TEORI GRADASI:

KOMPARASI ANTARA IBN SINA, SUHRAWARDI DAN MULLA SADRA

Benny Susilo

Sekolah Tinggi Filsafat Islam Sadra

Email: bennysusilo66@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Prior to Mulla Sadra the discussion of the gradation (al-tasyki>k) was limited on the category of
quality (al-kayf) and the category of quantity (al-kamm) which is known as the differential gradation (al-
tasyki>k al-tafa>dhuli>). From Ibn Sina’s point of view the gradation occurs in the accidental matters (al-
tasyki>k fi> al-‘aradhi>). From Suhrawardi’s point of view the gradation occurs in the quiddity (al-tasyki>k fi>
al-ma>hiyyah). Mulla Sadra rejects these two views, both Ibn Sina’s and Suhrawardi’s, and takes his own
way to prove that essentially (bi al-dza>t) the gradation occurs in the reality of existence (tasyki>k fi>
h}aqi>qat al-wu>ju>d) and the gradation in the universal meaning just follows it.

This article expounds Ibn Sina’s, Suhrawardi’s and Mulla Sadra’s views on the gradation (al-
tasyki>k) in order that shows on which points they meet and on which points they differ. And also, it will
be shown that proving the unity in the reality of existence, asserting the differential gradation (al-tasyki>k
al-tafa>dhuli>) in the reality of existence Mulla Sadra proceeds to two other kinds of gradation. The first one
is more specific than the differential gradation (al-tasyki>k al-tafa>dhuli>), that is the causal gradation (al-
tasyki>k al-‘illiy) and the second is out of the differential gradation (al-tasyki>k al-tafa>dhuli>), that is the
accidental gradation (al-tasyki>k al-‘aradhi).

Keywords: the gradation (al-tasyki>k), the differential gradation (al-tasyki>k al-tafa>dhuli>), the gradation in
the accidental matters ((al-tasyki>k fi> al-‘aradhi>), the gradation in the quiddity (al-tasyki>k fi> al-ma>hiyyah),
the gradation in the reality of existence (tasyki>k fi> h}aqi>qat al-wu>ju>d), the causal gradation (al-tasyki>k al-
‘illiy), the accidental gradation (al-tasyki>k al-‘aradhi)

ABSTRAK

Pembahasan gradasi (al-tasyki>k) pada masa pra Mulla Sadra sebatas pada kategori kualitas (al-
kayf) dan kuantitas (al-kamm) yang dikenal dengan istilah gradasi diferensial (al-tasyki>k al-tafa>dhuli>).
Dalam pandangan Ibn Sina gradasi terjadi pada perkara aksidental (al-tasyki>k fi> al-‘aradhi>). Dalam
pandangan Suhrawardi gradasi terjadi pada quiditas (al-tasyki>k fi> al-ma>hiyyah). Mulla Sadra menolak
kedua pandangan tersebut, baik pandangan Ibn Sina maupun Suhrawardi, lalu mengambil jalannya sendiri
membuktikan bahwa gradasi secara esensial (bi al-dza>t) terjadi pada hakikat eksistensi (tasyki>k fi> h}aqi>qat
al-wu>ju>d) sedangkan gradasi pada makna universal hanyalah mengikuti (bi al-ilh}aq).

Tulisan ini mengulas padangan Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi dan Mulla Sadra dalam masalah gradasi (al-
tasyki>k) untuk memperlihatkan di mana ketiga filosof itu bertemu dan di mana mereka berbeda. Dan akan
diperlihatkan pula bagaimana setelah membuktikan klaim adanya kesatuan pada hakikat eksistensi dan
menyatakan gradasi diferensial pada hakikat eksistensi Mulla Sadra bergerak menuju dua gradasi lain.
Gradasi tersebut adalah gradasi yang lebih khusus (akhoshsh) dari gradasi diferensial yaitu gradasi
kausalitas (al-tasyki>k al-‘illiy) dan gradasi di luar gradasi direfensial yaitu gradasi aksidental ( al-tasyki>k
al-‘aradhi).

Kata-kata kunci: gradasi (al-tasyki>k), gradasi diferensial (al-tasyki>k al-tafa>dhuli>), gradasi pada perkara
yang aksidental (al-tasyki>k fi> al-‘aradhi>), gradasi pada quiditas (al-tasyki>k fi> al-ma>hiyyah), gradasi pada
hakikat eksistensi (tasyki>k fi> h}aqi>qat al-wu>ju>d), gradasi kausalitas ( al-tasyki>k al-‘illiy), gradasi aksidental
(al-tasyki>k al-‘aradhi).