CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

This chapter will discuss about the main idea of this project and to get a better picture on what is
the problem in the current technologies, what that I want to achieve in this project and the area that
will cover on this project.

This chapter is divided into some categories that are project background to describe the reasons
to do this project, problem statement to inform about the problem or weakness of the existing
technology, objective to make sure what actually this project must achieve and scope of this project
to specify what will be used in this project.

1.2 Objective

1.2.1 Energy Prices and Carbon Emissions

Conventional street lighting systems use constant illumination lighting which leads to high energy
consumption accounting for up to 60% of a municipal government’s total electricity expenditure.

Furthermore, forecasts show that the energy spending for street lights is likely to increase over
the next few years as the demand and price for electricity increase.

Many urban areas are currently facing high carbon emissions due to public lighting, which are a
known contributor to climate change. For example, in Harrow, street lighting consumes 6,551,500
kWh of electricity, which leads to emissions of around 3900 tons of carbon annually.

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1.2.2 Inadequate Dimming Control

The current street lighting policy requires all lights to be fully operational during the entire night,
due to security reasons and inadequate dimming technology. This leads to unnecessary energy use,
lowers the lamps’ life and causes significant light pollution.

Considering the above problems of conventional lighting methods, it has become increasingly
important to develop a radically new system that is both environmentally friendly and cost
effective.

1.3 Current Solutions

There are 3 options available to reduce energy use caused by conventional street lights. These are:
Variable Lighting, Part Night Lighting, and Light Trimming.

1.3.1 Variable Lighting

This method ensures that the lights remain lit during the night. However, the intensity level of
lights will be dependent on the level of use of the streets: for example, the lights on a main road
will have increased brightness, while the lights in a remote area will have reduced brightness.

Limitations: The brightness of the lamps is fixed and cannot deal with unpredictable changes in
traffic statistics.

1.3.2 Part Night Lighting

This method involves switching the lights off completely during certain time intervals, from
12:00am to 5:00am.

Limitations: Due to security reasons, this could be used only for sparsely populated areas and thus
could not be widely applied for residential areas.
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1.3.3 Trimming
Trimming relates to decreasing the total night period during which the lights are on, by delaying
the lighting up time in the evening, as well as bringing forward the switching off in the morning
by up to 30 minutes. Limitations: The energy savings are limited to around 3-4%, which does not
provide significant cost and carbon emission reduction.

1.4 Our Proposed Solution

1.4.1 Design Specifications

Our proposed design aims to reduce the carbon footprint and the overall costs of street lighting by
integrating dimmable light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and wireless technology. The principle of
operation is to efficiently control the intensity of the streetlights to respond to the needs of road
users. The following is a list of requirements our system aims to fulfil such to solve the problems
that the current lighting system presents.

Motion Detection: A motion detection sensor will ensure that the lights only brighten when
motion is detected.
Wireless Communication: The network will enable the lights to transmit and receive data
between each other. This ensures that when motion is detected near one light, the adjacent lights
will turn on, therefore providing enough light for pedestrians or cars.
Microcontroller: The microcontroller will act as the processing unit. It will have the following
functions:
Process Data: It must process the data received from the sensor.
Control Output: This output controls the intensity of the light according to the results of data
processing.

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1.4.2 Other Methods

1.4.1. Switching: This involves adjusting the lighting levels of LEDs such that lower lighting
levels are used when there are no pedestrian or cars on the streets

1.4.2 Control: Intelligent algorithms will be used to smartly control the lights to quickly respond
to the needs of road users.

1.4.3 Even Power Consumption: Adjusting the brightness level of lights introduces a problem of
uneven power consumption which adversely affects power companies’ carefully forecasted usage.
This is required in order to produce the right amount of power such to avoid overproduction or
shortages.
Our solution aims to account for this by implementing an algorithm which dynamically controls
the network such that an even power usage is maintained.

1.5 Automatic multistoried car parking system

1.5.1 Need of multi storey parking :

The number of cars on the streets is increasing alarmingly as there has been an increase in the
variety of motor vehicles which also have low prices. India,being a second world country, is
facing problem in catering these vehicles in available parking spaces and a time may come when
we may not be able to cater for vehicles any longer. A prominent example of this is the parking
spaces at gaziabad City (u.p , india) where parking space is limited compared to the vast number
of vehicles which require a parking area. Vehicle parking is becoming a major problem
nowadays. As the population is increasing, the number of vehicles on the roads is also increasing
leading to an insufficient area to park these vehicles. This creates a greater problem when people
end up parking cars on roads which causes traffic jams.
Multi-storied car parking system will help in parking large number of vehicles in a smaller area.
This Automatic Car Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus

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reducing the space used. Also automating this will help in less manual intervention and thus will
lead to fewer problems.
Such a system has been proposed and designed in this project. Additions are made to the existing
systems to ensure maximum space utilization. To serve this purpose, parking slots are assigned
inside the multi storied structure depending on the size of the car. Implementation of the design
was carried out in ARDUINO with hardware being introduced at input and output stages.
Programming in ARDUINO is done in a way which is user friendly and can be handled by an
inexperienced operator.

