h a aE

IE ctioE
n s on POW- Apparatus and Systems, -1. PAS-94, M).4 , July/August 1975

GUIDE FOR DESI(aY AND SPECIFICATION FOR CONCRETE

POLE STRUCTURES
IEEE COMWITEE REWRT

Thomas E. Rodgers, Jr.

V i r g i n i a E l e c t r i c & Power Company
Richmond, V i r g i n i a
W . C . Anderson Darwin R. Chang
Union Metal Manufacturing Company P u b l i c S e r v i c e E l e c t r i c & Gas Company
Canton,Ohio Newark, N. J.

ABSTRACT s t e erle i n f o r c e m e n t . T
" h e r ea r e two methods
of
pro-
ducing prestressed concrete poles:
This i s a r e p o r t o f t h e Task Group on L i n e b a d -
i n g and StrengthforTransmissionLineStructuresof 1. Pretensioning
t h e Towers, Poles and Conductors Subcomittee, Sub- 2. Post-tensioning
group 3 , S t r u c t u r e Development, oftheTransmission
and DistributionComaittee. The purposeofthisre- 1. Pretensioning i s definedas a method ofpre-
port i s to familiarize the industry with concrete pole s t r e s s i n gr e i n f o r c e dc o n c r e t ei n which t h er e i n f o r c e -
s t r u c t u r e s and to provide a guide for design andmanu- ment i s tensionedbeforetheconcrete i s placed. The
f a c t u r eotfh es t r u c t u r e s . An appendix providesan b a s i c steps a r e :
example method f o rc a l c u l a t i n gu l t i m a t e moment capa-
c i t y of a f u l l y p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e s e c t i o n . a. Tendons (reinforcement)areplacedin a form
o r on t h e bed inpatternsrequiredwithother
IWIRODUCTION embedded items.

These guidelines are intended to provide guidance b. Tendons a r e t e n s i o n e d .

t ot h ep r o s p e c t i v eu s e ro fc o n c r e t ep o l es t r u c t u r e s
f o ru s ei nt r a n s m i s s i o n ,s u b s t a t i o n ,d i s t r i b u t i o n and C. Concrete i s placed and consolidated and a l -
l i g h t i n ga p p l i c a t i o n . They areintendedtoprovide a lowed tocure. In many casescuring i s ac-
check l i s t of items t o beconsideredtoinsurethat c e l e r a t e d by theuseofsteam.
the user and supplier recognize andmake provision for
standard items toprovide a concretepole designed t o d. When theconcrete reacks &e specified s t r e n g t h ,
meet therequirementsofstrength, economy, d u r a b i l i t y t h e load i nt h et e n d o n s i s released from t h e
and appearanceconsistentwiththedesiredapplica- anchors.Sincethetendonsare now bonded t o
t i o n . This guide will covertypesofconcretepoles, theconcrete,theycannot move independently
loadings, strength requirements, design Jecomenda- of
the
concrete. As t h etyrtsyoh o r t e n ,
t i o nmsa, n u f a c t u r i nqgu,a l iatsys u r a n ct e s, t i n g , t h e i r load i s t r a n s f e r r e dt ot h ec o n c r e t e by
e r e c t i o n and foundations. bond. This load i s t h ep r e s t r e s s i n gf o r c ei n
the concrete pole.
Types ofConcretePoles
e. The pole i s s e ta s i d ef o ra d d i t i o n a lc u r i n g
There are presently three types of concrete poles beforeinstallation.
i n use.
2 . Post-tensioning i s defined as a method ofpre-
1. Plainreinforcedconcrete s t r e s s i n gr e i n f o r c e dc o n c r e t ei n which t h er e i n f o r c e -
2. Prestressed concrete ment is tensioned afterthe
concrete has
hardened.
3. Partiapl r e s t r e s s e dc o n c r e t e The b a s i c steps a r e :

The plainreinforcedconcretepole i s manufac- a. The concrete i s placed and c o n s o l i d a t e di n a

tured by placing a m i l d r e i n f o r c i n gs t e e l cage i n a form withthetendonsshielded from bonding t o
form and covering i t with a portland cement concrete. theconcreteinplaceorvoidsprovidedfor
The pole strength i s derived from the compression themand -allowed to cure to a s p e c i f i e d s t r e n g t h
s t r e n g t h of theconcrete and t h et e n s i o ns t r e n g t ho f for tensioning.
the mild steel reinforcement.
b. The tendons are
then elongated by hydraulic
b e s t r e s s e cdo n c r e taeds e f i n e d by t h e A.C.I. j a c k s and anchor f i t t i n g s a r e a d j u s t e d t o hold
Committee on Prestressing Concrete i s "Concrete i n t h e load i nt h et e n d o n s .
which t h e r e havebeenintroducedinternal stresses of
suchmagnitude and d i s t r i b u t i o nt h a tt h es t r e s s e sr e - c. The spacearoundthetendons i s pumped f u l l of
s u l t i n g from givenexternalloadingsarecounteredto a cement groutunderpressure.
a desireddegree. In reinforcedconcrete members t h e
p r e s t r e s s i s commonly introduced by t e n s i o n i n tgh e d. The pole i s set a s i d ef o ar d d i t i o n acl u r i n g
beforeinstallation.

The thirdtypeofconcretepole used is a par-

t i a l l yp r e s t r e s s e dp o l e . A p a r t i a l l yp r e s t r e s s e dp o l e
would beonethatthetendonsarefullytensioned to
take a partofthedesignedloadwithstandardrein-
f o r c i n g s t e e l added totaketheremainingload. A pole
as a taperedstructurehas a smaller c r o s ss e c t i o n at
thetop. With thetendonsfullytensionedthesmaller
c r o s s e c t i o nh a s a h i g hp r e s t r e s sb, u t as thepole
Paper T 75 170-6, recommended and approved by the IEEE Transmission and a r e ai n c r e a s e si nc r o s ss e c t i o nt h ep r e s t r e s s becomes
Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at
the IEEE PES Winter Meeting, New York, N.Y.,January 26-31, 1975.Manuscript smaller. To o f f s etth sem a l l epr r e s t r e s s a cage of
submitted May 9, 1974; made available for printing November 22, 1974. r e i n f o r c i n g s t e e l i s added t o t h e lower s e c t i o n o f t h e

1248
p o l et oi n c r e a s e i t s t e n s i o nc a p a c i t y . Extreme ice conditions withwithout
or wind,
c r e a t ea d d i t i o n a lv e r t i c a l loadonthepole, When t h i s
T h i sa d d i t i o n a lr e i n f o r c i n gs t e e l i s castintothe v e r t i c a l load i s unbalancedbecauseof more wires on
p o l e a s i t i s manufactured and the prestressing tendons one s i d et h a nt h eo t h e ro rb e c a u s eo fd i f f e r e n t i a li c e
could be eitherpretensionedorpost-tensioned. load in adjacent spans,& extreme ice condition should
bereviewed.Ice i s assumed t o weight 57 l b s . per cubic
S t r u c t u r a l LoadingConditions foot.

