UNIT 4: LESSON A

VOCABULARY READING:

 OIL SPILL  An accident in which oil has come out of a ship caused pollution.
 BUILDUP  An increase in number of amount.
 OIL RIG  A large structure whit equipment for removing oil from under sea.
 CREW  A group of people who work together.
 BARRELL  A large container of 159 liters.
 LEAK  The liquid or gas that comes out of a container.
 THICK  Having very little water and not flowing easily.
 SET ASIDE  To have something for a special purpose.

 HUGE  Enorme  SKILL  Habilidades

 DRILLING  Perforacion  SURROUNDING  Rodeado
 SPILL  El vertido  HARMFUL  Dañino

1. TRIGGERED(v)  Caused an event to begin to happen.

2. ABANDONED(v) Left a place, thing, or person permanently.
3. RELEASED(v)  Entered the surrounding atmosphere or area; freed.
4. EMERGED(v)  Became known; appeared.
5. EXPERTS(n)  People who are very skilled or who know a lot about a particular subject.
6. CONTAMINATED(v)  Made something dirty, harmful, or dangerous because chemicals or radiation.
7. EXPOSED(v)  Placed in a dangerous situation.
8. REACTED(v)  Responded to.
9. CONTROVERSY(n)  A disagreement, specially about a public policy or moral issue that people feel
strongly about.
10. COMPENSATE(v)  To pay someone to replace lost money or things.

VOCABULARY LISTENING:

 CONTAIMENT  The act of controlling or limiting, or someone harmful dangerous.

 RADIATION  A form of energy that comes from a nuclear reaction and that can be very dangerous to
health.
 RADIOACTIVE  Containing a substance that produces energy in the form of powerful and harmful
rays.
 HALF-LIFE  The length of time needed for the radioactivity of a radioactive substance to be reduced
by half.
 SHELL  To cover all the area.  EAGLE  Aguila
 EXCERPTS  a short part taken from a speech, book, film, etc.

EMPHASIZING IMPORTANT INFORMATION

 Don’t forget that…  I would like to point out that…
 Let me stress that…  You need to remember that…
 I want to emphasize that…  It is important to note/remember
 I would like to stress that… that…
GRAMMAR: The future perfect  describes a state or a completed action in the future.

WILL+HAVE+P.P.V

By my 22th birthday, I will have graduated from college.

LESSON B:

 HEAD  The system that keeps building warm.

 FUEL  A substance that is burned to provide heat or power.
 HIDDEN  Can’t be seen.
 BEYOND  In addition.
 USE UP  To finish a supply of something.
 SUSTAINABLE  Able to continue over a period of time.
 TAX BREAK  A change in the law that results in the opportunity to pay less in taxes.
 CONVINCE  To cause someone to believe something or to do something.
 BEHAVE  to do or say things in a particular way (comportarse).

1. ABUNDANT(adj)  Present or existing in large quantities.

2. ENTHUSIASM(n)  The feeling of being very interested in or excited about something.
3. INCENTIVES(n)  Things that encourage you to want to work hard or take action.
4. LAYERS(n)  Pieces of material or substance that cover a surface or area between two other things.
5. PURSUING(v)  Making an effort to achieve a goal.
6. DISADVANTAGES(n)  A factor which makes a person or a thing less useful or successful than other
people or things.
7. PRINCIPLE(n)  A general belief about the way something should behave.
8. UTILIZE(v)  To use.
9. RENEWABLE(adj)  Resources that are natural and always available, such as wind and sunlight.
10. SHORTAGES(n)  Conditions in which there is not enough of something.

VOCABULARY LISTENING

 DARK(n)  DARKNESS(adj)
 STORAGE(n)  STORING (adj)  STORE(v)

STRESSING TWO-WORD COMPOUNDS

o The peas were grown in a greenhouse. (a glass building for growing plants)
o I saw you standing in front of a green house. (a house painted the color green)

EXPRESSING APPROVAL AND DISAPPROVAL

APPROVAL APPROVAL
 It’s OK that…  It’s wrong to (verb)…
 I think it’s fine to (verb)…  It’s not right to…
 I (strongly) approve of (noun)…  I (strongly) disapprove of (noun)…
 It’s OK (for someone) to (verb)…  It’s not right (for smne) to (verb)…
GRAMMAR: The Future Perfect Progressive is used to talk about actions that will be in progress before a
specific time in the future.

WILL+HAVE+BEEN+PRESENT PARTICIPLE

In just two weeks, we will have been meeting for three months. DURATION

UNIT 5: LESSON A
VOCABULARY READING:

 SLAVE(n) Esclavos (person)  KIDNAPTo take someone for force.

 SLAVERY(n) Esclavitud (problem)  WHEALVoluntad.
 TRADER Exchange things for another.  POPULATEPoblado.

1. IMPLICATIONS(n)Unstated conclusions based on given facts.

2. SUBSEQUENTLY(adv.)Later or afterwards.
3. INCREDIBLE(adj)Very unusual, surprising, or difficult to believe.
4. ENCOUNTERED(v)Met someone unexpectedly.
5. MIGRATIONS(n)Large-scale movements of people of animals.
6. IMMENSE(adj)Extremely large or great amounts.
7. DECLINED(v)Became less in quantity, importance, or strength.
8. ABSORVED(v)Take something into a larger group and make it part of the group.
9. LINKED(v)Connected physically or logically.
10. ASSUME(v)To believe something to be true, although it is not a proven fact.