The endless search for free spaces in a car park is a burden for any driver nowadays since vehicles
are a predominant mode of transportation. With rising number of vehicles and dwindling parking
spaces, vehicles parked along the road and even on sidewalks have become fairly common
phenomena. With these parked vehicles encroaching on road space and pedestrian space, traffic
congestion and accidents are inevitable. A well-organized parking system which makes maximum
use of available space offers a solution to this situation. There are two categories of parking
systems which have been identified. These are traditional parking systems and multistoried parking
system.
In traditional parking systems, vehicles are parked in perpendicular or parallel fashion. With no
safety against the protection against atmospheric conditions, it is not a space efficient system
either. Multistoried parking systems are preferred since they multiply parking capacity of a given
area. Various floors are present for parking the vehicles with ramps and staircases provided for
moving between floors.

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 CHAPTER 2
PARKING SYSTEMS

2.1 On street parking

On street parking means the vehicles are parked on the sides of the street itself. This will be usually
controlled by government agencies itself. Common types of on-street parking are as listed below.
This classification is based on the angle in which the vehicles are parked with respect to the road
alignment. As per IRC the standard dimensions of a car is taken as 5× 2.5 meters and that for a
truck is 3.75× 7.5 meters.

Fig. 2.1: On street parking

2.1.1 Parallel parking

The vehicles are parked along the length of the road. Here there is no backward movement
involved while parking or unparking the vehicle. Hence, it is the most safest parking from the

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accident perspective. However, it consumes the maximum curb length and therefore only a
minimum number of vehicles can be parked for a given kerb length. This method of parking
produces least obstruction to the on-going traffic on the road since least road width is used. Parallel
parking of cars is shown in figure . The length available to park N number of vehicles, L = N 5.9

Fig. 2.2:Illustration of parallel parking

2.1.2 30◦ parking

In thirty degree parking, the vehicles are parked at 30◦ with respect to the road alignment. In this
case, more vehicles can be parked compared to parallel parking.

Fig. 2.3:Illustration of 30◦ parking

2.1.3 45◦ parking

As the angle of parking increases, more number of vehicles can be parked. Hence compared to
parallel parking and thirty degree parking, more number of vehicles can be accommodated in this
type of parking. From figure , length of parking space available for parking N number of vehicles
in a given kerb is L = 3.54 N+1.

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 Fig. 2.4 : Illustration of 45◦ parking

2.1.4 60◦ parking

The vehicles are parked at 60◦ to the direction of road. More number of vehicles can be
accommodated in this parking type. From the figure 41:4, length available for parking N vehicles
=2.89N+2.16.

Fig. 2.5: Illustration of 60◦ parking

2.1.5 Right angle parking

In right angle parking or 90◦ parking, the vehicles are parked perpendicular to the direction of the
road. Although it consumes maximum width kerb length required is very little. In this type of
parking, the vehicles need complex maneuvering and this may cause severe accidents. This

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arrangement causes obstruction to the road traffic particularly if the road width is less. However,
it can accommodate maximum number of vehicles for a given kerb length. An example is shown
in figure Length available for parking N number of vehicles is L = 2.5N.

Fig. 2.6: Illustration of 90◦ parking

2.2 Off street parking

In many urban centers, some areas are exclusively allotted for parking which will be at some
distance away from the main stream of traffic. Such a parking is referred to as off-street

Fig. 2.7: Illustration of off street parking

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 Fig. 2.7: off street parking

2.3 Parking requirements

There are some minimum parking requirements for different types of building. For residential
plot area less than 300 sq.m require only community parking space. For residential plot area
from 500 to 1000 sq.m, minimum one-fourth of the open area should be reserved for parking.
Offices may require at least one space for every 70 sq.m as parking area. One parking space
is enough for 10 seats in a restaurant where as theatres and cinema halls need to keep only 1
parking space for 20 seats. Thus, the parking requirements are different for different land use
zones.

2.4 Ill effects of parking

Parking has some ill-effects like congestion, accidents, pollution, obstruction to fire-fighting
operations etc.

2.4.1 Congestion: Parking takes considerable street space leading to the lowering of the road
capacity. Hence, speed will be reduced, journey time and delay will also subsequently

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increase. The operational cost of the vehicle increases leading to great economical loss to
the community.

2.4.2 Accidents: Careless maneuvering of parking and unparking leads to accidents which are
referred to as parking accidents. Common type of parking accidents occur while driving
out a car from the parking area, careless opening of the doors of parked cars, and while
bringing in the vehicle to the parking lot for parking.

2.4.3 Environmental pollution: They also cause pollution to the environment because stop-
ping and starting of vehicles while parking and unparking results in noise and fumes. They
also affect the aesthetic beauty of the buildings because cars parked at every available
space creates a feeling that building rises from a plinth of cars.

2.4.4 Obstruction to fire fighting operations: Parked vehicles may obstruct the movement
of firefighting vehicles. Sometimes they block access to hydrants and access to buildings.

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 CHAPTER 3
PARKING STATISTICS

3.1 parking statistics terms

Before taking any measures for the betterment of conditions, data regarding availability of parking
space, extent of its usage and parking demand is essential. It is also required to estimate the parking
fares also. Parking surveys are intended to provide all these information. Since the duration of
parking varies with different vehicles, several statistics are used to access the parking need. The
following parking statistics are normally important.

