B.

TECH PROJECT REPORT

ON

ECOFRIENDLY DOUBLRSTOREY BUILDING

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULLFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE
OF
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
BY:
 CERTIFICATION:-

This is to certify that this project report is the result of an original work and sincere
effort made by the candidates.
All the statements made above are true and correct to the best of my knowledge
Dated;
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to our H.O.D, -------------------------(Department of

civil Engg.),-------------------------------------------------------- for allotting this valuable
project to us.It has greatly enhanced my knowledge and practical understanding of
situations. We are also thankful Mr. Shobendo Singh, for unwavering guidance and
valuable support rendered to me . Without
these valuable inputs it would not have been possible to complete the project with
discretion.
 CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

This is to certify that the project entitled “ECO-FRIENDLY DOUBLE STOREY

BUILDING” which is begin submitted by us in partial fulfilment of
requirement for awarding of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering, -------------
---------------------------------------------------, is record of our
work.

---------------------------------
 CONTENT

LIST OF CHAPTERS PAGE NO.

1.INTRODUCTION 7-9

2.REVIEW 10-13

3.DESIGN 15-20

4.SOLAR PANEL 22-28

5.RAIN WATER HARVESTING 30-38

6.WIND ENERGY 40-47

7.CONCLUSION 49-55

8.RECCOMNDATION 57-60

9.BIBLIOGRAPHY 61
 LIST OF FIGURES
1. LAYOUT
2. SOLAR PANEL
3. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
4. RAIN WATER HARVESTING
5. WIND TURBINE
 INTRODUCTION
Eco-friendly, or ecological, construction is building a structure that is beneficial or
non-harmful to the environment, and resource efficient. Otherwise known as ECO
FRIENDLY BUILDING, this type of construction is efficient in its use of local and
renewable materials, and in the energy required to build it, and the energy generated
while being within it.
Eco-friendly construction has developed in response to the knowledge that buildings
have an often negative impact upon our environment and our natural resources. This
includes transporting materials hundreds or thousands of miles, which has a negative
impact in the energy required to transport them, and also in emissions of hazardous
chemicals from a poorly designed building that creates, and traps them With new
technologies constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating
greener structures, the benefits of ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING can range from
environmental to economic to social. By adopting greener practices, we can take
maximum advantage of environmental and economic performance. Green
construction methods when integrated while design and construction provide most
significant benefits. Benefits of ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING include.ECO
FRIENDLY BUILDING (also known as green construction or sustainable building)
refers to both a structure and the application of processes that are environmentally
responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to
design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.[1] This
requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the engineers, and the
client at all project stages.[2] The ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING practice expands and
complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability,
and comfort.[3]

