OCEAN POLLUTION’S EFFECT ON MARINE LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Ocean Pollution’s Effect on Marine Life and the Environment

Cypress Utley

Tallwood High School

Global Studies and World Languages Academy

Instructor: Gregory Falls

December 17, 2018

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Abstract

The question the paper addresses is “What is ocean pollution’s effect on marine life and

the environment?” The ocean makes up 70% of the Earth’s surface, contains the majority of the

planet’s water, provides jobs, strengthens the economy, is home to many marine animals and

food sources, aids in the regulation of the climate, and provides much of the Earth’s oxygen.

Despite its importance, however, billions of pounds of trash ends up in it every single year, and it

is heavily polluted by plastic waste, oil, runoff, and other sources of pollution. The locations

focused on in this paper include the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and the Great Barrier Reef, but

addresses the issue of ocean pollution in general and uses those locations as examples of severe

impacts of the problem. It also focuses on plastic, runoff, and oil pollution.The thesis statement

is “Human Impact through development and pollution are negatively affecting the marine

ecosystem and species survivability and unless immediate action is taken this damage will

become irreversible.”
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title

Page…………………………………………………………………………………………..1

Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2

Table of

Contents…………………………………………………………………………………..3

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..4

Limitations of

Study……………………………………………………………………………….4

Literature

Review…………………………………………………………………………………..5

Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………....9

Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..1

References………………………………………………………………………………………..15
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INTRODUCTION

According to the National Oceanic Service Administration, 70% of the Earth’s surface is

covered by oceans, and 97% of the planet’s water is located in oceans. Despite these facts, there

has been a failure to recognize the importance that the role of oceans play in society and on the

planet, such as opening up possibilities for jobs and improving the economy, supplying the

majority of the oxygen on Earth as well as many food sources, and help control the climate

(“Why Do Oceans and Seas Matter”, 2017). The results of the issue are not only detrimental to

the lives of humans, but also to the environment as well as marine life. A study carried out by the

University of Georgia determined that every year, 18 billion pounds of plastic waste ends up in

our oceans. “To put that in perspective, it’s enough trash to cover every foot of coastline around

the world with five full trash bags of plastic…compounding​ every​ year” (“Ocean Pollution: 30

Facts That Will Blow Your Mind”, 2017). Plastic is not the only source that has been

contributing to the issue, however. Other sources include sewage, oil spills, air pollutants,

runoff, mining, and marine transportation (“Ocean Pollution: 30 Facts That Will Blow Your

Mind”, 2017). Human Impact through development and pollution are negatively affecting the
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marine ecosystem and species survivability and unless immediate action is taken this damage

will become irreversible

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

Although the issue of ocean pollution is widespread and affects areas around the globe,

this paper is focused on specific locations in the Ocean that experience some of the more severe

results of the issue. These places include the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Great

Barrier Reef. These areas are focused on more than others. There will also be statistics on other

countries and their contributions to the cause and of their role in the issue, which won’t be

limited to a specific region of the world. The paper is focused on sources such as oil, runoff, and

plastic waste. The paper addresses how it affects marine life, the environment, and also includes

some information on how it affects humans. The author lives relatively close to the Atlantic

Ocean, so there may be bias present due to the fact that it may affect them and their city directly.

The issue affects mankind as a whole, however, so it ideally would stir up concern in every

person living on the planet. Due to the time constraint imposed upon the author, not all sources

and locations of the world experiencing this issue are discussed and brought up. There are

methods in relation to combating the issue, but not all possible ways to take action are

thoroughly discussed throughout this paper. All sources used are relatively new and up-to-date so

that the statistics provide accurate readings and data that can be applied to modern times. The

sources’ publication dates range from the early 2000’s to present time.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The sources used for this paper address several areas of the topic, including the types of

pollution and how they are categorized, the effects the issue has on animals and the environment,
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the importance of oceans and how the damage imposed upon them directly affects the lives of

humans, the countries who play a big role in the causation of the problem, and the efforts that are

currently being made to help solve the issue. All of the sources used are fairly recent and

up-to-date in order to provide a current and realistic representation of the problem.

Types of pollution

According to a Greenpeace report (“Plastic Debris in the World’s Oceans, 2006), 10

percent of the 260 million tons of plastic the world produces yearly ends up in the Ocean (“When

the Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide”, 2018). The Washington post reported that there will

be a significantly larger amount of plastic in the ocean than fish by the year 2050 (“By 2050,

there will be more plastic than fish in the world’s oceans, study says”, 2016). However, although

plastic is one of the most abundant sources of ocean pollution, there are many other sources that

are just as significant and important to recognize.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, most ocean

pollution stems from activities on land. Nonpoint source pollution is one of the largest sources.

