List of copper alloys

Copper alloys are metal alloys that have copper as their principal component. They have high resistance against corrosion. The best
known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Both these are imprecise terms,
both having been commonly referred to as lattens in the past. Today the term copper alloy tends to be substituted, especially by
museums.[1]

Contents
Composition
Brasses
Bronzes
Precious metal alloys
See also
References
Bibliography
External links

Composition
The similarity in external appearance of the various alloys, along with the different combinations of elements used when making each
alloy, can lead to confusion when categorizing the different compositions. There are as many as 400 dif
ferent copper and copper-alloy
compositions loosely grouped into the categories: copper, high copper alloy, brasses, bronzes, copper nickels, copper–nickel–zinc
(nickel silver), leaded copper, and special alloys. The following table lists the principal alloying element for four of the more
common types used in modern industry, along with the name for each type. Historical types, such as those that characterize the
Bronze Age, are vaguer as the mixtures were generally variable.

Classification of copper and its alloys

Family Principal alloying element UNS numbers
Copper alloys, brass Zinc (Zn) C1xxxx–C4xxxx,C66400–C69800
Phosphor bronze Tin (Sn) C5xxxx
Aluminium bronzes Aluminium (Al) C60600–C64200
Silicon bronzes Silicon (Si) C64700–C66100
Cupronickel, nickel silvers Nickel (Ni) C7xxxx
 [2]
Mechanical properties of common copper alloys
Yield
Nominal Form strength Tensile Elongation Hardness
Name composition and (0.2% strength in 2 inches (Brinell Comments
(percentages) condition offset, (ksi) (percent) scale)
ksi)
Electrical
Copper (ASTM B1,
equipment,
B2, B3, B152, Cu 99.9 Annealed 10 32 45 42
roofing,
B124, R133)
screens
Cold-
" " 40 45 15 90 "
drawn
Cold-
" " 40 46 5 100 "
rolled
Coins,
Gilding metal Cu 95.0, Zn Cold-
50 56 5 114 bullet
(ASTM B36) 5.0 rolled
jackets
Good for
cold-
working;
Cartridge brass radiators,
Cu 70.0, Zn Cold-
(ASTM B14, B19, 63 76 8 155 hardware,
30.0 rolled
B36, B134, B135) electrical,
drawn
cartridge
cases.
High
Phosphor bronze fatigue-
Cu 89.75, Sn Spring
(ASTM B103, — 122 4 241 strength
10.0, P 0.25 temper
B139, B159) and spring
qualities
Yellow or High Good
Cu 65.0, Zn
brass (ASTM B36, Annealed 18 48 60 55 corrosion
35.0
B134, B135) resistance
Cold-
" " 55 70 15 115 "
drawn
Cold-
" " rolled 60 74 10 180 "
(HT)
Cu 58.5, Zn
Manganese bronze
39.2, Fe 1.0, Annealed 30 60 30 95 Forgings
(ASTM 138)
Sn 1.0, Mn 0.3
Cold-
" " 50 80 20 180 "
drawn
Resistance
Naval brass Cu 60.0, Zn
Annealed 22 56 40 90 to salt
(ASTM B21) 39.25, Sn 0.75
corrosion
Cold-
" " 40 65 35 150 "
drawn
Muntz metal Cu 60.0, Zn Condensor
Annealed 20 54 45 80
(ASTM B111) 40.0 tubes
Aluminium bronze
(ASTM B169 alloy Cu 92.0, Al 8.0 Annealed 25 70 60 80 —
A, B124, B150)
" " Hard 65 105 7 210 "
Beryllium copper Cu 97.75, Be Annealed, 32 70 45 B60 Electrical,
(ASTM B194, 2.0, Co or Ni solution- (Rockwell) valves,
B196, B197) 0.25 treated pumps,
oilfield
tools,
aerospace
landing
gears,
robotic
welding,
mold
making [3]
Cold- B81
" " 104 110 5 "
rolled (Rockwell)
Screws,
Cu 62.0, Zn Cold- B80
Free-cutting brass 44 70 18 nuts, gears,
35.5, Pb 2.5 drawn (Rockwell)
keys
Nickel silver Cu 65.0, Zn
Annealed 25 58 40 70 Hardware
(ASTM B122) 17.0, Ni 18.0
Cold-
" " 70 85 4 170 "
rolled
Easy to
Cu 76.5, Ni machine;
Nickel silver
12.5, Pb 9.0, Cast 18 35 15 55 ornaments,
(ASTM B149)
Sn 2.0 plumbing
[4]

Cupronickel Cu 88.35, Ni Condensor,

(ASTM B111, 10.0, Fe 1.25, Annealed 22 44 45 – salt-water
B171) Mn 0.4 pipes
Cold-
" " drawn 57 60 15 – "
tube
Heat-
Cu 70.0, Ni exchange
Cupronickel Wrought – – – –
30.0 equipment,
valves

