the type of variation shown in Figure 2.

[4 marks]
˗ Discontinuous variation
˗ Contrasting features
˗ No intermediate values
˗ Caused by genetic factors
˗ Can be inherited
(ii) Compare the variation shown in figure 9 with the type of variation shown by body mass.
[6 marks]
Body mass Thumbprints

Continous variation Discontinous variation
Features change gradually Contrasting features
Intermediate values No intermediate values
Caused by genetic factor and affected by
Caused by genetic factor
environmental factors
Cannot be inherited if characteristic
Can be inherited
affected by environmental factors
Graph shows normal distribution Graph shows discrete distribution
63
(b) Two parents who are both thin and are able to roll their tongues have a son who is fat and is able
to roll their tongue. Explain how this happens.
[10 marks]
˗ Thin parents can have a fat son even though the son inherits genes for thinness from his
parents
˗ Body size is affected by environmental factors
˗ Continuous variation
˗ Due to diet, the size of body changes
˗ The ability to roll the tongue is determined by genetic factors
˗ Alleles for the ability to roll the tongue can be inherited
˗ Genes for this characteristic is dominant
˗ Hence, the son can roll his tongue
Kedah 2010
3 (a) Diagram 3.1 shows some examples of variation in human.
64
Diagram 3.1
(i) Based on Diagram 3.1, state the examples of continuous variation and discontinuous
variation.
[2 marks]
Continuous variation : body weight, height
Discontinuous variation : types of earlobe, types of finger print.
(ii) State four differences between continuous variation and discontinuous variation.
[4 marks]
(b) Diagram 3.2 (a) and (b) show two examples of hereditary diseases.
65
Diagram 3.2
Explain one characteristic of each disease.

[4 marks]
Albinisme
˗ Albinisme is caused by the change in gene // mutation
˗ Body / skin unable to produce black pigment (melanin)
˗ The skin and hair of albinos are white // their eyes are pink.
Sickle cell anaemia

˗ Sickle cell anaemia is caused by the change in the genes // mutation.
˗ haemoglobin produced is not normal / abnormal
˗ Abnormal haemoglobin unable to bind / transport / carries with oxygen efficiently.
˗ The patient will always feel weak / cannot carries out vigorous activities.
(c) Diagram 3.3 shows an experiment to show the differences between two ginger plants which is
obtained from tissue culture and are planted in two different environments.
Diagram 3.3
66
(i) Explain the abiotic factors that cause the differences between the two ginger plants in set A
and set B.
[8 marks]
Sun light
˗ Plants need light energy to carry out photosynthesis for growth
˗ Set A, plants are obtain more / exposed to sunlight // Plants in set B obtain less
sunlight / not exposed to Sunlight.
˗ Growth rate of plants in Set A is higher than plants in Set B.
Space
˗ Plants need (space) to grow a large root system / leaves
˗ Plants able to absorb sufficient water and minerals/sunlight.
˗ Set A, plants have larger space for the root and leaves to Grow // Plants in set B
have smaller space for the root and leaves to grow.
Soil / minerals
˗ Plants need mineral for (healthy) growth.
˗ Loam soil provides more minerals in Set A. // Sandy loam soil in Set B contains less
minerals.
˗ Loam soil able to trap / store water better than sandy loam soil.
(ii) Explain the role of tissue culture in this experiment.

[2 marks]
˗ Plantlets from tissue culture have the same genetic material.
˗ This is to show /ensure/proof the differences of plants in Set A and Set B are not
caused by genetic factor / have the same genetic material. // This is to show
/ensure/proof the differences of plants in Set A and Set B are caused by abiotic
factors.
67

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BIOLOGY SPM ESSAY QUESTION COLLECTIONS 4551/2

Movement of Substances across the Plasma Membrane

(ii) Explain what happen to the cell at point P , Q and R.

1 (a) Diagram 1.1 show the digestive system of a herbivore.

(b) Diagram 1.2 shows a food pyramid.

2 Diagram 2.1 shows a food pyramid.

˗ Food can be preserved / kept longer.

Bad Effect : By regular consuming of processed food

Explain the digestion of butter before it is absorbed by P.

˗ Products of digestion; glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and glycerols.

(ii) Amino acids

˗ To the amount of glycogen in the liver

(b) In countries with four seasons, plants are grown in greenhouse.

(a) (i) What is a balanced diet? Why do we need a balanced diet?

(i) What are the processes that occur in structure Y?

6 Diagram 6 shows three organisms, P, Q and R.

(a) (i) Describe the type of nutrition in P and Q.

8 (a) What is meant by a ‘balanced diet’?

(b) Discuss the importance of the following classes of food:

(c) Discuss a diet appropriate for the following target group:

Oxygen Glucose Chemical equation:

C 6 H12 O 6  6O 2  6CO 2  6H 2 O  2898kJ

Glucose Chemical equation:

(c) Diagram 1.3 shows the inhalation process in a fish.

(i) Describe the breathing mechanisms in fish.

The differences between the process in organelle P and Q:

Aim Release energy Stores energy

(ii) Mangrove tree L is a successor of mangrove tree K.

Diagram 2.2 (ii)

Effects of the phenomenon

(ii) Suggest measures needed to be taken to overcome the phenomenon.

The oil / fuel // Save Energy

Type of fertilisers used:

˗ and sulfur dioxyde

5 (a) Diagram 5.1 show a newly developed area.

(b) Diagram 5.2 shows an environmental phenomenon.

(b) The statement below describes the lymphatic system.

 Lacteals in interstinal villi transport products of lipids

˗ A non-specific immune response.

Second injection is given when (the

Muscle of the limb:

˗ The biconcave disc provides a large surface area to volume ratio

Based on the diagram compare both circulations.

Support and Locomotion

(i) Explain the adaptation of vertebrae P and vertebrae Q to function efficiently.

˗ Helps in movement of the organism

(b) Explain why:

Elderly people experiences pain at their joint

2 (a) Diagram 2.1 show a fish.

(b) Diagram 2.2 shows a forearm of humans.

(i) Explain the similarity and difference between joint S and T.

(ii) Osteoporosis is a bone disorder. Arthritis cause painful joint.

Coordination and Response

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

(ii) Explain the advantages of geotropism to a plant.

2 (a) Diagram 3.1 show the structure of a synapse.

Explain how the nerve impulse is transmitted across the synapse.

˗ Neurotransmiters /acetylcoline (examples) molecules are released from synaptic vesicles.

Describe the reflex action.

Protein 80.0 0.0 0.0

˗ Hormone X/glucagon is secreted by alpha cells whereas hormone Y/insulin is

˗ prevent young developing fruit from falling off prematurely

˗ (each kidney) has ureter