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Requlating problem
The desired value TR is to remain fixed and the purpose of the control system is
to maintain the controlled variable TR in spite of change in load if there is a change in
the input variable (disturbance load).
Tmor Ym
Measuring
device
Gm
Process
dT
W Cp( Tis To ) qs W Cp( Ts To ) Cp V 0
dt
By substracting both equations
d ( T Ts )
W Cp(( Ti Tis ) ( T Ts )) q qs Cp V
dt
Note that the refernece temperature To cancels in the subtraction. If we introduce
thedeviation variables.
Ti Ti Tis
T T Ts
Q q qs
dT
W Cp( Ti T ) Q CpV
dt
Taking the laplace transform gives
W Cp(Ti (s) T (s)) Q(s) CpVsT W Cp
V Q( s )
sT T (s) Ti (s)
W WCp
The last expression can be written as
1 Q( s) Ti ( s)
T ( s)
(s 1) WCp s 1
Where
V
W
T (s) or Y(s) controlled var iable
Q(s) or m(s) manipulate d var iable
Ti (s) or d(s) disturbance var iable
If there is a change in Q(t) only then Ti ( t ) 0 and the transfer function relating
Ti to Q is
T (s) 1 1
Q( s) (s 1) WCp
If there is a change in Ti (s ) only thenQ(t)=0and the transfer function relating T to Ti
is
Process Control /Lec. 7 82 Written by Assis. Prof.
Fourth Class Dr. Zaidoon M. Shakor
T(s) 1
Ti ( s ) ( s 1 )
Gd
d( s ) 1
Ti ( s ) s 1
+
Gp
m( s ) 1 / WCp + Y( s )
Qi ( s ) s 1 T(s)
Measuring Element
The T.F. of the temperature-measuring element is a first order system
Tm ( s ) km
Tm (s) Gm T (s)
T ( s) m s 1
km
Gm
m s 1
Where T and Tm are deviation variables defined as
T T Ts
Tm Tm Tm s
Output
K m steady state gain
input
τm=time lag (time constant)=(1-9) sec
T(s) Km
Gm Tm (s)
m s 1
Controller
Tsp(or TR)+ E P(s)
Gc
-
Tm
Tm(s) 𝐾𝑚 T(s)
𝐺𝑚 =
𝜏𝑚 𝑠 + 1
On-Off Control
On-Off control is a special case of proportional control.
If the gain KC is made very high, the valve will move from one extreme position to
the other if the set point is slightly changed. So the valve is either fully open or fully
closed (The valve acts like a switch).
The P.B. of the on-off controller reaches a zero because the gain is very high
P.B 0
Taking L.T
P( s ) 1
K C (1 ) Gc ( s)
E (s) Is
Example:
A
For Ramp Error E(t) = At (Ramp) E(s) =
s2
A AK K A
P(s) = K C (1 + D s) E(s) K C (1 + D s) 2 2 C C D
s s s
P(t) = K C At K CAD
P( s ) 1
K C (1 s)
E ( s) Is D
Example: Consider the 1st order T. F. of the process with control valve
Valve process
P(s) KV KP Y(s)
V s 1 s 1
Process Control /Lec. 7 90 Written by Assis. Prof.
Fourth Class Dr. Zaidoon M. Shakor
If we assume no interaction;
The T. F. from P(s) to Y(s) is
Y ( s) KV K p
For a unit step input in P
P( s) ( v s 1)( s 1)
1 KV K p
Y(s) =
s ( v s 1)( s 1)
1 t / v 1 t /
y(t) = KvKp 1 v e e
v v
Y ( s) Kv K p
If τ>>τv then the T. F. is
P( s) ( s 1)
For a unit step input in p
y(t) = KvKp (1 – e-t/τ)
Example: a pneumatic PI controller has an output pressure of 10 psi when the set
point and pen point are togather. The set point is suddenly displaced by 1.0 in (i.e a
step change in error is introduced) and the follwing data are obtained.
Time (s) 0- 0+ 20 60 80
Psi 10 8 7 5 3.5
Determine the actual gain (psi/inch displacement) and the integral time
E
1.0 in
10 psi
Kc
8psi
Kc
I
For PI control
K
p(t ) K c c Edt ps
I
For E=1
Kc
p(t ) K c t ps
I
From the above figure
Kc 2
Kc 75 2
I 60 20 40
I 20 K c 20 (2) 40 sec
Process Control /Lec. 7 91 Written by Assis. Prof.
Fourth Class Dr. Zaidoon M. Shakor
Example: (A) a unit-step change in error is introduced into a pid controller, if Kc=10
, τI=1 and τD=0.5 plot the response of the controller P(t).
(B) if the error changed with a ratio of 0.5 in/min plot the response of p(t).
Solution:
(A) For a PID control
K dE
p(t ) Kct c Edt Kc D ps
I dt
For a unit step change in error E(t)=1
At t=0 p (0) K c p s
Kc
t>0 p(t ) K c t ps
I
P p ps 10 10t
Kc
1 10 I
E P
0 0
0 0
dE
(B) E=0.5 t 0.5 and dEdt 0.5dt
dt
p(t ) 10 0.5 t 10 0.5 tdt 10 0.5 0.5 ps
p(t ) p s 5 t 2.5 t 2 2.5
P( t ) p( t ) ps 2.5 5 t 2.5 t 2 t P(t)
0 2.5
1 10
E 0.5 P(t) 2 22.5
3 40
0 2.5 4 62.5
5 90
0 t 0 t