3.1.1. Parking accumulation: It is defined as the number of vehicles parked at a given instant of
time. Normally this is expressed by accumulation curve. Accumulation curve is the graph obtained
by plotting the number of bays occupied with respect to time.

3.1.2. Parking volume: Parking volume is the total number of vehicles parked at a given duration
of time. This does not account for repetition of vehicles. The actual volume of vehicles entered in
the area is recorded.

3.1.3. Parking load :

Parking load gives the area under the accumulation curve. It can also be obtained by simply
multiplying the number of vehicles occupying the parking area at each time interval with the time
interval. It is expressed as vehicle hours.

3.1.4. Average parking duration:

It is the ratio of total vehicle hours to the number of vehicles parked.

parking duration = parking load

parking volume

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3.1.5. Parking turnover:
It is the ratio of number of vehicles parked in a duration to the number of parking bays available.
This can be expressed as number of vehicles per bay
per time duration.

parking turnover = parking volume

no. of bays available

3.1.6. Parking index:

Parking index is also called occupancy or efficiency. It is defined as the ratio of number of bays
occupied in a time duration to the total space available. It gives an aggregate measure of how
effectively the parking space is utilized. Parking index can be found out as follows

Numerical Example:

Fig. 3.1: parking bays and accumulation curve

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To illustrate the various measures, consider a small example in figure 3.1. which shows the
duration for which each of the bays are occupied (shaded portion). Now the accumulation graph
can be plotted by simply noting the number of bays occupied at time interval of 15, 30, 45 etc.
minutes is shown in the figure. The various measures are calculated as shown below:

Parking volume is given as 5 vehicles.

Parking load is given as (1+2+1+0+1+2+3+1) (15/60) = 2.75 veh hour.

Average parking duration is computed as 2.75 veh hours/5veh = 33 minutes.

Parking turnover is obtained as 5 veh/2 hours/3bays = 0.83 veh/hr/bay.

Parking index is calculated as

2.75 veh hour/3×2 veh hours×100= 45.83%

3.2 parking suveys

Parking surveys are conducted to collect the above said parking statistics. The most common
parking surveys conducted are in-out survey, fixed period sampling and license plate method
of survey.

3.2.1 In-out survey

In this survey, the occupancy count in the selected parking lot is taken at the beginning. Then the
number of vehicles that enter the parking lot for a particular time interval is counted. The number
of vehicles that leave the parking lot is also taken. The final occupancy in the parking lot is also
taken. Here the labor required is very less. Only one person may be enough. But we wont get any
data regarding the time duration for which a particular vehicle used that parking lot. Parking
duration and turn over is not obtained. Hence we cannot estimate the parking fare from this survey.
For quick survey purposes, a fixed period sampling can also be done.
This is almost similar to in-out survey. All vehicles are counted at the beginning of the survey.
Then after a fixed time interval that may vary between 15 minutes to i hour, the count is again

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taken. Here there are chances of missing the number of vehicles that were parked for a short
duration.

Numerical example:
From an in-out survey conducted for a parking area consisting of 40 bays, the initial count was
found to be 25. Table gives the result of the survey. The number of vehicles coming in and out of
the parking lot for a time interval of 5 minutes is as shown in the table 3.1. Find the
accumulation, total parking load, average occupancy and efficiency of the parking lot.

Time In Out

5 3 2

10 2 4

15 4 2

20 5 4

25 7 3

30 8 2

35 2 7

40 4 2

45 6 4

50 4 1

55 3 3

60 2 5

Table 3.1 : in out survey data

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The solution is shown in table 3.2.

Table 3.2 : in out survey solution

 Accumulation can be found out as initial count plus number of vehicles that entered the
parking lot till that time minus the number of vehicles that just exited for that particular
time interval. For the first time interval of 5 minutes, accumulation can be found out as
25+3-2 = 26. It is being tabulated in column 4.
 Occupancy or parking index is given by equation For the first time interval of five minutes,
Parking index = 26/40× 100 = 65%. The occupancy for the remaining time slot is
similarly calculated and is tabulated in column 5. Average occupancy is the average of the
occupancy values for each time interval. Thus it is the average of all values given in
column 5 and the value is 80.63%.

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  Parking load is tabulated in column 6. It is obtained by multiplying accumulation with the
time interval. For the first time interval, parking load = 26 × 5 = 130 vehicle minutes.
• Total parking load is the summation of all the values in column 5 which is equal to 1935
vehicle minutes or 32.25 vehicle hours

3.2.2 License plate method of survey

This results in the most accurate and realistic data. In this case of survey, every parking stall is
monitored at a continuous interval of 15 minutes or so and the license plate number is noted down.
This will give the data regarding the duration for which a particular vehicle was using the parking
bay. This will help in calculating the fare because fare is estimated based on the duration for which
the vehicle was parked. If the time interval is shorter, then there are less chances of missing short-
term parkers. But this method is very labor intensive.

Numerical Example
The parking survey data collected from a parking lot by license plate method is s shown in
the table 3.3 below. Find the average occupancy, average turn over, parking load, parking
capacity and efficiency of the parking lot.

