Terry Lee www.hsccoaching.

com
HSC 2005
Mathematics Extension 2 Solution

Question 1
du 1 1
(a) Let u = sin θ , du = cos θ dθ ; ∫ =− 4 =− +C.
u 5
4u 4sin 4 θ
cos θ cosec 4 θ
∫ sin 5 θ θ = ∫ θ θ θ = ∫ θ × θ θ θ = − + C.
4 3
Alternatively, d cot cosec d cosec cot cosec d
4
5x 5x
(b) (i) a = lim = 3, b = lim =2,
x →3 x + 2 x →−2 x − 3

5 x dx
(ii) ∫ = 3ln( x − 3) + 2ln( x + 2) + C .
( x − 3)( x + 2)
1 x8
(c) Let u = ln x, du = dx; Let dv = x 7 dx, v = .
x 8
e e
e ⎡ x8 ln x ⎤ e x
7
⎡ x8 ln x x8 ⎤ ⎛ e8 e8 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 7e8 + 1
∴ ∫ x 7 ln x dx = ⎢ ⎥ ∫
− dx = ⎢ − ⎥ = ⎜ − ⎟ −⎜− ⎟ = .
1
⎣ 8 ⎦1 1 8 ⎣ 8 64 ⎦1 ⎝ 8 64 ⎠ ⎝ 64 ⎠ 64

(d)
∫
dx
4x − 1 2
2
1
(
= ln 2 x + 4 x 2 − 1 + C . )
dt 1 2 θ 1 ⎛ θ⎞ 1
(e) (i) = sec = ⎜ 1 + tan 2 ⎟ = (1 + t 2 ) .
dθ 2 2 2⎝ 2⎠ 2
θ θ θ
2sin cos 2 tan
θ θ 2 2 = 2 = 2t .
(ii) sin θ = 2sin cos =
2 2 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + t 2
2 2 2
2dt

∫
dθ + t 2 = dt = ln t = ln ⎛ tan θ ⎞ + C.
∫
(iii) cosecθ dθ =
sin θ∫= 1
2t t ∫⎜
⎝ 2⎠
⎟
1+ t2

Question 2
(a) (i) 2 z + iw = 6 + 2i + i (1 − i ) = 7 + 3i .
(ii) zw = (3 − i )(1 − i ) = 2 − 4i .
6 6 6(1 + i )
(iii) = = = 3(1 + i ) .
w 1− i 2
⎛ π⎞
(b) (i) β = 2cis ⎜ − ⎟ .
⎝ 3⎠
⎛ 5π ⎞ π
(ii) β 5 = 25 cis ⎜ − ⎟ = 32cis .
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3
⎛1 3⎞
(iii) β 5 = 32 ⎜⎜ + i
2 ⎟⎠
(
⎟ = 16 1 + i 3 . )
⎝2
(c) Let z = x + iy, so z = x − iy,∴ z − z = 2iy;∴ 2iy = 2 y < 2 ⇔ y < 1 ⇔ −1 < y < 1 .

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(d) (i) Let ∠POQ = 2θ, then arg( z1 ) + arg( z2 ) = (α − θ ) + (α + θ ) = 2α .
2 2
(ii) z1 = z1 cis(α − θ ), z2 = z1 cis(α + θ ),∴ z1 z2 = z1 cis(α − θ + α + θ ) = z1 cis(2α ) .
2 2 π 2 2
(iii) R = z1 cis(2α ) = z1 cis = i z1 , purely imaginary and z1 > 0 , so the locus of R is the y-axis, y > 0.
2

Question 3
(a) (i) (ii)
4 4

1
−1
2

−4

(iii) (iv)
2 4

2 −2 2
−1

8x x3 − x x( x + 1)( x − 1) y=x
(b) y= x+ = =
x 2 − 9 x 2 − 9 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
∴Asymptotes: y = x, and x = ±3
∴x-intercepts: (0,0), (±1,0).
(The dotted curve is the “guidegraph” of
equation y = ( x + 3)( x + 1) x( x − 1)( x − 3) )
−3 −1 1 3

(c) Differentiate implicitly, 3 x 2 − 4 y − 4 xy ′ + 3 y 2 y ′ = 0 .