This is often caused by runoff and includes both small and large sources. Small sources include

cars, boats, trucks, and septic tanks, while larger sources include ranches and farms and timber

harvest areas (“Ocean Pollution”, 2018). “Toxic chemicals, such as spilled oils and fuels in

cities, are often washed off streets, down storm drains, and into water bodies. Combustion of

fuels in automobiles and factories introduces hydrocarbons and metals into the environment.

They eventually end up in the water through atmospheric deposition or runoff. Industrial

facilities without the proper means to control runoff can also contribute toxic chemicals to the

aquatic environment” (“Pollutants from nonpoint Sources: Pesticides and Toxic Chemicals”,
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2017). Pesticides are also a huge problem involved with runoff pollution. “Pesticides typically

enter a waterbody through surface water runoff, often from a farm field or from neighborhoods

where they are applied on lawns. Pesticides can also enter a waterbody as a result of “spray

drift.” This occurs when the pesticide is sprayed over an area, and the wind blows some of the

spray into a nearby waterbody” (“Nonpoint Source Pollution”, 2017)

Point source pollution, although occurring less often, have more drastic impacts and are

often more serious, and include issues such as “discharge from faulty or damaged factories or

water treatment systems” (“Ocean Pollution”, 2018).

How does it affect animals and the environment?

According to the MarineBio Conservation Society, the ocean is home to 50-80% of all

life on Earth. Ocean Pollution reportedly affects more than 817 species of animals on the planet

(“Ocean Pollution: 30 Facts That Will Blow Your Mind”, 2017).

Plastic is a huge issue when it comes to the pollution of the ocean. A study carried out by

the University of Georgia determined that every year, 18 billion pounds of plastic waste ends up

in our oceans. “To put that in perspective, it’s enough trash to cover every foot of coastline

around the world with five full trash bags of plastic…compounding every year” (“Ocean

Pollution: 30 Facts That Will Blow Your Mind”, 2017). It not only affects the environment, but

also animals. According to the Sea Turtle Conservancy, plastic debris kills over 1 million marine

animals yearly (“Information About Sea Turtles: Threats from Marine Debris”, 2018).

How does it affect humans?

According to the United Nations Environment programme, Oceans cover more than 70

percent of the Earth’s surface. They play an integral role in our society and our daily lives. They
OCEAN POLLUTION’S EFFECT ON MARINE LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
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provide us with food sources, control our climate, help supply the majority of our oxygen, and

also aid in the world’s economy (“Why Do Oceans and Seas Matter”, 2017).

The economy could be affected negatively as a result of the pollutants being released into

the Ocean. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration states, “U.S. Coastal and

marine waters support 28.3 million jobs, generate $54 billion in goods and services through

activities like shipping, boating, and tourism, and contribute $30 billion to the U.S. economy

through recreational fishing alone (Leeworthy, 2000). If pollution leads to mass die-offs of fish

and dirty-looking water, this area and others like it will experience deep financial losses”

(“Nonpoint Source Pollution”, 2017).

The tourism industry largely depends on the ocean for much of its business. “Nonpoint

source pollution affects the beauty and health of coastal lands and waters,” the National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration states, “If the physical and environmental well-being of these

areas is diminished, people will naturally find it less appealing to visit the coast ... You can see

how nonpoint source pollution plays an indirect, though powerful role in tourists’ contributions

to a coastal community’s economic status.” NOAA also added, “Excess nonpoint source

pollution impacts the overall quality of life, and subsequently can drive property values down. If

nonpoint source pollution continues to plague the waters surrounding coastal communities, their

economies and social conditions may rapidly deteriorate” (“Nonpoint Source Pollution”, 2017).

For these reasons, the pollution issue could potentially become detrimental to the economies that

are primarily based off of tourism.

Who is involved in the issue?

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The area of the world that pollutes the ocean the most is Asia, with China shown in a

2010 study to be in the lead at 3.53 million tons of plastic waste entering into the ocean a year

(“Can You Guess Which Country is the Top Ocean Polluter?”, 2018). This is due to the fact that

the continent is heavily populated and to the amount of plastic being tossed out daily. A primary

reason for the lack of effort toward lowering the amount of waste released into the ocean is the

poor infrastructure of many developing Asian and African countries to deal with waste (“Asia,

Africa Cause 90% Of Plastic Pollution In World's Oceans”, 2018).