The c o n c r e t ep o l e ss h a l l be designedtobe reli- A t a na n g l ei nt h el i n e ,t h el o a d s on t h es t r u c -

a b l e ,s e r v i c e a b l e and t or e s i s tw i t h o u t permanent d i s - t u r e should be a r e s u l t a n t loadequaltothevector sum
t o r t i o n a l l a n t i c i p a t e d maximum serviceloads. Loading o ft h et r a n s v e r s e wind loadplusthe component imposed
c o n d i t i o n s s h a l l meet o r exceedthosegiven i n t h e Na- by thechange i n d i r e c t i o n o f t h e w i r e t e n s i o n s .
t i o n a lE l e c t r i c a lS a f e t y Code (NESC), l a t e s te d i t i o n .
The NESC loadingsare minimum requirements and thede- Inlongitudinalloadings,deadendsforlineter-
signershould be influenced more by knowledge ofthe minationshould be anunbalancedtensionequaltothe
polelocationastowhetherthese minimums should be t e n s i o no fa l lw i r e s ,e x c e p t h a tw i t hs p a n si ne a c h
i n c r e a s e d .b a d so t h e rt h a nt h o s er e q u i r e d by t h e Code d i r e c t i o n from t h e deadend s t r u c t u r et,h e unbalanced
t h a ta f f e c t a c o n c r e t ep o l es t r u c t u r e will be t h e ex- tension should be the difference in tension, such as an
tremeweatherelements,manufacturing,handling,trans- ice-noicecondition,or a brokenwire.
p o r t i n g and e r e c t i o n .
Deflectionof a polestructureshould be analyzed
The NESC Rule 252 definestherequirementsforthe to
provide adequate strength. The l a r gdee f l e c t i o n s
d i f f e r e n ta r e a s oftheUnitedStatesaccordingtocli- u s u a l l yr e s u l t i n g from horizontalloadcauseaddition-
maticconditionofthelocalityconcernedintothree a l stressduetotheeccentricity oftheverticalloads
l o a d i n ga r e a sl:i g h t , medium and heavy. There is no appliedinthedeflectedposition.
need t oc o v e rt h e s er e q u i r e m e n t sf u r t h e ri nt h i sg u i d e
a s t h e Code d e f i n e s t h e c r i t e r i a . Poles
located
in
areas
sensitive
to
earthquakes
shouldbeinvestigatedforbehaviorunderseismicload-
The extremeclimaticloadings dependon t h ea r e a ing.
and can be wind a n d / oirc e . Each of
these
loadings
should be reviewed by theuserbased on thedegreeof Finally,
the
polesshould be d e s i g n e dt or e s i s t
r e l i a b i l i tdye s i r evde r s ut shceo s t of
the
poles. loading
conditionsthat
occur
during
manufacturing,
handling,transporting and s t o r i n g .
The design wind loads may be determined f o r a geo-
g r a p h i c a la r e a by usingtheannualextrememile wind Structural Strength Requirements
c h a r t , developed by t h e U. S. Department of Commerce,
EnvironmentalScienceServiceAdministration, by s t a - The strength requirementsfor a concrete pole
t i s t i c a lp r o b a b i l i t y .C h a r t sa r ea v a i l a b l ef o ra ne l e - s t r u c t u r e may be met by t h e s t r u c t u r e a l o n e o r w i t h t h e
v a t i o n of 30, 60 and 90 f e e t above ground and i nv a r y - aidof guys and/orbraces. A complete s e t ofloading
i n g mean y e a rr e c u r r e n c ei n t e r v a l s . A f i f t y ( 5 0 ) year diagrams defining allloading conditions that the struc-
mean r e c u r r e n cien t e r v a l i s suggested as a minimum t u r e i s expectedlnwithstandshould be outlined.These
because i t i s a b o ut h eo p e r a t i o n al i f eo f a line. diagrams should show the direction, point o f a p p l i c a t i o n ,
Wind velocityinmilesperhour (MPH) a t a c h a r te l e - magnitudeand overload factors of a l l loads on t h e s t r u c -
vation of the conductors by thefollowingequation: (1) ture.
111-1
& For a M i l d SteelReinforcedConcreteand/or a Par-
v, = vo zo tiallyPrestressedConcretePoleStructure,thestruc-
t u r e shouldbeofsuchmaterial and dimensions t o with-
V, i s theadjustedvelocityin MPH stand the loadings in the NESC Rule 252 withoutexceed-
ingthepercentageoftheultimatedesignstrengthin
Vo i s theannualextrememile wind c h a r tv e l o c i t y

I
i n MPH (2)
Table 1 Percentage
2 i s t h ea d j u s t e de l e v a t i o ni nf e e t

Zo i s theelevationof Vo i n f e e t
ngitudinalStrength
n i s dependent on t e r r a i n I n General
A t Deadends
This wind v e l o c i t y , i n MPH, may then be convertedinto
wind pressure by usingthefollowingformula:
Forextremeweatherconditions, wind a n d / o ri c e ,
For wind pressures on c y l i n d r i c a l s u r f a c e s thepercentageofultimatedesignstrength usedshould
bebasedon t h er e l i a b i l i t yd e s i r e dv e r s u st h es t r u c -
2
P = 0.0025 V ture cost.