3x 2 − 4 y − ( 4 x − 3 y 2 ) y′ = 0
3x 2 − 4 y
y′ = .
4x − 3y2
12 − 4 8 5
At (2,1), m1 = = ;∴ m2 = − .
8−3 5 8
5
The equation of the normal is: y − 1 = − ( x − 2)
8
8 y − 8 = −5 x + 10
5 x + 8 y − 18 = 0.
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(d) Resolving the forces
Vertically, N cos θ = mg . (1)
2
mv
Horizontally, N sin θ = . (2)
r
⎛ v4 ⎞
(1) 2 + (2) 2 gives N 2 = m 2 ⎜ g 2 + 2 ⎟ .
⎝ r ⎠
v4
∴ N = m g2 + .
r2

Question 4
(a) (i) Consider a strip of thickness δx at the distance of x from the origin. As the strip is rotated about the y-axis the volume
of the generated hollow cylinder is
δ V = π ( ( x + δ x) 2 − x 2 ) y
 2π xyδ x.
N
⎡ 1 2⎤
( )
N N
V = 2π ∫ xydx = 2π ∫ xe − x dx = 2π ⎢ − e − x ⎥ = π 1 − e − N .
2 2

0 0
⎣ 2 ⎦0
2
(ii) As N → ∞, e − N → 0,V → π .

(b) (i) α + β + γ + δ = − p .
αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ = − r .
(ii) α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 = (α + β + γ + δ ) − 2∑ αβ = (− p ) 2 − 2q = p 2 − 2q .
2

(iii) α 2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 = 9 − 2(5) = −1 < 0 , so it cannot have four real roots.

(iv) When x = 0, p(0) = −8, and when x = 1, p (1) = 2 , ∴it has at least a real root between 0 and 1. But from (iii) it cannot
have four real roots, and as the coefficients are real, it must have a pair of conjugate roots, and two real roots.

(c) (i) Put (0, −b) into the equation of the normal:
b3 x1 = (a 2 − b 2 ) x1 y1
b3 = (a 2 − b 2 ) y1
b3
y1 = .
a 2 − b2
Also, from the diagram, the normal to the ellipse at (0, ±b) is the y-axis. ∴This normal passes through y1 = ±b .
b3
(ii) If ≤ b then b 2 < a 2 − b 2 . ∴ 2b 2 ≤ a 2
a 2 − b2
b2 1
≤
a2 2
b2 b2 1 1 1
But b 2 = a 2 (1 − e 2 ),∴1 − e 2 = 2 ,∴ e 2 = 1 − 2 ≥ 1 − = ,∴ e ≥ (Don't forget that e < 1)
a a 2 2 2

Question 5
1 1
(a) (i) Area of Δ ABC = bc = ad
2 2
∴ bc = ad
b2c2 = a 2 d 2
= d 2 (b 2 + c 2 ).
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h h
(ii) tan α = ,∴ AB = .
AB tan α
h h
Similarly, AP = , AC = .
tan γ tan β
From part (i), AB 2 . AC 2 = AP 2 ( AB 2 + AC 2 ) ,
h2 h2 h2 ⎛ h2 h2 ⎞
. = ⎜ + ⎟
tan 2 α tan 2 β tan 2 γ ⎝ tan α tan β ⎠
2 2

⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 2
tan 2 γ = ⎜ + ⎟ tan α .tan β
2

⎝ tan 2
α tan 2
β ⎠
= tan 2 β + tan 2 α .

(b) (i) If Ferdinand only scores 1 goal, they must play 6 goals, of which Mary won the last goal. Therefore, Ferdinand can
win any of the previous five goals.
(ii) Assume the winner of the last goal is Mary, the game can be won by one of the following ways (5M), (1F, 4M), (2F,
5! 6! 7! 8!
4M), (3F, 4M), (4F, 4M). Therefore, the total number of ways is 1 + + + + = 126.
4! 2!4! 3!4! 4!4!
Of course, Ferdinand can win by the same way, so the total outcome is 126 × 2 = 252 ways.

(c) (i)
b

f(x) a
f−1(x)

a b
From the diagram, it’s clear that the area under the curve of f(x) + the area under the curve of f−1(x) is the area of the
rectangle.
a b
∫0
f ( x)dx + ∫ f −1 ( x)dx = ab
0
a b
∴ ∫ f ( x)dx = ab − ∫ f −1 ( x) dx.
0 0

⎛2⎞ π
(ii) When x = 2,sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = .
⎝4⎠ 6
x y
Also, if f : y = sin −1 then f −1 : x = sin −1 ,∴ y = 4sin x.
4 4
π
2
⎛ x⎞ π
∫ ∫
6
sin −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 2 × − 4sin x dx
0 ⎝ ⎠
4 6 0
π
π
= + 4 ⎡cos x ⎤ 6
3 ⎣ ⎦0
π ⎛ 3 ⎞
= + 4 ⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟
3 ⎝ 2 ⎠
π
= + 2 3 − 4.
3