Table 3.3: license plate parking survey data

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Solution See the following table for solution 3.4 Columns 1 to 5 is the input data. The parking
status in every bay is coded first. If a vehicle occupies that bay for that time interval, then it has a
code 1. This is shown in columns 6, 7, 8 and 9 of the table corresponding to the time intervals 15,
30, 45 and 60 seconds.

Table 3.4 : Licence plate parking survey solution

• Turn over is computed as the number of vehicles present in that bay for that particular hour.
For the first bay, it is counted as 3. Similarly, for the second bay, one vehicle is present
throughout that hour and hence turnout is 1 itself. This is being tabulated in column 10 of
the table.
• Average turn over = Sum of turn over
• Total number of bays = 2.25

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 • Accumulation for a time interval is the total of number of vehicles in the bays 1 to 12 for
that time interval. Accumulation for first time interval of 15 minutes =
1+1+1+1+1+0+0+1+1+1+1+1 = 10
• Parking volume = Sum of the turn over in all the bays = 27 vehicles.
• Average duration is the average time for which the parking lot was used by the vehicles.
It can be calculated as sum of the accumulation for each time interval × time interval
divided by the parking volume =(10+11+9+11)×15/27 = 22.78 minutes/vehicle.
• Occupancy for that time interval is accumulation in that particular interval divided by total
number of bays. For first time interval of 15 minutes, occupancy = (10×100)/12 =83%
Average occupancy is found out as the average of total number of vehicles occupying the
bay for each time interval. It is expressed in percentage. Average occupancy =
0.83+0.92+0.75+0.92/4 × 100 = 85.42%.
• Parking capacity = number of bays × number of hours = 12× 1 = 12 vehicle hours.
• Parking load = total number of vehicles accumulated at the end of each time interval × time
= (10+11+9+11)×15/60 = 10.25 vehicle hours.
• Efficiency = Parking load Total number of bays = 10.25/12 = 85.42%.

1.5.2 our proposed solution:

Automatic multistoried car parking system helps to minimize the parking area. In the modern
world where parking space has become a very big problem, it has become very important to avoid
the wastage of space in modern big companies and apartments etc. in places where more than 100
cars need to be parked, this system proves to be useful in reducing wastage of space. This automatic
car parking system enables the parking of vehicles, floor after floor and thus reducing the space
used. Here any number of cars can be parked according to the requirement. These makes the system
modernized and thus space-saving one. This idea is developed using 8051 micro controller.

A display is provided at the ground floor which is basically a counter which will count the number
of cars in each floor and according to that message will be displayed on it. A gate is also provided
at the ground floor which is controlled by the stepper motor. Before the gate an IR pair is provided
to sense that the car has reached towards the gate. For e.g. suppose a car reaches between the 2 IR

19
pairs, then the LCD will display the particular floor on which car can be parked. As soon as the
car crosses the 2nd IR pair, the gate will open automatically. An indicator with green and red led is
kept on each floor to indicate whether the car can be parked on that particular floor or not. If green
led of any particular floor glows, then it will indicate that the particular floor is empty and you can
park your car on that floor. But in case if red led of that particular floor glows, then it will indicate
that there is no vacancy on that floor, in such case you can park your car on the next floor according
to the indication.
If there is no parking place, then all the red indicators of the floors will glow and the LCD will
display “NO SPACE FOR PARKING” and the gate will remain closed. Program is written using
8051 microcontroller. All the circuits are interfaced with it.

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 CHAPTER 2
TECHNICAL DESIGN
.
2.1 IR Obstacle Sensor
In the proposed solution, a motion detector sensor is required in the system in order to detect
pedestrians, vehicles and cyclists within the range of each lamp post, and then signal to the
microcontroller accordingly.
Based on a simple basic Idea, this IR obstacle sensor, is easy to build, easy to calibrate and still, it
provides a detection range of 10- 30 cm. This sensor can be used for most indoor applications
where no important ambient light is present. It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity
sensors. The basic idea is to send infrared light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected
by any object in front of the sensor.

2.1.1 Features
 1IR obstacle-based detector.
 Adjustable range with POT.
 Logic output 1 or 0.
 Sensitivity up to 30cm adjustable.

2.1.1 Applications
 Industrial safety devices.
 Wheel encoder.
 Contact less tachometer.

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Fig.1.1 IR sensor

2.1.2 Specification
2.1.2 a. Parameter Value
Operating voltage +5v DC regulated
Obstacle detection Indicated by active high output

2.1.2 b. Pin Specification

S.NO. PIN DETAILS

1 Out Active high

2 Gnd power supply ground

3 Vcc power input

Table 1: Pin specification

Connect regulated DC power supply of 5 Volts to pin 3

and GND to pin2.
 When gas is detected LED is ON or else it is OFF.
 The output from pin1 can be given directly to microcontroller for
2.1.3 Working

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 It is the same principle in ALL Infra-Red proximity sensors. The basic idea is to
send infrared light through IR-LEDs, which is then reflected by any object in front
of the sensor.

Then all you have to do is to pick-up the reflected IR light. For detecting the
reflected IR light, we are going to use a very original technique: we are going to
use another IR-LED, to detect the IR light that was emitted from another led of the
exact same type.