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) is a set of rating systems for
the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of ECO FRIENDLY
BUILDINGs which was Developed by the U.S. ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING
Council. Other certificates system that confirms the sustainability of buildings is the
British BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment
Method) for buildings and large-scale developments. Currently, World ECO
FRIENDLY BUILDING Council is conducting research on the effects of ECO
FRIENDLY BUILDINGs on the health and productivity of their users and is working
with World Bank to promote ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs in Emerging Markets
through EDGE (Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies) Market
Transformation Program and certification.[4] There are also other tools such as Green
Star in Australia and the ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING Index (GBI) predominantly
used in Malaysia.Although new technologies are constantly being developed to
complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective of
ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs is to reduce the overall impact of the built
environment on human health and the natural environment by:Efficiently using
energy, water, and other resources Protecting occupant health and improving
employee productivity
Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation[3]
A similar concept is natural building, which is usually on a smaller scale and tends to
focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally.[5] Other related topics
include sustainable design and green architecture. Sustainability may be defined as
meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.[6] Although some ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING
programs don't address the issue of the retrofitting existing homes, others do,
especially through public schemes for energy efficient refurbishment. Green
construction principles can easily be applied to retrofit work as well as new
construction. Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key
objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in
many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself.
To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water
that is collected, used, purified, and reused on-site. The protection and conservation of
water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual
plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing or by using water for washing of the
cars. Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as
ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads
 CHAPTER 2
LITRATURE REVIEW
 LITRATURE REVIEW
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report
Climate Change 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the United Nations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is the fourth in a series of such
reports. The IPCC was established by the World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to assess scientific,
technical and socio-economic information concerning climate change, its potential
effects and options for adaptation and mitigation.[62]
UNEP and Climate change
United Nations Environment Program UNEP works to facilitate the transition to low-
carbon societies, support climate proofing efforts, improve understanding of climate
change science, and raise public awareness about this global challenge.
GHG Indicator
The Greenhouse Gas Indicator: UNEP Guidelines for Calculating Greenhouse Gas
Emissions for Businesses and Non-Commercial Organizations
Agenda 21
Agenda 21 is a programme run by the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable
development. It is a comprehensive blueprint of action to be taken globally, nationally
and locally by organizations of the UN, governments, and major groups in every area
in which humans impact on the environment. The number 21 refers to the 21st
century.
FIDIC's PSM
The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) Project Sustainability
Management Guidelines were created in order to assist project engineers and other
stakeholders in setting sustainable development goals for their projects that are
recognized and accepted by as being in the interests of society as a whole. The
process is also intended to allow the alignment of project goals with local conditions
and priorities and to assist those involved in managing projects to measure and verify
their progress.
The Project Sustainability Management Guidelines are structured with Themes and
Sub-Themes under the three main sustainability headings of Social, Environmental
and Economic. For each individual Sub-Theme a core project indicator is defined
along with guidance as to the relevance of that issue in the context of an individual
project.
The Sustainability Reporting Framework provides guidance for organizations to use
as the basis for disclosure about their sustainability performance, and also provides
stakeholders a universally applicable, comparable framework in which to understand
disclosed information.
The Reporting Framework contains the core product of the Sustainability Reporting
Guidelines, as well as Protocols and Sector Supplements. The Guidelines are used as
the basis for all reporting. They are the foundation upon which all other reporting
guidance is based, and outline core content for reporting that is broadly relevant to all
organizations regardless of size, sector, or location. The Guidelines contain principles
and guidance as well as standard disclosures – including indicators – to outline a
disclosure framework that organizations can voluntarily, flexibly, and incrementally,
adopt.
Protocols underpin each indicator in the Guidelines and include definitions for key
terms in the indicator, compilation methodologies, intended scope of the indicator,
and other technical references.
Sector Supplements respond to the limits of a one-size-fits-all approach. Sector
Supplements complement the use of the core Guidelines by capturing the unique set
of sustainability issues faced by different sectors such as mining, automotive,
banking, public agencies and others.
IPD Environment Code
The IPD Environment Code[63] was launched in February 2008. The Code is
intended as a good practice global standard for measuring the environmental