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(d) (i) Area of ABCD = AD × CD, where AD = 2 9 − x , by Pythagoras, and CD = x × tan 60° = 3 x .
2

∴Area of ABCD = 2 3x 9 − x 2 = 2 x 27 − 3 x 2 .
3
3 1 ⎡ 2(27 − 3 x 2 )3/ 2 ⎤ 1⎛ 2(27)3/ 2 ⎞
∫
(ii) V = 2 x 27 − 3 x dx = − ⎢ = − − ⎟ = 18 3 .
2
⎥ ⎜ 0
0 3⎣ 3 ⎦0 3⎝ 3 ⎠

Question 6
x x
(a) (i) Let n = 0, I 0 ( x) = ∫0
e − t dt = ⎡ −e − t ⎤ = 1 − e− x . ∴True for n = 0.
⎣ ⎦0
⎡ ⎛ x2 xn ⎞⎤
Assume I n ( x) = n!⎢1 − e − x ⎜ 1 + x + + ... + ⎟ ⎥ .
⎣ ⎝ 2! n! ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ x2 xn x n +1 ⎞ ⎤
Required to prove that I n +1 ( x) = (n + 1)!⎢1 − e − x ⎜1 + x + + ... + + ⎟⎥ .
⎣ ⎝ 2! n ! ( n + 1)! ⎠ ⎦
x

∫t
n +1 − t
LHS = e dt .
0

Using Integration by parts, let u = t n +1 , du = (n + 1)t n . Let dv = e − t dt , v = −e − t .

x x

∫ ∫te
x
t n +1e − t dt = ⎡⎣ −t n +1e − t ⎤⎦ + ( n + 1) n −t
dt
0 0 0

= − x n +1e − x + (n + 1) I n ( x)
⎡ ⎛ x2 xn ⎞⎤
= − x n +1e − x + (n + 1)n !⎢1 − e − x ⎜ 1 + x + + ... + ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2! n! ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ x2 xn ⎞⎤
= − x n +1e − x + (n + 1)!⎢1 − e − x ⎜ 1 + x + + ... + ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 2! n! ⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎛ x2 xn x n +1 ⎞ ⎤
= (n + 1)!⎢1 − e − x ⎜ 1 + x + + ... + + ⎟ ⎥ = RHS.
⎣ ⎝ 2! n ! ( n + 1)! ⎠ ⎦
∴It’s true for all n ≥ 0.

1
(ii) For 0 < t < 1, t n e − t > 0,∴ t n e − t dt > 0 . ∫ 0
1
⎡ t n +1 ⎤1 1 1

∫ ∫
−t n −t
For 0 < t < 1, e < 1,∴ t e dt < t dt = ⎢ ⎥ = . n
0 0
⎣ n + 1⎦ 0 n + 1

1
⎡ ⎛ x2 xn ⎞⎤ 1
(iii) 0 ≤ n !⎢1 − e − x ⎜1 + x + + ... + ⎟ ⎥ ≤ .
⎣ ⎝ 2! n ! ⎠ ⎦ 0 (n + 1)
1
⎡ ⎛ x2 xn ⎞⎤ 1 1
0 ≤ ⎢1 − e − x ⎜1 + x + + ... + ⎟ ⎥ ≤ = .
⎣ ⎝ 2! n! ⎠ ⎦ 0 n !(n + 1) (n + 1)!
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ 1
∴ 0 ≤ 1 − e −1 ⎜ 1 + + + ... + ⎟ ≤ .
⎝ 1! 2! n ! ⎠ ( n + 1)!

1 ⎛ 1 1 1⎞
(iv) As n → ∞, → 0,∴ as 1 − e −1 ⎜1 + + + ... + ⎟ , where n → ∞ , is sandwiched between two values which
( n + 1)! ⎝ 1! 2! n !⎠
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
are the same, 1 − e −1 ⎜1 + + + ... ⎟ = 0.
⎝ 1! 2! ⎠
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⎛ 1 1 ⎞
1 = e −1 ⎜ 1 + + + ... ⎟
⎝ 1! 2! ⎠
1 1 1
∴1 + + + ... = −1 = e.
1! 2! e

(b) (i) Given ω n = 1,∴1 − ω n = 0 . ∴ (1 − ω )(1 + ω + ω 2 + ... + ω n −1 ) = 0 . ∴ 1 + ω + ω 2 + ... + ω n −1 = 0.