For wind pressures on f l a t s u r f a c e s For a Prestressed Concrete

PoleStructure,
the
loadingdiagramsshouldincludetheOverloadFactorsas
2
P = 0.0042 V s p e c i f i e di nT a b l e 2 . The poleshould be designedto
withstand the maximum of these loadings, including Over-
P = wind p r e s s u r e( l b s / f t
2 ) on theprojectedarea Load Factors,withoutexceedingtheultimatestrength
ofthesurface ofthepole.

v = thedesigned wind v e l o c i t y (MPH). The design The minimum strengthofthe completed s t r u c t u r e

v e l o c i t y may be m u l t i p l i e d by a f a c t o r 1.3 t o should be so designedtoprovidetheOverloadFactors
accountforhighervelocity wind g u s t . s p e c i f i e di nT a b l e 2 f o rt r a n s v e r s es t r e n g t hu n d e r a
h o r i z o n t a l load a p p l i e di na n yd i r e c t i o n on t h es t r u c -
1249
 t u r ew i t h o u t wires, e q u a lt ot h e wind pressure times t i o ns t r e s s e s w i l l likewise depend upon t h ep o i n ta t
t h ea p p l i c a b l es t r u c t u r es h a p ef a c t o r s ,b o t h as s p e c i - which thepole i s l i f t e d I. nc o n s i d e r i n gt h e latter,
f i e d i n NESC Rule 252. the weight ofthe crossarms and other attachments should
notbeneglected i nc a l c u l a t i n gt h ep o s i t i o n ofthe
A t a n a n g l e i n a l i n e , t h e m4nimum s t r e n g t h o f t h e center of gravity.
s t r u c t u r e s h o u l db es u f f i c i e n t ow i t h s t a n dt h et o t a l
t r a n s v e r s el o a d i n gs p e c i f i e di n NESC Rule 252. Before The c o n c r e t es t r u c t u r e ss h o u l d be proportioned so
combining t h e two loads, t k t r a n s v e r s e wind loadshould t h a tt h ed e f l e c t i o n due t ot h e workingloads w i l l not
Ge m u l t i p l i e d by theappropriateoverloadfactorfor bedetrimentaltothestrength,serviceabilityrequire-
t r a n s v e r s es t r e n g t h as giveninTable 2 , and theload ments and t h e a e s t h e t i c q u a l i t i e s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e .
due t o t h e change i n d i r e c t i o n o f t h e wires shouldbe
m u l t i p l i e d by the appropriate overload factor for dead- An o u t l i n e of a method ofdesign i s givenbelow.
ends i n Table 2 . This method covers a l l t h e e s s e n t i a l steps i nt h ed e -
sign of a pole structure of any type and t h e r e f o r e need
not be confined to any one shape or section.
(2)
Table 2 OverloadFactors 1. From t h es t r u c t u r ec o n f i g u r a t i o n and loading
diagram, compute the bending moment a t t h e
groundline for
the
design of
thesection.
Vertical (Gravity) Iaads '(l) 1.50 Assume a s e c t i o n and s t e e l r e i n f o r c i n g c o n f i g -
Transverse (NESC) Wind Loads 2.50 u r a t i o n and compute t h eu l t i m a t e moment capa-
Longitudinal and Transverse c i t y and cracking moment a t groundlineofthe
Loads Due to Line Tension 1.65 sectionagainstthatrequired,,untiltheulti-
Extreme Wind Loads 1.1 mate bending moment and workingloadbending
Hand l i n g Loads 2.5 moment a r e s a t i s f i e d .

2. Usingthetaperofthemold, compute thesec-

(1) I f ,f o r a givencondition,verticalloads exceed t i o naet a c ht e n( 1 0 f) o ost e c t i o n and the
t h e sm of a l l otherloads,theoverloadfactor s t e e lr e i n f o r c i n gr e q u i r e dt os a t i s f yt h eu l -
for external vertical loads shouldbe 2.0. timate and cracking moment capacityofeach
s e c t i o n up the pole.
The usershouldnotethatthestrength and s t r u c -
t u r a lc h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and s e r v i c e a b i l i t yr e q u i r e m e n t s 3. Compute t h ed e f l e c t i o n ofthepole,underthe
of concretepolesareunique.Therefore, i t i s funda- workingloads, and repeatsteps(1) and (2),
mentalthat a detailedanalysisofloadingconditions i f necessary,toincreasetheultimate moment
beperformed t od e t e r m i n et h ec o n d i t i o n st h a tc o n t r o l capacity of the sectionsif a larger section is
thedesign. A s i m p l e e x t r a p o l a t i o n from l a t t i c e tower r e q u i r e dt os a t i s f yd e f l e c t i o nr e q u i r e m e n t s .
d e s i g nc o n d i t i o n s ,f o r example, may y i e l d less than the
d e s i r e dr e s u l t s and s a c r i f i c e t h e i n t e g r i t y ofthein- 4. Compute t h ec e n t e ro fg r a v i t y and weight 01
tended pro j e c t . the pole.

Structural Design Recommendations 5. Compute the bond s t r e s s e s .

C o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e s a r e b e i n g made i n a v a r i e t y of 6. Compute t h seh e asrt r e s s and s t r e s si nt h e