This is an electrical property of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) which is the fact that a led Produce
a voltage difference across its leads when it is subjected to light. As if it was a photo-cell, but with
much lower output current. In other words, the voltage generated by the led’s can't be - in any way
- used to generate electrical power from light, It can barely be detected. that's why as you will
notice in the schematic, we are going to use a Op-Amp (operational Amplifier) to accurately detect
very small voltage changes.

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Fig.1.2: Circuit diagram

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Fig.1.3: Working Diagram

Fig.1.4: Picture of IR sensor

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2.2 ARDUINO MICRCONTROLLER

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver
chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
"Uno" means "One" in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The
Uno an version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the
latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previou versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

2.2.1 Technical Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Supply Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Maximum supply voltage (not recommended) 20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz

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If you want to give a closer look to this board, we advise you to visit the official Arduino UNO
page in the Hardware Section.

Fig.1.5 Arduino Pin Diagram

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2.3 Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller:

The first task faced when learning to use a new computer is to become familiar with the capability
of the machine. The features of the computer best learned by studying the internal hardware design,
also called the architecture of the device, to determine the type, number, and size of the registers
and other circuitry.

The hardware is manipulated by an accompanying set of program instructions, or software. One

familiar with hardware and software, the system designer can then apply the microcontroller to the
problems at hand. In this project we make use of microcontroller. The 8051 microcontroller
generic part number actually includes a whole family of microcontrollers that have numbers
ranging from 8031 to 8751.The block diagram of the 8051 shows all of the features unique to
microcontrollers:

1. Internal ROM and RAM

2. I/O ports with programmable pins
3. Timers and counters
4. Serial data communication

The block diagram also shows the usual CPU components program counter, ALU, working
registers, and the clock circuits. The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:

1. 8 bit CPU with registers A and B

2. 16 bit PC &data pointer (DPTR)
3. 8 bit program status word (PSW)
4. 8 bit stack pointer(SP)
5. Internal ROM or EPROM (8751)of 0(8031)to 4k(8051)
6. Internal RAM of 128 bytes.
7. 4 register banks , each containing 8 registers
8. 80 bits of general purpose data memory
9. 32 input/output pins arranged as four 8 bit ports:P0-P3
10. Two 16 bit timer/counters:T0-T1
11. Two external and three internal interrupt sources

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12. Oscillator and clock circuits.A pin out of the 8051 packaged in a 40 pin DIP is shown
below:-

Fig.1.6: Internal block diagram of IC 8051

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Fig.1.7 : A pin out of the 8051 packaged in a 40 pin DIP

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2.4 MAIN SECTIONS IN THIS MODEL ARE:-

 Display section.
 Indicator section.
 Sensor section.

2.4.1 INDICATOR SECTION:-

An indicator section consists of LED.

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps
in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting.

When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with
holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area, and
integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. LEDs
present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption,
longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and greater durability and
reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

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 Fig.1.8 : LED

2.4.2 HOW AN LED GLOWS?

2.5 REQUIREMENT IN PROJECT:-

A green and red led are provided on each floor to indicate whether the car can be parked on that
particular floor or not.

If green led of any particular floor glows, then it will indicate that the particular floor is empty and
you can park your car on that floor. But in case if red led of that particular floor glows, then it will
indicate that there is no vacancy on that floor, in such case you can park your car on the next floor
according to the indication.

If there is no parking place, then all the red indicators of the floors will glow.

2.6 SENSOR SECTION:-

A sensor section consists of an IR pairs.

A sensor is a device that measures physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read
by an observer or by an instrument.

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An IR pair is provided which will sense whether the car has reached towards the gate or not. There
will be 2 IR pairs provided before the main gate at the ground floor. As soon as the car reaches
between the 2 IR pairs. It will be sensed by the sensors and the display on the LCD automatically
changes and it will show the particular floor on which the car can be parked.

2.7 DISPLAY OR LCD SECTION:-

Fig.1.9 : Display section of an LCD

A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating
properties of liquid crystals.LCDs are more energy efficient and offer safer disposal than CRTs.
Its low electrical power consumption enables it to be used in battery-powered electronic
equipment. It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled
with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images
in color.

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LCD pin descriptions:

The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins.

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2.8 INTERFACING OF 8051 WITH LCD:-

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 Chapter 3:-

TECHNICAL DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

3.1 FOR STREET LIGHTING

The working of the project can be clearly explained by considering the street lights.  The main
aim of the project is to automatic switch ON/OFF the street light by sensing the vehicle.  In this
project IR’s are used for sensing the vehicles.  Initially the street lights are in OFF state by using
the LDR’S.  As the IR senses the vehicle the street lights associated w.r.t that sensor will switch
ON and OFF after certain time.
Code Required is given below:-

int sensepin=A0;
int sensepin1=A1;
int sensepin2=A2;
int ledpin=2;
int ledpin1=3;
int ledpin2=4;

void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledpin1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledpin2,OUTPUT);

void loop()
36
{

if(analogRead(sensepin)>300)
{
digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);

}
else
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);

if(analogRead(sensepin1)>300)
{
digitalWrite(ledpin1,HIGH);

}
else
digitalWrite(ledpin1,LOW);

if(analogRead(sensepin2)>300)
{
digitalWrite(ledpin2,HIGH);

}
else
digitalWrite(ledpin2,LOW);}

37
3.2 FOR MULTI STORIED CAR PARKING SYSTEM

3.2.1 EMBEDDED C:-

The use of C language to program microcontrollers is becoming too common. And most of the
time its not easy to buld an application in assembly which instead you can make easily in C. So Its
important that you know C language for microcontroller which is commonly known as Embedded
C. As we are going to use Keil C51 Compiler, hence we also call it Keil C.