The U.S. Department of Energy states that 1.3 gallons of petroleum are spilled yearly into

the waters of the United States (“FAQ: The Science and History of Oil Spills”, 2010). The most

oil spills have happened in the Gulf of Mexico, followed by the Northeastern U.S.,

Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, North Sea, and then Japan (“FAQ: The Science and History of

Oil Spills”, 2010).

DISCUSSION

Plastic is one of the most abundant and common forms of pollution in the ocean.

According to a Greenpeace report (“Plastic Debris in the World’s Oceans, 2006), 10 percent of

the 260 million tons of plastic the world produces yearly ends up in the Ocean (“When the

Mermaids Cry: The Great Plastic Tide”, 2018). This plastic is often consumed mistakenly by

species of birds and other marine animals and also traps many species which results in their

death. According to the Sea Turtle Conservancy, plastic debris kills over 1 million marine

animals yearly (“Information About Sea Turtles: Threats from Marine Debris”, 2018). According

to Green Peace, it has been discovered that 50-80% of the sea turtles found dead ingested debris

from the polluted ocean (“Plastic Debris in the World’s Oceans”, 2007). The marine debris also
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poses a threat involving the introduction of nonnative species into the environments affected.

“Plastic debris which floats on the oceans can act as rafts for small sea creatures to grow and

travel on. Plastic can travel for long distances and therefore there is a possibility that marine

animals and plants may travel to areas where they are non-native.” (“Plastic Debris in the

World’s Oceans”, 2007). The Washington post reported that there will be a significantly larger

amount of plastic in the ocean than fish by the year 2050 (“By 2050, there will be more plastic

than fish in the world’s oceans, study says”, 2016). The North Pacific ocean is one of the best

examples of the extremities of plastic waste pollution and its results. The Great Garbage Patch, a

patch of garbage in the North Pacific Ocean, covers vast distances, including waters from the

west coast of the United States to Japan, according to National Geographic. “About 80% of the

debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch comes from land-based activities in North America and

Asia” (“Great Pacific Garbage Patch”, 2014). Plastic is the primary debris found in not only the

patch but in the ocean in general due to its inexpensiveness and durability, and to the fact that it

never biodegrades (“Great Pacific Garbage Patch”, 2014). The second most polluted ocean on

the planet is the Indian Ocean, with a garbage patch the size of at least 2 million square miles

(“Plane Search Shows World's Oceans Are Full of Trash”, 2014). The area of the world that

pollutes the ocean the most is Asia, with China shown in a 2010 study to be in the lead at 3.53

million tons of plastic waste entering into the ocean a year (“Can You Guess Which Country is

the Top Ocean Polluter?”, 2018). This is due to the fact that the continent is heavily populated

and to the amount of plastic being tossed out daily. A primary reason for the lack of effort

toward lowering the amount of waste released into the ocean is the poor infrastructure of many

developing Asian and African countries to deal with waste (“Asia, Africa Cause 90% Of Plastic
OCEAN POLLUTION’S EFFECT ON MARINE LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
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Pollution In World's Oceans”, 2018). Part of what makes the cleaning up process of the oceans

so difficult is that the trash is not condensed. “The term ‘patch’ suggests this floating detritus is

packed together in an oceanic version of a landfill. Instead, these ‘patches’ are actually huge

zones where debris accumulates but floats free, circulating continuously” (“Plane Search Shows

World's Oceans Are Full of Trash”, 2014).

Runoff is another major problem involved with the pollution of oceans. It occurs when

there is more water present than the land can absorb (“Runoff”, 2011). There are two types of

pollution associated with runoff: point source and nonpoint source pollution. According to the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, most ocean pollution stems from activities

on land. Nonpoint source pollution is the most common. This includes both small and large

sources (“Ocean Pollution”, 2018). Point source pollution, although occurring less often, have

more drastic impacts and are often more serious, and include issues such as “discharge from

faulty or damaged factories or water treatment systems” (“Ocean Pollution”, 2018). According to

National Geographic, the water running along the land picks up and carries with it many toxic

substances as well as litter and fertilizers (“Runoff”, 2011). This often happens as a result of

heavy rainfall, and becomes increasingly severe as the process of biomagnification takes place.

