Elements of Ocean Engineering 07-03-2017

1 ELEMENTS OF OCEAN ENGINEERING

Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN ENGINEERING
FACULTY NAME
Mrs. K. MUTHUCHELVI

2 Reference books
1) Water Wave theories – Dean & Dalrymple
2) Offshore Structures – Barltop & Adams
3) Shore Protection Manual
4) Coastal Engineering Manual
5) Ocean Engg Handbook

3 Biggest Universities
1) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) - Cambridge
2) Texas A & M University - Texas
3) National University of Singapore (NUS) - Singapore
4) University of Florida
5) University of New South Wales – Australia
6) University of Hamburg – Germany
7) Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) – Chennai, Kharagpur
8) Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) – Norway
9) University of Michigan
10)University of New Orleans
4 Application areas in Ocean Engineering
1) Naval Architecture (vessel Stability, hull structure, resistance & propulsion)
2) Offshore structures (Design & development of different structures)
3) Coastal protection & erosion control ( Breakwaters, Groins, Seawalls, jetties, offshore
berms, beach nourishment)
4) Dredging and dredged material disposal (navigation channel maintenance, port &
harbour development and maintenance, mechanic & hydraulic dredgers)
5) Marine hydrodynamics (Floating and moored body motions)
6) Marine foundations (sea floor support for Ocean structures)
7) Monitoring Ocean Environment (environment & met ocean monitoring)

5 Application areas in Ocean Engineering

9) Ocean waves (wave theories, wave kinematics, wave forces, wave refraction, reflection etc)
10) Ports, Harbors & marinas ( commercial & recreational constructions, maintenance &
operation)
11) Physical modeling (wave tank, wave basin, towing tank, open channel, recirculating
flumes)

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11) Physical modeling (wave tank, wave basin, towing tank, open channel, recirculating
flumes)
12) Submarine and floating structures
13) Submersible vehicles (small manned submersibles, ROVs, autonomous under water
vehicle)
14) Ocean renewable energy (wave, tides, current)
15) Ocean mining (oils and minerals)

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6 Employers
1) Private Industires
2) Offshore industry
3) Shipyards
4) Defence industry
5) Laboratories
6) Dredging industry
7) Classification societies
due to the expansion of exploration and development in offshore industry from 2010
starting salary of an ocean engineer is approximately $45,000 to $70,000

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7 Private Industries
1) Offshore oil – Shell, Petroleum, Statoil etc.,
2) Offshore construction - McDermott, FMC technologies, etc.,
3) Shipyards - Naval yards, keppel, GD (General Dynamics)etc.,
4) Offshore consulting firms -Noble Denton, Delmar, J.P.Kenney etc.,
5) offshore services - Schlumbergs, Diamond offshore, Horizon offshore
6) Defence contractors
7) Dredging contractors
8) Coastal consulting firms
9) Instrument and data analysis

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8 Government & Professional organisations
1) Navy and Coast Guard
2) Navy civilian laboratories (DRDO, NRB, DST, etc.,)
3) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
4) Regulatory Agencies (EPA, ABS, Lloyds register)
Professional Organisations

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Professional Organisations
1) RINA - Royal Institute of Naval Architect
2) PIANIC - Permanent International Association of Navigation congresses
3) OMAE - Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering
4) ISOPE - International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineering
5) SNAME - Society of Naval Architect and Marine Engineers

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9 Basics in Ocean Engineering
Ocean Engineering

Coastal Offshore Under water system

Coastal:-
 Study on Coastal Engg and protection of coast line started in 1950.
 Include study about sea walls, breakwaters, revetments, groins and submerged berms.
 Port, harbor and Marina development need knowledge of coastal engineering.
 Dredger and dredging engineering
 Beach nourishment
 Coastal protection structures