performance of corporate buildings. Its aim is to accurately measure and manage the
environmental impacts of corporate buildings and enable property executives to
generate high quality, comparable performance information about their buildings
anywhere in the world. The Code covers a wide range of building types (from offices
to airports) and aims to inform and support the following;
Creating an environmental strategy
Inputting to real estate strategy
Communicating a commitment to environmental improvement
Creating performance targets
Environmental improvement plans
Performance assessment and measurement
Life cycle assessments
Acquisition and disposal of buildings
Supplier management
Information systems and data population
Compliance with regulations
Team and personal objectives
IPD estimate that it will take approximately three years to gather significant data to
develop a robust set of baseline data that could be used across a typical corporate
estate.
ISO 21931
ISO/TS 21931:2006, Sustainability in building construction—Framework for methods
of assessment for environmental performance of construction works—Part 1:
Buildings, is intended to provide a general framework for improving the quality and
comparability of methods for assessing the environmental performance of buildings.
It identifies and describes issues to be taken into account when using methods for the
assessment of environmental performance for new or existing building properties in
the design, construction, operation, refurbishment and deconstruction stages. It is not
an assessment system in itself but is intended be used in conjunction with, and
following the principles set out in, the ISO 14000 series of standards.
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN
 DESIGN
Design of RCC beam
M20 grade concrete and fe415 steel used
o-cbc =7 n/mm2
o-st = 230 n/mm2
step 1- calculation of neutral critical axis
xc=0.35
step2 – moment of resistance
Q=1.1
Steo3- Lever arm
J=1-x/3
=.88
L= 4.50
Let overall depth of beam be
D=span/10
D=460mm
Width of beam b=2d/3
B=300mm
Load
Self weight of beam =3450 N/m
Udl=20Kn/m
Total weight of beam =3450+20000
=23450N/m
Bending moment
M=wl^2/8
M=59357812.5 Nmm
Effective depth of beam
D={M/Qb}^(.5)
D=424mm
Overall depth =454mm
Area of tension steel
Ast=M/o-st*z
Ast=692mm2
4 bar 14 diameter is used
Ast=616mm2
Maximum area of tension steel
Ao=.85bd/fy
Ao=261mm2
Hence safe
4bars of14 diameter used then 2 bars is bend l/7 distance at angle 45
Check for shear
Shear force
V=wl/2
V=52763N
Shear stress
Tv=v/bd
Tv=.41
Area of tension steel
Ast1=307.88
Percentage of tension steel
P=.24%
Tc=.21N/mm2
Tcmax=1.8N/mm2
Tc<tc<tcmax
Hence shear reinforcement required
Shear strength in concrete
Vc=tcbd
Vc=26712N
Shear to be taken by stirrups
Vc=v-vc
V=26051N
VSB=ASV.7
VSB=13025.5N
Using 6MM dia 2 legged stirrups
S=427mm
Hence providing 6mm diameter & 2 legged stirrups in 171 mm c/c distance
Check for development length
Lm1=26421522.69
Dia =18mm
It is safe development length
Design lintel ground floor
Grade M15 and grade of steel fe 415
o-st=230n/mm2
height of room=3.3
size of window=1.5*1.2m
overhight of widow=hiegt of room-height of
=1.2m
Oerall depth of lintel=1.7
Hight of triangle =l/2tan45
H=.85=area of triangle *depth of bar
W1=5190N
Maximum bm
M=147000NMM
Self weight of lintel=900N
D=97mm
Overall depth=117
Area of tension steel
Ast=89mm2
Calculate for numberof bars
N=Ast/area of one bar
=1.33
Used of bar Ast1=157mm2
Minimum area of tension steel
Ao=.85bd/fy
=6.45mm2
Nominal shear stress
Tv=vu/bd
Tv=.11N/mm2
No shear requirement in lintel
Check for development length
Ld=0
M=13207732 N-mm
Design of two way slab
Grade M15 and grade of steel fe 415
o-st=230n/mm2
x1=.28
lever arm j=.91
moment of resistnce
Q=x1abc(1-x1/3)
Q=.64
Effective span of slab
Small span lx=3.6+.15
Large span ly =4.45m
Ratio r =ly/lx
=1.19222
Udl=200kg/m2
Cement concrete weight=50kg/m2
Depth of slab=130mm
Self weight=3250N
Total weight=5750N/mm2
Wight of small span =3837N
Weight oflarge span=1913N
BM
MAXIMUM ON small span
=6744727NM
BM On large span=4735273N
DEPTH OF SLAB
D=103mm
Overall depth of slab =130
Reinforcement steel
Astx=313mm2
Using 10mm bars
A=78.5mm2
Spacing=250mm
3d and 300mm
=303
Hence 10mm diameter 20mm c/c in the middle stirrups
Along larger span effective length among y-direction
Dy=93m
Asty=244mm2
Spacing of 10mm dia bars
S=320mm
Spacing is less then
3d
300mm
Hence providing 280mm diameter
Check for shear
Small span for shear force
Vx=1/2*w*lx
Vx=7187.5
Shear force for larg span
Vy=804N
Ast=280.36mm2
Pt=.27
Slab=ktc
=.2999>tv
Hence ok
Check for development length
Ld<1.3M/V+Lo
M1=3384540n-mm
Lo=12*10=120
 CHAPTER 4
SOLAR PANEL
SOLAR PANEL
Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity.
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connect assembly of typically 6x10
photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a
photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and
residential applications.
Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC),
and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module
determines the area of a module given the same rated output – an 8% efficient 230 W
module will have twice the area of a 16% efficient 230 W module. There are a few
commercially available solar modules that exceed efficiency of 24%[1][2][3]
A single solar module can produce only a limited amount of power; most installations
contain multiple modules. A photovoltaic system typically includes an array of
photovoltaic modules, an inverter, a battery pack for storage, interconnection wiring,
and optionally a solar tracking mechanism.
The most common application of solar panels is solar water heating systems.[4]
The price of solar power has continued to fall so that in many countries it is cheaper
than ordinary fossil fuel electricity from the grid (there is "grid
parity").[5]Photovoltaic modules use light energy (photons) from the Sun to generate
electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use wafer-based
crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member of a
module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from
mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones
based on thin-film cells are also available. The cells must be connected electrically in
series, one to another.
SOLAR PANEL
Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate easy
weatherproof connections to the rest of the system.