(1 + 2ω + 3ω 2
+ ... + nω n −1 ) (ω − 1) = ω − 1 + 2ω 2 − 2ω + 3ω 3 − 3ω 2 + ... + nω n − nω n −1
= −(1 + ω + ω 2 + ... + ω n −1 ) + nω n = 0 + nω n = n, since ω n = 1.

1 1
(ii) = 2 , if z = cosθ + i sin θ , so z 2 = cos 2θ + i sin 2θ ,
cos 2θ + i sin 2θ − 1 z − 1
z −1
=
z − z −1
cos θ − i sin θ
, since ( cosθ + i sin θ ) = cos(−θ ) + i sin(−θ ) = cosθ − i sin θ
−1
=
( cosθ + i sin θ ) − ( cosθ − i sin θ )
cos θ − i sin θ
= .
2i sin θ

2π π ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ cos θ − i sin θ ⎞ π
(iii) If ω = cis then ω = α 2 , where α = cis ,∴ Re ⎜ ⎟ = Re ⎜ 2 ⎟ = Re ⎜ ⎟ , where θ = .
n n ⎝ ω −1⎠ ⎝ α −1⎠ ⎝ 2i sin θ ⎠ n
⎛ cosθ − i sin θ ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
But Re ⎜ ⎟ = − , for all θ , ∴ Re ⎜ ⎟=− .
⎝ 2i sin θ ⎠ 2 ⎝ ω −1⎠ 2

2π 4π 6π 8π
(iv) 1 + 2cos + 3cos + 4cos + 5cos = Re (1 + 2ω + 3ω 2 + 4ω 3 + 5ω 4 )
5 5 5 5
⎛ 5 ⎞
= Re ⎜ ⎟ , from (i)
⎝ ω −1⎠
⎛ 1⎞ 5
= 5⎜ − ⎟ = − .
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

2π 4π 6π 8π 2π π π 2π 2π π
(v) 1 + 2cos + 3cos + 4cos + 5cos = 1 + 2cos − 3cos − 4cos + 5cos = 1 + 7 cos − 7 cos .
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2π π 5 7
∴ 7 cos − 7 cos = − − 1 = −
5 5 2 2
2π π 1
∴ cos − cos = − .
5 5 2
π π 1
2cos 2 − 1 − cos = − .
5 5 2
π π 1
2cos 2 − cos − = 0.
5 5 2
π π
4cos 2 − 2cos
− 1 = 0.
55
π 1+ 5 π
∴ cos = , from solving the quadratic equation 4 x 2 − 2 x − 1 = 0, taking the + sign because is acute.
5 4 5

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Question 7
(a) (i) ∠BMP = ∠BNP = 90°
∴BNPM is cyclic (opposite angles are supplementary)
(ii) ∠BNM = ∠BPM (angles subtending the same arc are equal)
∠BPM = ∠BAP (alternate segment angles are equal)
∴∠BNM = ∠BAP.
∴NM // AP (corresponding angles are equal, then the lines are parallel).

(iii) In similar triangles TMN and TPA (equiangular, since ∠BNM = ∠BAP and common angle T),
r p+q
= (corresponding sides in similar triangles are proportional)
r +s p+q+u
rp + rq + ru = rp + rq + sp + sq
ru = sp + sq = s ( p + q )
s r
∴ =
u p+q
s r
∴ < .
u p
s
(iv) r < p, since p is the hypotenuse, ∴ < 1,∴ s < u.
u

2π 4π 2 R
x = Rω 2 , where ω =
(b) (i)  .∴ 
x= .
T T2
k 4π 2 R 4π 2 R 3
At x = R, 
x = − 2 = − 2 ,∴ k = .
R T T2

d ⎛1 2⎞ 4π 2 R 3 1
x=
(ii)  ⎜ v ⎟ = − × 2
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠ T2 x
1 2 4π R 1
2 3
v = × + C.
2 T2 x
4π 2 R 2
When x = R, v = 0,∴ C = − .
T2
1 2 4π 2 R 3 1 4π 2 R 2 4π 2 R 2 ⎛ R ⎞
v = × − = ⎜ − 1⎟ .
2 T2 x T2 T2 ⎝ x ⎠
8π 2 R 2 ⎛ R − x ⎞
∴ v2 = ⎜ ⎟.
T2 ⎝ x ⎠