s h a p e s , s i z e s and lengths, the most common of which are spiral reinforcement.
c i r c u l a rb, o t h
solid and hollow, rectangular,
shaped
II
II
I and octagonal. The u n i t sa r ep r e c a s ti n a mold by 7. Compute t h e t o r s i o n a l s t r e s s .
e i t h e r hand tamping,mechanicalvibration,or by cen-
t r i f u g a l l y s p i n n i n g , which givesthehollowshape. a. Compute t h es t r e s s e st h a t w i l l beinduced by
handling,transportation and e r e c t i o n .
The concretestructureshouldbedesignedforul-
timate strength in accordance with the basic assmption Thesedesigncomputationscanbe donemost effi-
and requirement as given i n " B u i l d i n g Code Requirements c i e n t l y by the use of a computer.
forReinforcedConcrete," A.C.I. 318-71. It shouldbe
designed and analyzed as a tapered member with combined To t h i sr e p o r at r ea t t a c h e d Appendix A , "A.C.I.
a x i a l and bendingloads. The s t r u c t u r e shouldbede- Based Method f o r C a l c u l a t i n g Ultimate Moment Capacity of
signedbasedonananalysis of s t r e s s e s and combina- a FullyPrestressedConcreteSection" and Appendix E ,
t i o n so fs t r e s s e s due tothefollowingloadings: "Genera1 EquationsforCircular, Hollow orSolidPole
Cross Section and D e f l e c t i o n C r i t e r i a f o r Any Pole with
1. Moment a Load a t Any Point Along thePole."
2. Shear
Torsion
3. The Cracking Moment i s d e f i n e d a s t h e l o a d a t which
4 . Axial t h eo u t e rt e n s i o nf a c e starts tocrack,duetoexceed-
i n gt h ef l e x u r a lt e n s i l e stress o ft h ec o n c r e t e .I n a
I na d d i t i o nt ot h e above,prestressed and post-tension m i l d r e i n f o r c e dc o n c r e t es t r u c t u r e t, h i sp o i n st h o u l d
concrete structures should be investigated forstresses notbereachedunderanyworkingloadorhandlingcon-
pertinenttoprestressedconcrete. d i t i o n s .I f i t does, it w i l l a l l o wt h ep e n e t r a t i o no f
water to the steel and cause a d e t e r i o r a t i o n o v e r a pe-
It is essentialinthedesignconsiderationtoex- r i o do f time i n t h e s t e e l and thesurfaceofthe con-
m i n et h es t r e s s e s induced by h a n d l i n g ,t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c r e t e and thepolecouldnotbeconsideredserviceable.
and e r e c t i o n . Under severe conditions of
handling,
t h e s e may be i ne x c e s so fi n - s e r v i c es t r e s s e sa f t e r Since a prestressedpole i s undercompression a l l
e r e c t i o n . The s t r e s s e s imposed d u r i n tgr a n s p o r t a t i o n t h et i m e ,t h e r ea r e none ofthe small cracks which a r e
w i l l depend upon t h e method o ft r a n s p o r t a t i o na v a i l - associated with mild reinforced concreted penetration
a b l e . The more common l i f t i n gp o i n t s used a r et h i r d of w a t e rt ot h e steel i s v e r y small, giving good dura-
p o i n t so r ,i n some cases,thecenterofgravity.Erec- b i l i t y and resistance to
weather.Cracks that may

1250
Occurdue t o temporaryextremeconditionsare imedi- shop details,manufacturing,handling
atelyclosedonremovalofthiscondition.Thisallows and delivery of
Precast
and/or
We-
t h ep o l et o beused t oa b o u tn i n e t y - f i v e (95%)percent stressedConcreteStructures.
of i t s u l t i m a t e moment c a p a c i t y , making i t a more e f f i -
cientsectionthanthe m i l d reinforced section. 1 . 2I nt h ee v e n to fd i s c r e p a n c i e s between
theVendor'sproposal and t h i sS p e c i -
A full-scale test in conjunction with the design i s f i c a t i o n , t h e termsof thisspecifica-
d e s i r a b l e and shouldbedoneas a method ofchecking t i o ns h a l l governunlesswrittenex-
t h e d e s i g n and manufacturing process of the poles. If a c e p t i o n i s provided by t h e Vendor and
p r o j e c rt e q u i r e s a considerablenmberofpoles,the approved by the Engineer. Exceptions
usermightconsidertestingonepoleineach hundred t o t h e s e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w i l l n o t be con-
p o l el o tt od e s t r u c t i o nt o checktheultimate moment sidered unless submitted inwriting
capacity. Also, one or two poles may be tested to nine- withthebidproposed.
t y - f i v e (95%)percent of thecracking moment t og i v e
additionalchecksonthequalityofthemanufacturing Definitions
2.0
process. The c o s t of t h i st e s t i n gs h o u l d beincluded
i n t h e c o s t of t h e c o n t r a c t . 2.1 The term 'Yeador", as used i n t h i s Spec-
cification, shall referto the party or
For large presstressed polesfor transmission struc- partiesproposingtoperformthe work
t u r e s , where i t i s n o t f e a s i b l e o r p o s s i b l e t o p u l l all herein specified.
thetendonsthroughthelengthofthepole, a method
hasbeendevelopedtodropthetendonsoutofthe side 2.2 The term
"Engineer", as used i nt h i s
ofthepole as t h es e c t i o ng e t ss m a l l e r so a sn o tt o Specification, shall refer tothe user,
overstressanypartofthepole.Circular,hollowcen-
t r i f u g a l l y s p r n p o l e s h a v e been manufacturedto 1,500,000 2.3 A l l designterms and symbols s h a l lb e
f t . l b s . ofultimategroundline moment with44-7/16in. defined in A . C . I . 318.
270 K i tendons a t t h e
s bottom and 12-7/16 i n . 270 Ksi
tendons a tt h et o po fa n 80 f t .p o l e . So t h eo n l yr e - References
3.0
striction onthe use of concrete poles i s t h a t of length
and w e i g h t , i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and handling. 3.1 Any s p e c i f i c a t i o no r document r e f e r r e d
tointhisSpecification i s t o becon-
Manufacturing, Quality Assurance, Testing and Handling s i d e r e da sp a r to ft h i sS p e c i f i c a t i o n .
I nt h ee v e n t of c o n f l i c t between t h i s
This s u b j e c t i s covered i n t h e a t t a c h e d s p e c i f i c a - S p e c i f i c a t i o n a d r e f e r e n c e d documents,
t i o nc a l l e d "Suggested S p e c i f i c a t i o nf o rt h e Manufac- the requirements of this Specification
tureofPrecastand/orPrestressedStaticCostor Cen- shall take precedence. The following
trifugal Cast Concrete Poles." s p e c i f i c a t i os tna, n d a r d s and codes
apply:
FoundationsforConcretePoleStructures
3.1.1 American C o n c r e t eI n s t i t u t e
Concretepolestructures w i l l v a r yi nb o t h dimen- (ACI)
s i o n a l s i z e and groundline moment capacity.Therefore,
thefoundationrequirements will vary.For most con- 3.1.1.1 A C I 318-Buildingcode
c r e t ep o l ea p p l i c a t i o n s ,b o t hs e l f - s u p p o r t i n g and guyed Requirements f o r Re-
p o l e s , d i r e c t embedment i s all t h a t i s needed. When t h e inforced
Concrete
areaof 500,OO f t . lbs. groundline moment c a p a c i t y i s
reached,thefoundationrequirements,depending on t h e 3.1.2 American WeldingSociety (AWS)
r e l i a b i l i t yr e q u i r e d ofthestructure,shouldbe con-
sidered. Oversize holes may beexcavated and c o n t r o l l e d 3.1.2.1 AWS D 1 2 . 1 Recom- -
b a c k f i l l of c r u s h e ds t o n eo rs o i l cement may be com- mended Procedures br
pactedaroundthe embedded section of the pole. Welding,Reinforcing
Steel, Metal Inserts
When theconcretepolestructureexceeds 1,000,000 and Connections i n
f t .l b s .o fg r o u n d l i n e umment capacity,thefoundation Reinforced
Concrete
should be t r e a t e da s a s t r u c t u r a fl o u n d a t i o n and t h e Construction
capacityofthe soil in designing the foundation becomes
an important design factor. 3.2 The following documents, while not a
p a r t d these Specifications except the
REFERENCES s e c t i o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y r e f e r r e d to here-
in,arerecognizedasacceptableprac-
1. H.C.S.Thom,"New D i s t r i b u t i o n s of Extreme Winds i n tices :
t h e United States," A.S.C.E. Journal of Structural
Division,vol.94, No. ST7, J u l y 1968. 3.2.1 American C o n c r Ient es t i t u t e