Module electrical connections are made in series to achieve a desired output voltage
or in parallel to provide a desired current capability. The conducting wires that take
the current off the modules may contain silver, copper or other non-magnetic
conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes may be incorporated or used externally,
in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of module sections still
illuminated.
Some special solar PV modules include concentrators in which light is focused by
lenses or mirrors onto smaller cells. This enables the use of cells with a high cost per
unit area (such as gallium arsenide) in a cost-effective way.
Solar panels also use metal frames consisting of racking components, brackets,
reflector shapes, and troughs to better support the panel structureMost solar modules
are currently produced from crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells made of
multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon. In 2013, crystalline silicon accounted for
more than 90 percent of worldwide PV production, while the rest of the overall
market is made up of thin-film technologies using cadmium telluride, CIGS and
amorphous silicon[13]
Emerging, third generation solar technologies use advanced thin-film cells. They
produce a relatively high-efficiency conversion for the low cost compared to other
solar technologies. Also, high-cost, high-efficiency, and close-packed rectangular
multi-junction (MJ) cells are preferably used in solar panels on spacecraft, as they
offer the highest ratio of generated power per kilogram lifted into space. MJ-cells are
compound semiconductors and made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and other
semiconductor materials. Another emerging PV technology using MJ-cells is
concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV )Solar panel conversion efficiency, typically in the
20% range, is reduced by dust, grime, pollen, and other particulates that accumulate
on the solar panel. "A dirty solar panel can reduce its power capabilities by up to 30%
in high dust/pollen or desert areas", says Seamus Curran, associate professor of
physics at the University of Houston and director of the Institute for NanoEnergy,
which specializes in the design, engineering, and assembly of nanostructures.[26]
Paying to have solar panels cleaned is often not a good investment; researchers found
panels that had not been cleaned, or rained on, for 145 days during a summer drought
in California, lost only 7.4% of their efficiency. Overall,
Advantages of Solar Energy
1. Renewable Energy Source
Among all the benefits of solar panels, the most important thing is that solar energy is
a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas of the world and is
available every day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike some of the other
sources of energy. Solar energy will be accessible as long as we have the sun,
therefore sunlight will be available to us for at least 5 billion years when according to
scientists the sun is going to die.
2. Reduces Electricity Bills
Since you will be meeting some of your energy needs with the electricity your solar
system has generated, your energy bills will drop. How much you save on your bill
will be dependent on the size of the solar system and your electricity or heat usage.
Moreover, not only will you be saving on the electricity bill, but if you generate more
electricity than you use, the surplus will be exported back to the grid and you will
receive bonus payments for that amount (considering that your solar panel system is
connected to the grid). Savings can further grow if you sell excess electricity at high
rates during the day and then buy electricity from the grid during the evening when
the rates are lower.
3. Diverse Applications
Solar energy can be used for diverse purposes. You can generate electricity
(photovoltaics) or heat (solar thermal). Solar energy can be used to produce electricity
in areas without access to the energy grid, to distill water in regions with limited clean
water supplies and to power satellites in space. Solar energy can also be integrated
into the materials used for buildings. Not long ago Sharp introduced transparent solar
energy windows.
4. Low Maintenance Costs
Solar energy systems generally don’t require a lot of maintenance. You only need to
keep them relatively clean, so cleaning them a couple of times per year will do the
job. If in doubt, you can always rely on specialised cleaning companies, which offer
this service from around £25-£35. Most reliable solar panel manufacturers give 20-25
yearswarranty. Also, as there are no moving parts, there is no wear and tear. The
inverter is usually the only part that needs to changed after 5-10 years because it is
continuously working to convert solar energy into electricity (solar PV) and heat
(solar thermal). Apart from the inverter, the cables also need maintenance to ensure
your solar power system runs at maximum efficiency. So, after covering the initial
cost of the solar system, you can expect very little spending on maintenance and
repair work.
5. Technology Development
Technology in the solar power industry is constantly advancing and improvements
will intensify in the future. Innovations in quantum physics and nanotechnology can
potentially increase the effectiveness of solar panels and double, or even triple, the
electrical input of the solar power systems.
Solar Energy Disadvantages
1. Cost
The initial cost of purchasing a solar systemis fairly high. Although the UK
government has introduced some schemes for encouraging the adoption of renewable
energy sources, for example, the Feed-in Tariff, you still have to cover the upfront
costs. This includes paying for solar panels, inverter, batteries, wiring and for the
installation. Nevertheless, solar technologies are constantly developing, so it is safe to
assume that prices will go down in the future
2. Weather Dependent
Although solar energy can still be collected during cloudy and rainy days, the
efficiency of the solar system drops. Solar panels are dependent on sunlight to
effectively gather solar energy. Therefore, a few cloudy, rainy days can have a
noticeable effect on the energy system. You should also take into account that solar
energy cannot be collected during the night. On the other hand, if you also require
your water heating solution to work at night or during wintertime, thermodynamic
panels are an alternative to consider.
3. Solar Energy Storage Is Expensive
Solar energy has to be used right away, or it can be stored in large batteries. These
batteries, used in off-the-grid solar systems, can be charged during the day so that the
energy is used at night. This is a good solution for using solar energy all day long but
it is also quite expensive. In most cases, it is smarter to just use solar energy during
the day and take energy from the grid during the night (you can only do this if your
system is connected to the grid). Luckily our energy demand is usually higher during
the day so we can meet most of it with solar energy.