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11 Offshore
 This started in 1887 when the first offshore exploration for oil were drilled in few feet of
water.
 Exploration and extraction started from 6m to 3000m today
 Different types of structures were installed varying from fixed to floating platforms.
 Structures should be designed for various forces in various stages such as production
stage, transportation stage, installation stage, and operation stage.
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12 Underwater systems
 Includes underwater habitats, diving equipment, submarines and subsea completion
equipment
 Mainly concern to divers and now a days recreational purpose also such as SCUBA(Self
Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus)
 Submarines- military undersea vehicles. They are typically 91.5m long and could operate
in water depths up to 150m and are powered with diesel engine on the surface and
electrical batteries underwater . Recent development in submarine is nuclear power,
inertial navigation system and oxygen generating equipment so that the submarines

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electrical batteries underwater . Recent development in submarine is nuclear power,

inertial navigation system and oxygen generating equipment so that the submarines
could stay beneath the water for unlimited time.
 Submersibles – usually small submarines manned with few people and their purpose is to
allow exploration of the ocean depths . Visualize the undersea environment through
windows and video cameras.
 ROV- unmanned under water system consisting of a propulsion device, closed circuit TVs
and mechanical or electro hydraulic manipulator.
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13 Underwater systems
 AUVs – Autonomous underwater vehicle. Simply a computer controlled systems operating
undersea. They are autonomous becoz they have no physical connection to their operator,
who may be on the shore or abroad a ship. They are self guiding and self powered
vehicles.
 They are designed to operate in water depth of 6000m even it can reach up to the water
depth of 11,000metres
Applications: 1) to sense dangerous hazards like live under water mines 2) To locate ship
wrecks, maritime archaeologists 3) To find the geological formations below the seafloor
that indicate the presence of oil 4) To identify and repair the pipes and cables in the
offshore industry, 5) to measure the ocean’s conductivity, turbulence, pollutants, dissolved
oxygen content and temperature – these datas are necessary for oceanographers to
understand the ocean processes about weather events, to know water quality etc.6) to
map coastal features, 7) to know the natural resources.

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14 The Ocean Environment
 Our Earth is a Peninsula. Almost ¾ th 71% of Earth’s surface is covered by Oceans and the
remainder 29% is land.
 Major oceans are 1) Arctic, 2) Atlantic, 3) Pacific, 4)Indian and 5) Antarctic Ocean.
 Average ocean depth is 3800 m and the maximum depth is 11,524 m in Pacific Ocean.
Land elevation – avg 840 m and highest is 8840m (Mt.Everest)
 Approximately 52% of ocean depths are between 2000 to 6000 m.
 Ocean floor also have mountains, valleys and plains like land.

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15 The Ocean Floor
 The horizontal dimensions of the ocean are much larger than the vertical(depth).
 Distorted Scale: different scale factor for horizontal and vertical dimensions. Eg.
Horizontally 1cm = 100 km whereas vertically 1cm = 100m.
 Shore: Land mass close to the sea that is modified by sea action.
 Beach: seaward limit of shore and extends from the highest to lowest tide levels.
 Continental shelf: extends seaward from shore with an average slope of 1: 500.
Continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal
plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such as the current by relatively shallow
seas (known as shelf seas) and gulfs. The shelf usually ends at a point of increasing slope
(called the shelf break). The sea floor below the break is the continental slope. Below the
slope is the continental rise, which finally merges into the deep ocean floor, the abyssal
plain. The continental shelf and the slope are part of the continental margin.
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16 The Ocean Floor

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17 The Ocean Floor

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18 The Ocean Floor

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19 The Ocean Floor

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20 The Ocean Floor

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INTERESTING FACTS
1) The first submersible “bathysphere” was built in 1930 and in 1934 it was used to reach a
depth of 934 m.
2) The first ROV to gain fame was CURV developed by US Navy and it is used to remove
hydrogen bomb resting on the sea floor at a water depth of 869 m.
3) Classification of ROVs: (i) tethered [free swimming], (ii)towed, (iii)bottom reliant,
(iv)structure reliant, (v) untethered[autonomous] and (vi)hybrid.
4) In september 1985 , a Wood Hole Oceanographic Institute team of scientists used a towed
ROV, Agro and Jason to locate and videotape the Titanic which sank in the Atlantic Ocean
in 1912.
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