Ounce metal[5]
Copper alloy
C83600 (also Cu 85.0, Zn
known as "Red 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn Cast 17 37 25 60 —
brass" or 5.0
"composition
metal") (ASTM
B62)
Varies Cu 80-
90%, Zn <5%,
Gunmetal (known
Sn ~10%,
as "red brass" in
+other
US)
elements@
<1%
 Mechanical properties ofCopper Development Association(CDA) copper alloys[6]
Yield
Tensile Hardness
strength Elongation Machinability
Family CDA strength [ksi] [Brinell 10 mm-
[ksi] (typ.) [%] [YB = 100]
500 kg]
Min. Typ. Min. Typ.
833 32 10 35 35 35
Red brass 836 30 37 14 17 30 50–65 84
838 29 35 12 16 25 50–60 90
844 29 34 13 15 26 50–60 90
Semi-red brass
848 25 36 12 14 30 50–60 90

862 90 95 45 48 20 170–195† 30
Manganese
bronze
863 110 119 60 83 18 225† 8

865 65 71 25 28 30 130† 26

903 40 45 18 21 30 60–75 30
Tin bronze 905 40 45 18 22 25 75 30
907 35 44 18 22 20 80 20
922 34 40 16 20 30 60–72 42

Leaded tin 923 36 40 16 20 25 60–75 42

bronze 926 40 44 18 20 30 65–80 40
927 35 42 21 20 77 45
932 30 35 14 18 20 60–70 70
934 25 32 16 20 55–65 70
935 25 32 12 16 30 55–65 70
High-leaded tin
936 33 30 16 21 15 79-83 80
bronze
937 25 35 12 18 20 55–70 80
938 25 30 14 16 18 50–60 80
943 21 27 13 10 42–55 80

952 65 80 25 27 35 110–140† 50

953 65 75 25 27 25 140† 55
Aluminium
bronze
954 75 85 30 35 18 140–170† 60

955 90 100 40 44 12 180–200† 50

958 85 95 35 38 25 150-170† 50

Silicon bronze 878 80 83 30 37 29 115 40

† Brinell scale with 3000 kg load
 Comparison of copper alloy standards[6]
Family CDA ASTM SAE SAE superseded Federal Military
833
Red brass 836 B145-836 836 40 QQ-C-390 (B5) C-2229 Gr2
838 B145-838 838 QQ-C-390 (B4)
844 B145-844 QQ-C-390 (B2)
Semi-red brass
848 B145-848 QQ-C-390 (B1)
862 B147-862 862 430A QQ-C-390 (C4) C-2229 Gr9
Manganese bronze 863 B147-863 863 430B QQ-C-390 (C7) C-2229 Gr8
865 B147-865 865 43 QQ-C-390 (C3) C-2229 Gr7
903 B143-903 903 620 QQ-C-390 (D5) C-2229 Gr1
Tin bronze 905 B143-905 905 62 QQ-C-390 (D6)
907 907 65
922 B143-922 922 622 QQ-C-390 (D4) B-16541
923 B143-923 923 621 QQ-C-390 (D3) C-15345 Gr10
Leaded tin bronze
926 926
927 927 63
932 B144-932 932 660 QQ-C-390 (E7) C-15345 Gr12
934 QQ-C-390 (E8) C-22229 Gr3
935 B144-935 935 66 QQ-C-390 (E9)
High-leaded tin bronze
937 B144-937 937 64 QQ-C-390 (E10)
938 B144-938 938 67 QQ-C-390 (E6)
943 B144-943 943 QQ-C-390 (E1)
952 B148-952 952 68A QQ-C-390 (G6) C-22229 Gr5
953 B148-953 953 68B QQ-C-390 (G7)
Aluminium bronze 954 B148-954 954 QQ-C-390 (G5) C-15345 Gr13
955 B148-955 955 QQ-C-390 (G3) C-22229 Gr8
958 QQ-C-390 (G8)
Silicon bronze 878 B30 878

The following table outlines the chemical composition of various grades of copper alloys.
 Chemical composition of copper alloys[6][7]
Cu Sn Pb Zn Fe Al Other
Family CDA AMS UNS Ni [%]
[%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%] [%]
833 C83300 93 1.5 1.5 4

C83400[8] 90 10
Red brass
836 4855B C83600 85 5 5 5
838 C83800 83 4 6 7
844 C84400 81 3 7 9
Semi-red brass 845 C84500 78 3 7 12
848 C84800 76 3 6 15

C86100[9] 67 0.5 21 3 5 Mn 4

862† C86200 64 26 3 4 Mn 3
Manganese
bronze 863† 4862B C86300 63 25 3 6 Mn 3

Mn
865 4860A C86500 58 0.5 39.5 1 1
0.25
903 C90300 88 8 4
0.3
905 4845D C90500 88 10 2
Tin bronze max
0.5 0.5
907 C90700 89 11
max max
922 C92200 88 6 1.5 4.5
1
923 C92300 87 8 4
max
Leaded tin bronze
926 4846A C92600 87 10 1 2
0.7
927 C92700 88 10 2
max
932 C93200 83 7 7 3
0.7
934 C93400 84 8 8
max
0.5
935 C93500 85 5 9 1
max
High-leaded tin
bronze 0.7
937 4842A C93700 80 10 10
max
0.75
938 C93800 78 7 15
max
0.7
943 4840A C94300 70 5 25
max
Aluminium bronze 952 C95200 88 3 9
953 C95200 89 1 10
4870B
954 C95400 85 4 11
4872B