4. Uses a Lot of Space

The more electricity you want to produce, the more solar panels you will need
because you want to collect as much sunlight as possible. Solar panels require a lot of
space and some roofs are not big enough to fit the number of solar panels that you
would like to have. An alternative is to install some of the panels in your yard but they
need to have access to sunlight. Anyways, if you don’t have the space for all the
panels that you wanted, you can just get a fewer and they will still be satisfying some
of your energy needs.
5. Associated with Pollution
Although pollution related to solar energy systems is far less compared to other
sources of energy, solar energy can be associated with pollution. Transportation and
installation of solar systems have been associated with the emission of greenhouse
gases. There are also some toxic materials and hazardous products used during the
manufacturing process of solar photovoltaics, which can indirectly affect the
environment. Nevertheless, solar energy pollutes far less than the other alternative
energy sources.

FUTURE SCOPE OF SOLAR ENERGY IN INDIA

Generation of solar energy has tremendous scope in India. The geographical location
of the country stands to its benefit for generating solar energy. The reason being India
is a tropical country and it receives solar radiation almost throughout the year, which
amounts to 3,000 hours of sunshine. This is equal to more than 5,000 trillion kWh.
Almost, all parts of India receive 4-7 kWh of solar radiation per sq
metres. This is equivalent to 2,300–3,200 sunshine hours per year. States like Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab,
Rajasthan, and West Bengal have great potential for tapping solar energy due to their
location. Since majority of the population live in rural areas, there is much scope for
solar energy being promoted in these areas. Use of solar energy can reduce
the use of firewood and dung cakes by rural household. Many large projects have
been proposed in India, some of them are: i).Thar Desert of India has best solar power
projects, estimated to generate 700 to 2,100 GW, ii). The Jawaharlal Nehru National
Solar Mission (JNNSM) launched by the Centre is targeting 20,000 MW of solar
energy power by 2022, iii).Gujarat’s pioneering solar power policy aims at 1,000 MW
of solar energy generation, and Rs. 130 billion solar power plan was unveiled in July
2009, which projected to produce 20 GW of solar power by 2020. Apart from above,
about 66 MW is installed for various applications in the rural area, amounting to be
used in solar lanterns, street lighting systems and solar water pumps, etc.
Thus, India has massive plan for Solar Energy generation that may not only fulfill the
deficit of power generation but also contribute largely in Green Energy Production to
help to reduce the Climatic Changes globally. Keywords: Solar energy, Solar Mission,
Solar radiation, Solar power projects, Green Energy Production.
 CHAPTER 5
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse on-site,
rather than allowing it to run off. Rainwater can be collected from rivers or roofs, and
in many places, the water collected is redirected to a deep pit (well, shaft, or
borehole), a reservoir with percolation, or collected from dew or fog with nets or other
tools. Its uses include water for gardens, livestock, irrigation, domestic use with
proper treatment, indoor heating for houses, etc. The harvested water can also be used
as drinking water, longer-term storage, and for other purposes such as groundwater
recharge.
Rainwater harvesting is one of the simplest and oldest methods of self-supply of water
for households usually financed by the userGood quality water resource, closer to
populated areas, is becoming scarcity and costly for the consumers. In addition to
solar energy, rain water is major renewable resource of any land. Vast area is being
covered by solar PV panels every year in all parts of the world. Solar panels can also
be used for harvesting most of the rain water falling on them and drinking quality
water, free from bacteria and suspended matter, can be generated by simple filtration
and disinfection processes as rain water is very low in salinity.[36][37] Exploitation
of rain water for value added products like bottled drinking water, makes solar PV
power plants profitable even in high rainfall/ cloudy areas by the augmented income
from value added drinking water generation.Advantages
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during regional water
restrictions, and in developed countries, is often used to supplement the main supply.
It provides water when a drought occurs, can help mitigate flooding of low-lying
areas, and reduces demand on wells which may enable groundwater levels to be
sustained. It also helps in the availability of potable water, as rainwater is
substantially free of salinity and other salts. Application of rainwater harvesting in
urban water system provides a substantial benefit for both water supply and
wastewater subsystems by reducing the need for clean water in water distribution
system, less generated stormwater in sewer system,[38] and a reduction in stormwater
runoff polluting freshwater bodies.
A large body of work has focused on the development of lifecycle assessment and
lifecycle costing methodologies to assess the level of environmental impacts and
money that can be saved by implementing rainwater harvesting systems.[39]
Independent Water Supply
Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply during water restrictions.
In areas where clean water is costly, or difficult to come by, rainwater harvesting is a
critical source of clean water. In developed countries, rainwater is often harvested to
be used as a supplemental source of water rather than a main source, but the
harvesting of rainwater can also decrease a household's water costs or overall usage
levels. Rainwater is also independent of salinity or pollutants found in ground water,
increasing the quantity of potable drinking water available when rainwater harvesting
is utilized.