2. ANSI C-2 Subcomnitte 2 Review

t r i c a lS a f e t y Code Section26,
ofNationalElec-
February 2 1 , 1973.
3.2.1.1 A C I 315 -
Manual of
Standard Practice for
Detailing Reinforced
ConcreteStructures
SUGGF,STED SPECIFICATION FOR TEE MANUFACTURE OF PRECAST
AND/OR PRESTRESSED STATIC
CAST AND/OR CENTRIFUGAL CAST 3.2.1.2 A C I 347- Recomnended
CONCRFTE STRUCXURES Practice for Concrete
Formwork
1.0 Scope
3.2.2. P r e s t r e s s e dC o n c r e t eI n s t i t u t e
1.1 This
Specification
covers
the minimum
requirementsforthedesign,materials,

1251
 3.2.2.1 MNL 116 - Manual f o r needed
Q u aCl iot y
nftor or l
P l a n t s and Production 5.3.4 A l l n e c e s s asrt y
r e s s iinngf o r -
of
Precast Prestressed mation
ConcreteProducts
5.3.5 S i zdee, s c r i p t i oqnu, a n t i t y and
3 . I2n. 3d u s t rFi a sl t e nIenr s t i t u t e location of a l l holes and hardware
t h a t i s a part o tf h es t r u c t u r e
3.2.3.1
Fastener
Standards
5.3.6 Weight and location of
center
of
4.0DesignCalculation and Data gravity of structure

4.1 The d e s i g ns h a l l beperformedusing pub- 5.3.7

Location
pick-up
of points and
lishedtheoriesaccepted by t h ei n d u s t r y storagepoints
a s @ e n g i n e e r i n gp r a c t i c e s .S t r u c t u r e s
shall be designed so t h a t t h e u n i t s t r e s s 5.3.8 P o l ei d e n t i f i c a t i o n plate l o c a t i o n
i s not g r e a t e rt h a nt h eu l t i m a t e moment
capacityofthematerialsunderloading 5.3.9 The u l t i m a t e moment and cracking
conditionscalledforontheEngineer's moment capacity
h a d i n g Diagrams, with modification.toac-
comodate allowancesfordeflection, hand- 5.3.10 Any o t hs epre ciina fl o r m a t i o n
l i n g t, r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n de r e c t i o n D
. esign
c a l c u l a t i o n a d d a t a s h a l l be submitted to 5.4 Each erection
drawingshall
include
the
the Engineer with the quotation and s h a l l followingpoleinformation:
include:
5.3.1 Ground l i n e moment
4.1.1
General
dimension and weight
of
thestructure. 5.3.2 Weight

4.1.2 The t o t a lg r o u n d l i n eu l t i m a t e mo- 5.3.3Center of g r a v i t y a d l i f t i n g p o i n t s

ment, and t h e u l t i m a t e moment ca-
p a c i t y needed and furnished at 5.5 P r i o rt ot h ef i r s td e l i v e r y , Mylar t r a n s -
each ten (10) f e e t s e c t i o n o f t h e parenciesofthepole, d e t a i l and e r e c t i o n
p o l e ,o ra t a point where r e i n - drawings s h a l l be forwarded to the Engineer.
f o r c i n g steel continuityischanged.
5.6 Drawings s h a l l become thepropertyofthe
4.1.3 Maximm d e f l e c t i o n a tt o p o fs t r u c - Engineer and t h eE n g i n e e rs h a l lh a v ef u l l
t u l ef o rl o a d i n gc a s e sa ss p e c i - rightstoreproducedrawings and submit t o
f i e d i n t h e E n g i n e e r ' s Loading D i - othervendorsforbids on f u t u r ep o l er e -
agrams.. The s t r u c t u r es h a l l be quirements.
d e s i g n e dt or e s i s ti,na d d i t i o n
totfieaboveloads,theadditional 6 .O M a t e r i a l
bending moment i nt h ef i n a ld e -
f l e c t e dp o s i t i o n . 6.1 A l l m a t e r i a ls h a l l be a so u t l i n e d and used
i n A C I 318 ( l a t e s t e d i t i o n ) .
5.0 Drawings
6.1.1 The chemical properties of
mate-
5.1Afteracceptanceof a proposal,the Vendor r i a l s used i nt h em a n u f a c t u r eo f
s h a l l submit t ot h e Engineerthreeprints t h es t r u c t u r e ss h a l l be such t h a t
ofeacherection and d e t a i ld r a w i n g . One n o t i c e a b l e p y r i t e s t a i n i n g nor ef-
s e t ofthesedrawings w i l l bereturnedto f l o r e s c e n c e due tu sulphates and/or
t h e Vendor withindicationofapprovalor c h l o r i d e s will not occur.
c o r r e c t i o n . Where a c o r r e c t i o n i s r e -
quired, three sets o f r e v i s e d p r i n t s p l a i n - 6.1.2 A l l i n s e r t ss h a l l benon-corrosive
l y marked "Revised" and d a t e ds, h a l l be m a t e r i a l usedaccordingto manu-
senttotheEngineerforapproval. A l l de- f a c t u r e r ' ss p e c i f i c a t i o n s .
s i g n and d e t a i l drawings s h a l l beapproved
by t h e Engineer i nw r i t i n gb e f o r eb e i n g 7.0 QualityControl
manufactured.
7.1 Manufacturing and t e s t i n gp r o c e d u r e ss h a l l
5.2 The Vendor s h a l l be r e s p o n s i b lfeotrh e be in general compliance with ACI Practices
c o r r e c t n e s s of dimensions and d e t a i l s on t h e and/orDivision I , Division 11, Division
drawings. The approval of
such
drawings 111, Section I of Division I V and Division
by the Engineers w i l l n o t r e l i e v e t h e Ven- V of P.C.1. MNL-116.
dorofthisresponsibility.
7.2
Dimensional
tolerance from t h a t shown on
5.3 Each d e t a i l drawing s h a liln c l u d ea,s a thedrawing s h a l l be as follows:
minimm,thefollowinginformation:
7.2.1
Length +3" - 0"
5.3.1
Dimemion and length
7.2.2 Width and depthordiameter 2 1/16"
5.3.2 Description and location
the
of
steel reinforcement 7.2.3 Camber 2 1/8" for
each
ten
(10)
f e e t oflength
5.3.3
Twenty-eight
(28)
day
strength
of
concrete anddetension strength, if 7.2.4Bolthole o r i n s e r ts p a c i n g 2 1/8"