Biomagnification happens when the “ concentration of a substance increases as it passes up the

food chain” (“Runoff”, 2011). According to National Geographic, this often happens when

microbes absorb the pollutants present in runoff, the microbes are eaten by fish, and then the fish

are consumed by larger animals such as birds. This results in the amount of pollutants present in

marine life gradually increasing as the process continues to take place. The Great Barrier Reef

suffers greatly from the impact of runoff pollution. The World Wildlife Fund claims that runoff
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from farms is one of the greatest threats to the reef. This is because the runoff causes algal

blooms to increase, reduces sunlight which prevents the growth of coral, and encourages

biomagnification (“Examining the Major Threats to the Great Barrier Reef”, 2017). Runoff not

only affects animals and the marine environment, however, but humans as well. Businesses

based on agriculture are threatened by runoff. “In the process of erosion, runoff can carry away

the fertile layer of topsoil. Farmers rely on topsoil to grow crops. Tons of topsoil are lost to

runoff every year” (“Runoff”, 2011). The economy could suffer from this issue as well.

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the waters of the United

States currently support 28.3 million jobs, aiding with the production of goods and services

(“Nonpoint Source Pollution”, 2017). NOAA states, “If the physical and environmental

well-being of these areas is diminished, people will naturally find it less appealing to visit the

coast ... You can see how nonpoint source pollution plays an indirect, though powerful role in

tourists’ contributions to a coastal community’s economic status.” NOAA also added, “Excess

nonpoint source pollution impacts the overall quality of life, and subsequently can drive property

values down. If nonpoint source pollution continues to plague the waters surrounding coastal

communities, their economies and social conditions may rapidly deteriorate” (“Nonpoint Source

Pollution”, 2017). For these reasons, the pollution issue could potentially become detrimental to

the economies that are primarily based off of tourism.

Oil is another significant pollutant in the ocean. The US Department of Energy states that

1.3 gallons of petroleum are spilled yearly into the waters of the United States (“FAQ: The

Science and History of Oil Spills”, 2010). The most oil spills have happened in the Gulf of

Mexico, followed by the Northeastern U.S., Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, North Sea, and
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then Japan (“FAQ: The Science and History of Oil Spills”, 2010). It is often caused by diffuse

sources, however, and is not solely caused by accidents involving oil tanks. “Around 5 per cent

comes from natural sources, and approximately 35 per cent comes from tanker traffic and other

shipping operations, including illegal discharges and tank cleaning. Oil inputs also include

volatile oil constituents which are emitted into the atmosphere during various types of burning

processes and then enter the water. This atmospheric share...ac​​counts for 45 percent” (“Oil

pollution of marine habitats”, 2010). According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, oil affects marine life in numerous ways, such as damaging the ability of

mammals’ fur to properly insulate, ridding the birds’ feathers of their water repelling properties,

and encouraging the ingestion of oil to many animals (“How Does Oil Impact Marine Life?”,

2018).

Numerous efforts have been made in order to combat the issue, such as clean-up

operations, programs devoted to educating the public on the issue, and many more. Green Peace

believes that the “Zero Waste” Strategy is an effective way to reduce pollution. It includes

recycling and reusing materials rather than just throwing them away, ecodesign, producer

responsibility, and the reduction of waste (“Plastic Debris in the World’s Oceans”, 2007).

According to the Toronto Environmental Alliance, there are many benefits to the “Zero Waste”

plan. It’s good for the economy, producing 10 times more jobs when recycling and reusing. It

also takes a significantly lower amount of energy to use recycled materials,decreases climate

change by lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and lowers the amount of trash in general that

may end up in the ocean (“Benefits of Zero Waste”, 2018). Many organizations have addressed

plastic pollution and some areas of the world have begun to ban single-use plastics in order to
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reduce the amount of waste present. 4Ocean is an organization that has participated in working to

fight the problem. They have used a barricade system to stop the flow of plastics into the ocean

and also sell bracelets made from the recycled materials funding the process of waste removal.

They had discovered that fishermen had often thrown away the plastic they had caught in their

fishing nets when going fishing rather than taking it back to recycle and repurpose due to the low

demand for plastic and higher demand for seafood, and they had wanted to attempt to change the

demand for plastic so that people cared more (“These 20-something surfers started a company

that's pulled 1 million pounds of garbage out of the ocean”, 2018). According to CNBC, 4Ocean

has pulled 1 million pounds of trash out of the ocean.

CONCLUSION

The issue of ocean pollution has grown progressively more serious over the years. With

the constant disposal of plastics, continuation of runoff, and the entrance of oil into oceans, the

problem has only grown to become worse. The issue damages the environment and harms

marine life. If action is not taken to address the issue, damage will only continue to ensue and it

may lead to the extinction of many marine species, depletion of natural resources, and the

destruction of economies based on tourism and industries involved with the ocean. Pollution is

negatively affecting the marine species survivability as well as causing destruction to the

environment and unless action is taken soon this damage potentially will become irreversible.
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