38
►Keywords:

Keil C51 compiler adds few more keywords to the scope C Language:
_at_ Far sbit
Alien Idata sfr
Bdata Interrupt sfr16
Bit Large small
Code Pdata _task_
Compact _priority_ using
Data Reentrant xdata

data/idata:
Description: The variable will be stored in internal data memory of controller.

example:
CODE:
unsigned char data x;
//or
unsigned char idata y;

39
bdata:
Description: The variable will be stored in bit addressable memory of controller.

example:
CODE:
unsigned char bdata x;
//each bit of the variable x can be accessed as follows
x ^ 1 = 1; //1st bit of variable x is set
x ^ 0 = 0; //0th bit of variable x is cleared

xdata:
Description: The variable will be stored in external RAM memory of controller.

example:
CODE:
unsigned char xdata x;

code:
Description: This keyword is used to store a constant variable in code memory. Lets say you have
a big string which is not going to change anywhere in program. Wasting ram
for such string will be foolish thing. So instead we will make use of the keyword "code" as shown
in example below.

example:
CODE:
unsigned char code str="this is a constant string";

40
pdata:
Description: This keyword will store the variable in paged data memory. This keyword is used
occasionally.

example:
CODE:
unsigned char pdata x;

_at_:
Description: This keyword is used to store a variable on a defined location in ram.

example:
CODE:
unsigned char idata x _at_ 0x30;
// variable x will be stored at location 0x30
// in internal data memory

sbit:
Description: This keyword is used to define a special bit from SFR (special function register)
memory.

example:
CODE:
sbit Port0_0 = 0x80;
// Special bit with name Port0_0 is defined at address 0x80

41
sfr:
Description: sfr is used to define an 8-bit special function register from sfr memory.

example:
CODE:
sfr Port1 = 0x90;
// Special function register with name Port1 defined at addrress 0x90

sfr16:
Description: This keyword is used to define a two sequential 8-bit registers in SFR memory.

Example:
CODE:
Sfr16 DPTR = 0x82;
// 16-bit special function register starting at 0x82
// DPL at 0x82, DPH at 0x83

42
Using:
Description: This keyword is used to define register bank for a function. User can specify register
bank 0 to 3.

Example:
CODE:
Void function () using 2{
// code
}
// Function named "function" uses register bank 2 while executing its code

Basic of a C program

as we already discussed, Keil C is not much different from a normal C program. If you know
assembly, writing a C program is not a problem; only thing you have to keep in mind is forget your
controller has general purpose registers, accumulators or whatever. But do not forget about Ports
and other on chip peripherals and related registers to them.

In basic C, all programs have at least one function which is entry point for your application that
function is named as "main" function. Similarly in Keil, we will have a main function, in which
all your application specific work will be defined. Let’s move further deep into the working of
applications and programs.

43
When you run your C programs in your PC or computer, you run them as a child program or
process to your Operating System so when you exit your programs (exits main function of
program) you come back to operating system. Whereas in case of embedded C, you do not have
any operating system running in there. So you have to make sure that your program or main file
should never exit. This can be done with the help of simple while (1) or for(;;) loop as they are
going to run infinitely. Following layout provides a skeleton of Basic C program.

CODE:
Void main(){
//Your one time initialization code will come here
while(1){
//while 1 loop
//This loop will have all your application code
//which will run infinitely
}
}

44
When we are working on controller specific code, then we need to add header file for that
controller. I am considering you have already gone through "Keil Micro vision" tutorial. After
project is created, add the C file to project. Now first thing you have to do is adding the header
file. All you have to do is right click in editor window, it will show you correct header file for
your project.

Figure below shows the windows context for adding header file to your c file.

45
►Writing Hardware specific code
In harware specific code, we use hardware peripherals like ports, timers and uart etc. Do not forget
to add header file for controller you are using, otherwise you will not be able to access registers
related to peripherals.

Lets write a simple code to Blink LED on Port1, Pin1.

CODE:
#include <REGx51.h> //header file for 89C51
void main(){
//main function starts
unsigned int i;
//Initializing Port1 pin1
P1_1 = 0; //Make Pin1 o/p
while(1){
//Infinite loop main application
//comes here
for(i=0;i<1000;i++)
; //delay loop
P1_1 = ~P1_1;
//complement Port1.1
//this will blink LED connected on Port1.1
}
}

46
 Chapter 4: -

4.1 Further Development: -

4.1.1 Even Power Usage

This section proposes a method to dynamically control the network such that a constant power
usage is maintained within the network. The ultimate purpose of this dynamic network control is
to eliminate fluctuations in the power grid due to load changes due to the street lighting.
Different algorithms could be integrated in order to achieve constant power consumption within
the network. In brief, when a set of lights are brightening a request to dim the same number of
lights is forwarded to the closest neighbours, and is spread outwards until it is met.