1252
 7.2.5 Boltholediameter 5 1/8" with an
epoxy-aggregate mixture
t h a t w i l l blend with the concrete.
7.2.6 Bolt h o l eo c a t i o n from top
of Apply mixture i n accordancewith
s t r u c t u r e 5 1/8" the manufacturer's specifications.

7.3 F i n i s h etstohceo n c r e tseu r f a c essh a l l Products damaged w i tcha v i t i e s

be as follows: l a r g etrh a nt h ef o r e g o i n gs h a l l
berejected.
7.3.1 F i n i sthsot a t icca s t i n gssh a l l
have a smooth f i n i swhi t h no A f l a tc y l i n d e r cap of t h e same
c r a c kI m
s . m e d i a t ealfyt eh re outsidediameterasthesmall end
screedinghasbeencompletedthe of
the
pole i s t boseu i t a b l y
excess mortar and water i s re- sealedtothepole,unlessother-
moved. The top surface of
the w i s e s p e c i f i e d m drawings t o p r e -
productshallbetroweled smooth ventmoisture 5mm entering hollow.
and t h ee d g e ss h a l lb et o o l e da s
shown on the drawings. The top 7.4 The p r e s t r e s s t e n d o n s s h a l l beburned o f f
surfaceofeachproductshallbe below thesurfaceofthepole and then
troweled until a l l projections,de- sealedwithan epoxy p r o t e c t i v ec o a t i n g
p r e s s i o n s , a a d i r r e g u l a r i t i e s have i n accordance with the
manufacturer's
been removed and t h ee n t i r es u r - specifications.
face has a smooth t e x t u r w e ith
neatlines. Square corners and 7.5 A l l m a t e r i a l and workmanship shallbe sub-
sharp edges shall betooled to j e c tt oi n s p e c t i o n ,e x a m i n a t i o n , and t e s t
f o w smooth, chamfered c o r n a s . The f o r conformance to therequirements of
Vendor's i d e n t i f i c a tpi loant e t h i s S p e c i f i c a t i o n by t h e Engineer o r h i s
s h a l l beattachedtotheproduct a u t h o r i z erde p r e s e n t a t i v east anytime
a f t et rh e above f i n i s h i n g and and a l l places,includingmaterialpro-
p r i o rt ot h ec o n c r e t ec u r i n g . curement, during manufacturing, storage
p e r i o d st, r a n s i t and a t h es t r u c t u r e s '
Aftertheproduct i s removed from d e s t i n a t iIonns.p e c t ieoxna, m i n a t i o n s ,
t h e form, a l l small cavities and t e s t s may be waived by theEngineer,
caused by a i r bubbles, honeycomb but i n anycaseshallnot be i n t e r p r e t e d
s p o t s , o r o t h e r small v o i d s s h a l l a sr e l e a s i n gt h e Vendor from h i sr e s p o n -
becleaned,saturatedwithwater s i b i l i t i ef sodre l i v e rosyft r u c t u r e s
and thencarefullypointedwith whichmeet therequirementsofthis Spec-
mortar. A small c a v i t y i s de- ification.
fined as not exceeding 2" long and
s h a l l be r e p a i r e d by openingthe 8.0 Marking
c a v i t y sides on a 1 t o 1 s l o p e
withamechanical grinder, cleaning 8.1 Each p o l es h a l lb ei d e n t i f i e dw i t h a Ven-
thoroughly, and patchingwithan d o r ' sI d e n t i f i c a t i o nP l a t ea p p r o x i m a t e l y
epoxy-aggregate mixture that will 4" x 4" x 1/4" with the following stamped
blend with the
concrete. Apply intotheplatewithlettersnotlessthan
mixtureinaccordancewith manu- 1/2" high:
facturer'sspecifications.
8.1.1 Vendor's name
Products damaged w i tcha v i t i e s
larger than the foregoing shall be 8.1.2 Month and yearofmanufacture
rejected.
8.1.3 Length
of
pole
7.3.2 F i n i s ht oc e n t r i f u g a lc a s t i n gs h a l l
have a smooth f i n i swhi t h no 8.1.4 Groundline moment
cracks.Squarecorners and sharp
edges s h a l l be tooled to form 8.1.5 Pole number
smooth, chamfered corners. The
Vendor's i d e n t i f i c a tpi loant e 8.2 The Vendor's I d e n t i f i c a t i o P n l a tseh a l l
s h a l l beattachedtotheproduct be f a b r i c a t e d from a non-corrosive, non-
before the casting in such a man- stainingmetalsuchasBronze,Brassor
n e ra st of i tt h ec o n t o u r ofthe 6061T6 Aluminum. The p l a tseh a l l have
product. s u i t a b l e anchor oranchors welded t ot h e
backof p l a t e t o p e r m i t bond t o t h e p o l e .
Aftertheproduct i s removed from
t h e form, a l l small cavities 9.0 Testing
Requirements
caused by a i r bubbles, honeycomb
spots,orothersmallvoidsshall 9.1 General
becleaned,saturatedwith water
and thencarefullypointedwith When s p e c i f i e d by the Engineer, the test-
mortar. A small c a v i t y i s de- i n g of t h e s t r u c t u r e s h a l l beon a f u l l -
fined as onenotlargerthan &" scalebasis.
i n diameterordeeperthan 1/4".
Largercavitiesnotexceeding 2" 9.2 Testing
Requirements
longshallberepaired by open-
i n gt h ec a v i t y sides on a 1 t o 1 Supplemental t e s t i n gs p e c i f i c a t i o ns h a l l
slopewith a mechanicalgrinder, specify:
cleaningthoroughly, and patching