C95410[10] 85 4 11 Ni 2

955 C95500 81 4 4 11

C95600[11] 91 7 Si 2

75 2 3 8 Mn 12
[12]
 C95700[12]
958 C95800 81 5 4 9 Mn 1

C87200[13] 89 Si 4

C87400[14] 83 14 Si 3

C87500[15] 82 14 Si 4
Silicon bronze
C87600[16] 90 5.5 Si 4.5

878 C87800[17] 80 14 Si 4

C87900[18] 65 34 Si 1
† Chemical composition may vary to yield mechanical properties

Brasses
A brass is an alloy of copper with zinc. Brasses are usually yellow in colour. The zinc content can vary between few % to about 40%;
as long as it is kept under 15%, it does not markedly decrease corrosion resistance of copper
.

Brasses can be sensitive to selective leaching corrosion under certain conditions, when zinc is leached from the alloy
(dezincification), leaving behind a spongy copper structure.

Bronzes
A bronze is an alloy of copper and other metals, most often tin, but also aluminium and silicon.

Aluminium bronzes are alloys of copper and aluminium. The content of aluminium ranges mostly between 5% and
11%. Iron, nickel, manganese and silicon are sometimes added. They have higher strength and corrosion resistance
than other bronzes, especially in marine environment, and have low reactivity to sulphur compounds. Aluminium
forms a thin [Passivation (chemistry)|passivation layer] on the surface of the metal.
[Bell metal]
[Phosphor bronze]
Nickel bronzes, e.g. nickel silver and cupronickel
[Speculum metal]
[UNS C69100]

Precious metal alloys

Copper is often alloyed withprecious metals like gold (Au) and silver (Ag).
 Name Cu [%] Au [%] Ag [%] Other [%]
Auricupride † †
Ashtadhatu † † † Fe†, Hg†, Sn†, Zn†
Billon † † Hg†
Chinese silver 58 2 17.5 Zn, 11.5 Ni,
Corinthian bronze † † †
CuSil 28 72
Dymalloy 20 80 C (type I diamond)
Electrum, Green gold 6-23 75-80 0-15 0-4 Cd
Grey gold † † Mn†
Guanín 25 56 18
Hepatizon † trace trace
Niello † † Pb sulfides†
Panchaloha † † † Fe†, Sn†, Pb†, Zn†,
Rose, red, and pink gold 20-50 50-75 0-5
Spangold 18-19 76 5-6 Al
Shakudō 90-96 4-10
Shibuichi 40-77 0-1 23-60
Tibetan silver † † Ni†, Sn†
Tumbaga 3-97 3-97
White gold † † Ni†, Zn†

† amount unspecified

See also
Copper-clad steel
Copper alloys in aquaculture
Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces

References
1. British Museum, "Scope Note" for "copper alloy"(https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_dat
abase/term_details.aspx?scopeType=Terms&scopeId=18864)
2. Lyons, William C. and Plisga, Gary J. (eds.)Standard Handbook of Petroleum & Natural Gas Engineering
, Elsevier,
2006
3. National Bronze & Metals |Beryllium Copper (https://www.avivametals.com/collections/beryllium-copper)
4. Lewis Brass & Company |Copper Alloy Data (https://lewisbrass.com/copperalloydata/)
5. Cast copper alloy C83600 (Ounce Metal)(http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=cast_copper_alloy_c8360
0_ounce_metal) substech.com
6. Industrial Investment Castings - Franklin Bronze(https://www.franklinbronze.com/capabilities/industrial-castings/),
retrieved 2009-09-07.
7. Brass and Bronze Alloys(http://www.ischumann.com/brass_bronze.html), retrieved 2009-09-08.
8. UNS C83400 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C83400&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C83400), retrieved 2009-09-08.
 9. UNS C86100 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C86100&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C86100), retrieved 2009-09-08.
10. UNS C95410 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95410&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C95410), retrieved 2009-09-08.
11. UNS C95600 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95600&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C95600), retrieved 2009-09-08.
12. UNS C95700 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C95700%20&show_prop=
all&Page_Title=UNS%20C95700), retrieved 2009-09-08.
13. UNS C87200 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87200&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C87200), retrieved 2009-09-08.
14. UNS C87400 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87400&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C87400), retrieved 2009-09-08.
15. UNS C87500 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87500&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C87500), retrieved 2009-09-08.
16. UNS C87600 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87600&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C87600), retrieved 2009-09-08.
17. UNS C87800 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87800&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C87800), retrieved 2009-09-08.
18. UNS C87900 (http://www.efunda.com/materials/alloys/copper/show_copper.cfm?ID=UNS_C87900&show_prop=all&
Page_Title=UNS%20C87900), retrieved 2009-09-08.

Bibliography
Erik Oberg, Franklin D. Jones and Holbrook L. Horton (1992).Machinery's Handbook(24 ed.). New York: Industrial
Press Inc. p. 501. ISBN 0-8311-2492-X.

External links
Corrosion tests and standards: application and interpretation
Copper Development Association

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