8π R R − x
(iii) v = − (the minus sign is taken because the particle is moving towards the star).
T x
dx 8π R R − x
=− .
dt T x
0
8π R
∫
x T0
−
R R−x
dx =
T ∫
0
dt , letting T0 be the time taken to reach the star.
R
8π R ⎡ x ⎤ πR
∴ T0 = ⎢ R sin −1 − x( R − x) ⎥ = R sin −1 (1) = .
T ⎣ R ⎦0 2
T T
∴Tn = = .
2 8 4 2
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Question 8
1 2
−
3(abx) 3 − (abx) 3 ( ab)( a + b + x) 3abx − ab( a + b + x) 3 x − (a + b + x) 2 x − ( a + b)
(a) (i) f ′( x) = 2
= 4
= 1 4
= 1 4
.
9(abx) 3
9( abx) 9(ab) x
3
9(ab) x 3 3 3 3

a+b
f ′( x) = 0 gives x = .
2
The sign of f ′( x) , taking a, b, x all positive, is decided by the straight line 2 x − (a + b) of positive gradient, so it is a
minimum point.
+

− a+b
2

a+b 3(a + b) 2
a+b+
a+b 2 = 2 ( a + b ) 3
(ii) When x = , f ( x) = 1 1 1
= 2 1
.
2
⎛ a + b ⎞ 3
(ab) ( a + b)
3 3
2 (ab)
3 3
3 ⎜ ab ⎟ 3
⎝ 2 ⎠ 1
23
2
a+b+ x ( a + b) 3
∴ 1
≥ 2 1
(since this is the minimum point).
3(abx) 3
2 ( ab)
3 3

3 3
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2
⎞ 2
⎜ a + b + x ⎟ ≥⎜ ( a + b ) 3
⎟ = ( a + b) = ⎛ a + b ⎞ .
2

⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2 1 ⎟ 4ab ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 3( abx) 3 ⎟ ⎜ 2 3 (ab) 3 ⎟ ⎝ 2 ab ⎠
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3
a+b a+b ⎛a+b+c⎞ ⎛a+b+c⎞ a+b+c 3
But ≥ ab , so ≥ 1,∴ ⎜ 3 ⎟ ≥ 1,∴ ⎜ 3 ⎟ ≥ 1,∴ ≥ abc .
2 2 ab ⎝ 3 abc ⎠ ⎝ 3 abc ⎠ 3

p 3
(iii) Let a, b, c be the roots then a + b + c = p, abc = r ,∴ from (ii), ≥ r .∴ p 3 ≥ 27 r.
3

(iv) p 3 = 23 = 8 ≥ 27 r = 27 , so the equation x 3 − 2 x 2 + x − 1 does not have three positive real roots.
1
y ′ = 3 x 2 − 4 x + 1 = (3 x − 1)( x − 1). For turning points, y ′ = 0 gives x = ,1 . As both turning points satisfy x > 0, while
3
when x = 0, y = −1, so if it does not have three positive roots it must only have 1 positive root (and two complex
conjugate roots).

(b) (i) AP × PB = (b secθ − b tan θ )(b secθ + b tan θ ) = b 2 (sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ ) = b 2 .

(ii) ∠OCD = α − β (exterior angle is the sum of the two opposite interior angles)
∠CDB = 2β + (α − β) = α + β (exterior angle is the sum of the two opposite interior angles)
CP AP AP cos β
By the sine rule in ΔACP, = ,∴ CP = .
sin(90° − β ) sin(α − β ) sin(α − β )
PD PB PB cos β
By the sine rule in ΔPDB, = ,∴ PD = .
sin(90° − β ) sin(α + β ) sin(α + β )

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AP cos β PB cos β AP × PB cos 2 β b 2 cos 2 β
(iii) CP × PD = = = , which depends on α and not θ.
sin(α − β ) sin(α + β ) sin(α − β )sin(α + β ) sin(α − β )sin(α + β )
(Note that β is constant)

(iv) From (iii), CP × PD = p (q + r ) depends on α, but not θ.

Similarly, QD.QC = q ( p + r ) depends on α, but not θ.
As α does not change for these collinear points, CP × PD = QD × QC .
p(q + r ) = q( p + r )
pq + pr = pq + qr
pr = qr
p = q.

(v) The result in (iv) can be interpreted that CP = DQ, ∴the midpoint of CD is the same as the midpoint of PQ.
∴As CD is moved to the position to be tangent to the hyperbola, the point of contact is also the midpoint of the chord
UV.

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