1253
 9.2.1 bcation of testing c = d i s t a n c e from e x t r e m e c m p r e s s i o n f i b r e t o n e u t r a l
a x i s( i n )
9.2.2 Method otfe s t i n g (A) upright;
(B) h o r i z o n t a l C = totalcompressiveforceincompressionzone(lbs.)

9.2.3 The number, l o c a t i o n d, i r e c t i o n ,

holding time, sequence and i n c r e -
E, =ModulusofElasticityofConcrete (3)
mentsofthe test loads and t h e = 33 w 7cfTc
number, l o c a t i o n and d i r e c t i o n o f lb
d e f l e c t i o nr e a d i n gs h a l l be ap- E, = Modulus of E l a s t i c i t y o f S t e e l (-)
proved by theEngineer. in2
Fe = E f f e c t i v e p r e s t r e s s f o r c e ( l b s )
9.2.4 The method o fa t t a c h i n gt h et e s t
l o a d st ot h es t r u c t u r e a, p p l y i n g Fi = t o t a l i n i t i a l p r e s t r e s s i n g f o r c e ( l b )
t h e test loads,measuring and re-
f f c = 28-day strength of concrete lb
(7)
cordingthetestloads and
mea-
s u r i n g and recordingthedeflec- in
tionshall beapproved by t h e f c = assuned c w p r e s s i v es t r e n g t ho fc o n c r e t ei n com-
pression
zone
Engineer before testing begins. (-1 Ilbn
9.2.5 The s t r u c t u r et e s t e rs h a l li s s u e = 0.85 f f c
theEngineerthreecopiesofthe
Structure Test Report. This re- fpc = e f f e c t i v ep r e s t r e s isnc o n c r e t e (@ c e n t r o i d )
p o r ts h a l li n c l u d ed e s c r i p t i o n s , afteralllosses lb
t o o l s and drawings describing the (3)
above t e s t . fps = stress i n s t e e l a t m a x i m u m ( s e r v i c e ) load(&,
Z'
lb in
10.0 Transportation
fpu s t r e s s s=t euellt i m a t e (inL)
lb
10.1 Precastand/orprestressedconcrete mem- f r = Modulus ofRuptureofConcrete ( 7)
b e r s s h a l l be l i f t e d and supportedduring in
manufacturing, stock
piling and t r a n s - = 7.5
portingonly a t t h el i f t i n go rs u p p o r t
p o i n t s ,o rb o t h , as shown on t h e shop o r fse = e f f e c t i v ep r e s t r e s si ns t e e la f t e ra l ll o s s e s
erection drawings.
($1
10.2 Transportation and s i t e h a n d l i n g s h a l l be
performed
with
acceptable
equipment and f s i n i t i a lp r e s t r e s sb e h r e e l a s t i cs h o r t e n i n g( o t h e r

10.3
methods by qualified personnel.

Unlessotherwisespecified,theshipment
losses neglected)
(2)
s h a l l beforwarded t o t h e e x a c t a d d r e s s a s
shown onthepurchaseorder. The Engineer T = tension in steel at maximum s e r v i c e load ( l b s . )
s h a l l be notified at the time of shipment
thatsuchshipment i s totakeplace. The 61 = adjustment factor used with equivalent rectangu-
notification shall give quantities, weight, l a rc o n c r e t es t r e s sd i s t r i b u t i o n = 0.85 f o r f ' c
name o f c o m o n c a r r i e r u s e d , b i l l o f l a d - up t o 4000 p s i and reducing0.05foreach 1000
i n g number, expectedtimeof a r r i v a l and p s i i n e x c e s s of 4000 p s i
otherpertinentinformation. in
Euc = maximum ( a l l o w a b l e ) s t r a i n i n c o n c r e t e (r)
= 0.003
APPENDIX A
&e = (compressive) strain in concrete due t o i n i t i a l
A C I BASED METHOD FOR CALCULATING ULTIMATE "EKT CAPA- prestressing ( i n
C I T Y OF FULLY PRESTRESSEDCON€R!ITESECTION T i )

NOTATION (Based on A C I Code) cis =s tseitienrnla i n due

i npi rt eioas lt r e s s i n g

a = defineddepthofrectangular (comp.) s t r e s sb l o c k

= \Bc ( i n . ) at s t e ecl p si =
n strain maximunload
(service)
2
A, = area of concrete at cross section considered (in )

Acomp = are of concrete considered i n compressionzone

Esb = strain in steel due to bending
(g)
1
(in 1
E s e = s t r a i ni ns t e e la te f f e c t i v ep r e s t r e s s (2)
= ab
ET = €Total = c s e + Esb
= q C b
n

A, = areaof steel strand(in')

b = width of compression face of member ( i n )

1254
 T r i a l and ErrorProcedure

1. Assune l o c a t i oonfe u t r a lx i(se s t a b l i sCh) .

2. A s s m i ncgo m p a t i b i l i toysft r a i n s and a maximum

( c o m p r e s s i v e )s t r a i ni nc o n c r e t e of
0.003, calcu-
lation strain in steel.

3.Calculate stress i ns t e e l( f a ) .