 RELY ON: To trust someone or something.

EXPRESSING SURPRISE
SURPRISED VERY SURPRISED
 No kidding.  Wow!
 That’s (really)surprising.  That’s
 I’m(really)surprised to hear that. amazing/astonishing/incredible!
 I find that quite surprising. (formal)  Imagine that! (formal)

GRAMAR: Using Past Modals to Make Guesses about the Past. Are usually based on facts.

COULD(not) 50-60%
MAY(not) HAVE P.P.V
MIGHT(?)

In short responses, do not use the P.P.V Verb be is used, keep the P.P.V
A: Did they come from Siberia? A: Were there 1000 people in the group?
B: They may have. B: There might have been.
LESSON B  ENSUREguarantee
 PATTERNPatron
 INTERFEREinterrupt, obstruct.
 THREATAmenaza
 RESTRICTED limited
 LOGGINGIndustry cut trees.
 OVERWHELMING big
 WHEATTrigo
 DISPLACED cause to move by
 STREAMRiachuelo
force/pressure.
 INVESTED put money into something.

EXPRESSING SURPRISE
 I (really) hope (that)…
 I’m hoping (that)…
 It would be nice/great/wonderful/ideal if…

GRAMAR: Using Past Modals to Make Interferences.

MUST(not) HAVE P.P.V Almost certain (90%)

COULDN’T HAVE P.P.V Imposibility

CAN’T

UNIT 6: LESSON A
VOCABULARY READING

1. ANTICIPATE(v)To realize in advance that an event may happen.

2. DOMESTIC(adj)Not wild; kept on farms or as pets.
3. CONSEQUENCES(n)The results or effects of an action.
4. CONTRADICTION(n)A situation in which two opposite facts are true at the same time.
5. DISPLAYING(v)Showing.
6. AGRICULTURE(n)Farming and the processes used to take care of crops(cosechas) and animals.
7. ISOLATED(adj)Far away from large cities and difficult to reach.
8. PERIOD(n)A length of time.
9. REJECT(v)To turn down or not accept.
10. Transition(n)A change.

VOCABULARY WORD RELATED WORD RELATED DEFINITION

-ANTICIPATE(v) (n)ANTICIPATION Looking forward to sthg
-AGRICULTURE(n) (adj)AGRICULTURAL related to agriculture
-CONSEQUENCES(n) (adv)CONSEQUENTLY as a result of
-CONTRADICTION(n) (v)CONTRADICT to say that sthg is not true
(adj)CONTRADICTORY information disagree
-DISPLAYING(v) (n)DISPLAY you can see the product
-DOMESTIC(adj) (adj)DOMESTICALLY belongs to your country
-ISOLATED(adj) (v)ISOLATE to separate A to a group
(n)ISOLATION a state of being separate
-PERIOD(n) (adj)PERIODIC from time to time
-REJECT(v) (n)REJECTION act to say u don’t want sthg

EXPRESSING SURPRISE
INFORMAL MORE FORMAL
 …uhm…  …let me think…
 …oh, you know…  …just a moment…
 …hang on…  …how should I put it …
 …it’s on the tip of my tongue…  …oh, what’s the word…

BUZZWORD (BUZZ) A word or expression that is very often used, esp. in public discussions, because it
represents opinions that are popular
 The blogosphere: all blogs on the Internet, the bloggers, and their opinions.
 Brick-and-mortar: a company operating in a building or a store, not on the internet.
 Climate change: change in weather and temperature over a long period of time.
 Go green: take steps to reduce one’s negative impact on the environment.

GRAMAR: Verb + Gerund

Admit Appreciate Defend Enjoy Quit
Avoid Be used to Deny Look forward to Risk
The king will not open up Bhutan all at once and risk ruining it.
We are looking forward to visiting the islands off Cornwall this summer.

LESSON B
VIEWING VOCABULARY

 EPIPHANY(n)A moment of sudden understanding.

 EROSION(n)The removal of soil or rock by wind or water.
 LEGACY(n)Land or money given to future generations.
 MARGINAL(adj)Not very useful; on the edge of usefulness.
 SUCEPTIBLE TO(adj)Likely to be afforced by.
 Took its toll(V)To have a bad effect or do a lot of damage.

1. GRANT(v)To give
2. FOUND(v)To stablish or star
3. ENABLE(v)To make possible
4. OBJECTIVE(n)A goal you are trying to achieve
5. PERSPECTIVE(n)A way of thinking that is usually influenced by your own experiences
6. REGAIN(v)To get something back that you had lost
7. HIGHLIGHT(v)To emphasize or focus attention on
 8. FEDERAL(adj)Related to the central government of a country
9. PORTION(n)A part
10. UNDERTAKE(v)To star doing a task and accept responsibility for it

CRITICAL THINKING FOCUS: EVALUATING NUMBERS AND STATISTICS

Is this a large or small number? What percentage of the total is it?

Is it larger or smaller than I expected? Does this number seem accurate?

EXPRESSING A LACK OF KNOWLEDGE

 I had no idea (that)…  I didn’t realize (that)…
 I never knew (that)…  I wasn’t aware (that)…

GRAMAR: Verb + Object + Infinitive

Advise Ask Forbid Invite Permit Remind Warm

Allow Encourage Force Order Persuade Tell

She asked me to invite her brother to the party.

I will encourage him to open his own business.