4.1.2 Feedback and Control

The current LED driver can be replaced with one which utilizes feedback to enhance the control
of the output current. Although this is more expensive, it could provide more stable and allow
more control over the intensity, and hence be advantageous to our system.

47
 Chapter 5: -

Feasibility analysis

5.1 Costs

Below shows the maintenance cost and figures for saving of different lamps over a
12year period. It is illustrated that the maintenance cost for LED lamps are
considerably reduced compared to other lamps.

The calculation are based on 10m wide road and a 6m height of the luminaire. In
addition, the calculation refers to a Lower Lighting Level, which is the
corresponding level for residential areas.

Lamp No of Energy Indicative Total

Type Columns Cost Maintenance Installation
Installation
cost
cost/ column

Sodium 52 24,299.81 576.77 530.33 28,617.16

LED 43 15,182.17 476.94 855.35 36,780.05

Table 2 : Operating Costs for Street Lights

5.1.1 Energy Consumption and Estimated saving using LED’s: -

Reducing energy consumption and therefore, carbon emissions due to street lighting
is and important aspect of the Climate Change Strategy of Harrow Council.

Table below shows the typical annual energy consumption in Harrow Borough, for
a Km of Residential Lighting. In addition, it presents an estimated energy spending
if the street lights were replaced by smart LED’s.

48
 Lamp Type No of columns Energy(kWh)

Sodium 52 237,44

Led 48 148,539

Table 3: Lamp Comparison

5.2 Options to reduce energy: -

The development of new Street Lighting Policies is a major contributor to the Climate Change
Strategy of the Harrow Council and is aiming at reducing the council’s electricity consumption,
reducing in the same time the annual carbon emissions. A new Street Lighting Policy proposes
different options to reduce energy. These are: Variable Lighting, Part Night Lighting, Light
Trimming, and Light Dimming.

5.2.1 Variable Lighting

This method ensures that the lights remain lit during the night. However, the intensity level of
lights will be dependent on the level of use of the streets. The level of brightness will therefore be
adjusted according to traffic statistics: for example, the lights on a main road will have increased
brightness, while the lights in a remote area will have reduced brightness.

5.2.2 Part Night Lighting

This method involves switching the lights off completely during certain time intervals, from
12:00am to 5:00am.

5.2.3 Trimming

Trimming relates to decreasing the total night period during which the lights are on, by delaying
the lighting up time in the evening, as well as bringing forward the switching off in the morning
by up to 30 minutes.

5.2.4 Dimming

The dimming solution is the preferred option in what lighting of Harrow’s Residential Areas is
concerned. This involves adjusting the lighting levels of LEDs such that lower lighting levels are

49
used when there are no pedestrian or cars on the streets. A survey has been taken in order to
determine the public opinion regarding these methods of street lighting and therefore, to help
evaluate the system. The following table illustrates the results of the survey.

Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4

Decrease Lighting Lighting Part Night

Lighting Trimming Dimming Lighting
levels

1st Preference 45% 23% 47% 14%

2st Preference 26% 17% 37% 11%

3st Preference 19% 43% 14% 12%

4st Preference 10% 16% 2% 63%

Table 4 : Statistics Regarding Options to reduce street lighting energy consumption

These results Standards allow using LED’s where appropriate. Several advantages of LED laps
are illustrated, such as:

low maintenance implications and energy use, extensive lamp life, white light source.

5.2.5 RESULT

 The main idea of this project is to reduce the wastage of electricity.

 For this purpose, IR sensor is used.

50
 The street light corresponding to that IR will switch-ON automatically when a vehicle
passes.

51
 CHAPTER-6
WORKING

A display is provided at the ground floor which is basically a counter that counts number of cars
in each floor. It informs whether the floors are fully filled with the cars or is it having place in a
particular floor or not. An indicator with a green and red LED is kept in all the floors to indicate
whether the floor is free to accommodate car or not. If the red LED glows that means the floor has
no space for any car to be parked. In this project we have provided three floors of a building for
car parking. Maximum storage capacity of each floor is given as five. Storage capacity can be
change

Any car can enter inside the car parking area. When the car enters, the sensors sense the car and
counter value increases so that it can check whether any space is there or not. If there is space the
car will enter inside indicating the place where the car can be parked on the lcd. If the GREEN led
of all the floors glows it indicates there is a vacancy on each floor and the car can be parked on the
ground floor. Similarly if the RED led of ground floor glows along with GREEN led of the other
floors, it indicates no space for car parking on ground floor.

The place where the car can be parked is indicated on the lcd. Like for an example if the car can
be parked on ground floor the lcd displays“PARK CAR ON GROUND FLOOR”.

Similarly if the car is to be parked on first floor the lcd displays“PARK CAR ON FIRST FLOOR”.

If there is no space for car to be parked, the lcd displays“NO SPACE”.