4. Compute a = #, c
5. Compute C = 0.85f', ab

6. Compute IT = r f p s As

7. Check equation C = IT
8. If C # L T ( w i t h i nl % )s, t a r at g a i na t one (1).

-
Data Sample Calculations

-
Steel Type Strands: f" AS" (250,000 p s i 1- Try c = 4-51''
-
17000
fpu)
Area Strand : 0.1438 i n 2
2. (l)cis =
Row 1
fsi
E,
= 0.1438
x 27.81 10'
= 0.00425 &
in
6
E, = 27.81 x 10 p s i (2) ese &
= = (6)(17000) + (4)(2QOOO)
Row 1 ACEc (145.32)(5 x 10")
Concrete f t C = 8000 p s i
n
= 0.00025 &
Ac = (12.44 in)'-(10 x 0.1$38+4 x f in
x 2 x 2) = 145.315 i n
6
E, = 33 w ' a 5 7 / ? 7 * 5 x 10 p s i ( f o r
simplicity)
- 0.001337 &
in

0.003 ( 5 -
4 . 5 1 ) = 0.000326
Row 2 4.51

(-0.001337) = 0.002663
in
6
(5) f = = (0.002663)(27.81
10 x )
'total
= 74058
i n2

(6) T = As fps = (3)(0.1438)(74058)=31949lbs.

Row 1
ST RAIN DIAGRAM L T = As f = 31,949 + 40,599 + 53,588 + 91,323
PS
= 217,459 lbs.

C = 0.85f:O-b 3. Find C: a =\B,c = (0.85) - (4)(0.5)

4.51

= 2.9315 i n .

I . x c = 0.85 f ' ab = (0.85)(8000)(2.9315)

(12.44) - (2)(f)(2)(2) - (3)(0*1438)

= (0.85)(8000)
32.036

= 217,848 l b s .

1255
 Strain Sumation Table
Tension
total = = ~

" 0
m z u
-00
c E Number Ese Ese + Csb &?E s
2 E.,
d

H V
u o
v1 &
3 Strands
Per Row (injin) (1) I E
(in%) (2)
sb 5 0.009
( i d i n ) (3) ( i d i n ) (4)
lb
-2
in (5)
T =IAsf
lbs. 88)

4. Is C = T? 217,848 l b s .

Calculate Ultimate Moment of Section

217,459 lbs.
Close
enough =c &6)(0.004)+(4)(0.00475)1 (27.8lxlO6)(O.1438)
145.32

12.44
FindCentroidof Comp. Area:
= (1183.32 + 670.82)279.1 = 517,490 i n - l b s .

Mcr = 43,124 f t . - l b s .

APPENDIX B

GENERAL EQUATIONS FOR CIRCULAR, HOLLOW OR SOLID POLE

CROSS SECTIONS

FlexuralShear:
- (2.9;15)
- -
y =(2.9315)(12.44)
(2.9315)(21.44)

-(3)(0.1438)(2.9315
-
(2)(%)(2)(2)(2.9315 2/3)
-
( 2 ) ( 5 ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (3)(0.1438)

2.5) -
3 h

TorsionalShear:
Do4 - Di'
]
(2.9314)(12.44) -
( 2 ) ( # ) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) (3)(0.1438) - 8 = 16T Do
y = 44.2086
32.036
= 1.38 i n . from "a" *(Do'' - Di4)

(Flexural) Cracking Moment:

C Must beApplied a t Centroid

MNSA.= 0, < +- c(4.51 -

2.9315) + 1.381217,848
Mcr = (7.5 JF;, + XFse
A
I

(4.51 -
2.5) 31949 + (4.51 5.0) -
40599 + (4.51 -
7.44) 53588
-
+ (4.51 9.94) 91323 + M u l t = 0 CenterofGravity(Buttofpoleasreferencedatum):
M=1,253,076 i n - l b s
ult = 104,423 f t - l b s
C a l c u l a t e Moment of I n e r t i a (I)

I = l b h 3 -
2 A
-2
y
-2
rhoids Yi
12 chamfer
4 Weight:
z1736 in.

Calculate Cracking Moment

1256
DEFLECTIONCRITERIA FOR ANY POLE WITH LOAD AT ANY POINT Do = Outside pole diameter (in)
ALONG TBE POLE
Di = Inside pole diameter ( i n )

s = Maximum t o r s i o n a l s h e a r i n g s t r e s s ( p s i )

-I T
Mcr

f',
= Torsion (in-lbs)

= Moment causing flexural cracking (in-lbs)

= Compressive s t r e n g t h of c o n c r e t e ( p s i )

Fse = E f f e c t i v e t e n s i o n i n p r e s t r e s s e d s t r a n d ( l b s )

A = Net area of prestressed concrete (in2)

I = Moment o f i n e r t i a of s e c t i o n ( i n 4 )

c = Distance from centroid to extreme fiber of section

(in)

L = Overall length of pole (ft) = A + IAX

X
~

w = Unitweightofconcrete (Ibs.)
cu. f t .
to = Taper of outside diameter (&)
I ' ft
LJ ti = Taperofinsidediameter (in)
ft

A = Distance from load o r moment a p p l i c a t i o n t o t i p of

GENERAL EQUATIONS ( h p , A o measured a t p o l e t i p ) p o l e( f t )

p = (deflectionduetoconcentratedload)(in.) X, = X1, %, X3 = Distance from pointofloadtocen-

t r o i d ( c e n t e r c l o s e enough) of Y - t h "
increment ( f t )

Ii = 11, 1 2 , I3 = Moment o f i n e r t i a o f s e c t i o n a t dis-

tance 11%" = in.4

M = Moment c a u s i n g d e f l e c t i o n ( f t . - l b s . )
=[+
P = Concentrated load causing deflection (lbs.)
Am = ( d e f l e c t i o n due t o moment) ( i n . )
Ec = Modulus of e l a s t i c i t y of concrete (psi)

Dto = Outsidediameter of pole t i p ( i n )

Dti = Insidediameterofpole t i p (in)

Q = Weight ( l b s . )
NOTATION (NotAlphabetized) AX = Equalincrementsoflengthlocatedbetweenpoint
ofloading and groundline. Number ofincrements
v =Maximum f l e x u r a l s h e a r i n g s t r e s s ( p s i ) used for
calculations
should be greater
than
V = Totalshear(lbs.)
five .

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