52
6.1 ADVANTAGES OF MULTI-STORY CAR PARKING:-

A city like Delhi has over five million cars and two-wheelers on its roads, but not enough parking
spaces. The demand for parking space has, on an average in the main markets of Delhi, outstripped
demand by 43 per cent. It is not just a problem of Delhi or Mumbai; all the big cities in India are
facing the space crunch. Parking space is fast becoming a major issue in other cities like Kolkata,
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Pune and other urban and semi-urban
cities.Multi-storey car parks provide lower building cost per parking slot, as they typically require
less building volume and less ground area than a conventional facility with the same capacity.
A multi-storey car parks offer greatest possible flexibility for the realization of optimum parking
solution. Time-saving vertical and horizontal movements take place simultaneously ensuring fast
parking and retrieval times.

6.2 DISADVANTAGES OF MULTI-STORY CAR PARKING:-

Drivers who use multi-story parking facilities, sometimes known as parking garages, often enjoy
a number of benefits the structures provide. Despite the ability of the garages to house a large
number of cars, multi-story parking facilities also carry a number of distinct disadvantages that
arise from their tall, enclosed and often dimly lit nature.

6.2.1 Deterioration and Maintenance

Multi-story parking facilities support hundreds of thousands of pounds of vehicles, people and
equipment every day. Because the garages support very large amounts of weight and loads that
constantly change, the structures quickly deteriorate in the absence of constant maintenance
activity. In addition, according to Canada's National Resource Council, changing weather and
environmental conditions can deteriorate a garage's steel support structure, creating an unsafe
environment for garage users. A number of corrosion inhibitors can help delay processes that eat
away at the structure's integrity, according to the National Resource Council, but constant
maintenance and upkeep must include anti-corrosion measures to keep multi-story parking
facilities structurally sound.

6.2.2 Parking Angle Considerations

53
Because many drivers of varying levels of skills and experience drive in, around and out of parking
garages every day, designers must pay special attention to the configuration of parking spaces
within the structures. In a municipal parking garage presentation prepared by architects Sakri and
Khairuddin, the designers noted that two-way traffic flow in a multi-story garage presents a
number of parking challenges for drivers and designers. Parallel parking, for example, creates an
inefficient use of limited space, while straight parking spaces make parking difficult for some
drivers. Other options, like angled parking, do not work well with a two-way traffic flow and can
only work well in garages with separate entrance and exit openings.

6.2.3 Lighting

While most parking lots open at night, multi-story or otherwise, require some form of lighting, the
multi-story nature of parking garages creates a need for numerous lights throughout the structure.
In addition, because the inside of the structure may remain dark even during the day, many of these
lights must run at all times. This arrangement can create high energy bills for garage owners and
may require frequent lighting maintenance to replace broken or burned-out bulbs.

6.2.4 Safety

Because multi-story parking facilities allow limited natural light inside, some security experts
express concern about safety inside the structures. In their municipal presentation, architects Sakri
and Khairuddin recommend security devices that directly connect to local police or public safety
stations. In addition, the architects explicitly describe a need to reduce dark places where criminals
may hide. Even with security measures in place, though, criminals still seem to thrive in multi-
story parking structures; in a 2009 article in the Chicago Sun-Times, one parking garage user
expressed frustration after experiencing three burglaries within two years.

Chapter 7: -
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPES
54
The fundamental aim of this project is to find a cost-effective and energy efficient replacement
for the current street lighting systems. By identifying the causes of energy waste of lamps during
night and investigating the requirements needed for the residential area chosen, we were able to
develop a design that provides an efficient solution.
In order to reduce the energy spending, our design integrates highly efficient and smartly
controlled modules. In brief, the design utilizes dimmable LEDs and wireless technology in
order to activate the street lighting in the required area only when motion is detected. The design
consists of three main parts which are: motion detection sensors, wireless communication and
power control for the LEDs.
In our design, we have included components with desirable features such as low cost, low power
consumption and long lifespan. Using appropriate design techniques, we have integrated these
components in a system that is reliable, fault tolerant and cost effective. Moreover, the low
maintenance costs support the profitability of our design. In addition, the successful
implementation of a demonstrator shows that our solution is feasible from the technical point of
view (See Appendix G). Further research is currently being conducted on more advanced ways
to control the system such to maintain an even power usage within the network.
Overall, the proposed system solves energy spending problems (lower power consumption of
street lights) and environmental issues (lower carbon emissions).

7.1 APPLICATIONS :

 Erection of multistoried car parking with surface car parking:-

It seeks permission for a larger multistoried car park and an amended parking layout to that
approved.
 BERRY SYSTEMS:-
Berry system is an acknowledged UK market leader in the manufacture, design and
installation of barrier protection systems for use in multistory car parks and industrial
environments.
 Eastside multistoried car park
 Greenside multistoried car park
 Minories multistoried car park
 Woodhouse multistoried car park

55
 Manors multistoried car park

CHAPTER-8

56
 REFERENCES

The web sites that provide the information’s:

 www.autogates.com Field Code Changed
Formatted: Hyperlink, Font: (Default) +Body (Calibri), 11
 www.usautomatic.com pt, Italic, Do not check spelling or grammar

 www.amazinggates.com
 www.microchip.co.uk
 www.quora.com
 www.engineeringproject.com
 www.efy.com
 www.electronicsworldforyou.com
 www.google.com
 Microcontroller 8051 and embedded systems by MAZIDI
 The 8051 microcontroller: hardware, software and interfacing by JAMES STEWART

57
58