Supplemental in Drought

When drought occurs, rainwater harvested in past months can be used. If rain is
unpredictable, the use of a rainwater harvesting system can be critical to capturing the
rain when it does fall. Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use
rainwater harvesting as a cheap and reliable source of clean water. To enhance
irrigation in arid environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent
rainwater from running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough
water is collected for crops to grow. Water can be collected from roofs, and dams and
ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days
when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops.
In addition, rainwater harvesting decreases the demand for water from wells, enabling
groundwater levels to be further sustained rather than depleted.
Lifecycle Assessment
Lifecycle assessment is a methodology used to evaluate the environmental impacts of
a system from cradle-to-grave of its lifetime. Devkota et al.,[40][41] developed such a
methodology for rainwater harvesting, and found that the building design (e.g.,
dimensions) and function (e.g., educational, residential, etc.) play critical roles in the
environmental performance of the system. The Economic and Environmental
Analysis of Sanitations Technologies, EEAST model evaluates the greenhouse gas
emissions and cost of such systems over the lifetime of a variety of building types.
To address the functional parameters of rainwater harvesting systems, a new metric
was developed - the demand to supply ratio (D/S) - identifying the ideal building
design (supply) and function (demand) in regard to the environmental performance of
rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing. With the idea that supply of rainwater not
only saves the potable water, but also saves the stormwater entering the combined
sewer network (thereby requiring treatment), the savings in environmental emissions
were higher if the buildings are connected to a combined sewer network compared to
separate one.[42]
System Set Up Rainwater harvesting systems can range in complexity, from systems
that can be installed with minimal skills, to automated systems that require advanced
setup and installation. The basic rainwater harvesting system is more of a plumbing
job than a technical job, as all the outlets from the building terrace are connected
through a pipe to an underground tank that stores water.
Systems are ideally sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season, since
it must be big enough to support daily water consumption. Specifically, the rainfall
capturing area such as a building roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow
of water. The water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the captured
water.[citation needed]
For low-tech systems, many low-tech methods are used to capture rainwater: rooftop
systems, surface water capture, and pumping the rainwater that has already soaked
into the ground or captured in reservoirs and storing it in tanks (cisterns).
Before a rainwater harvesting system is built, use of digital tools is useful. For
instance, to detect if a region has a high rainwater harvesting potential, rainwater-
harvesting GIS maps can be made using an online interactive tool. Or, to estimate
how much water is needed to fulfill a community's water needs, the Rain is Gain tool
helps. Tools like these can save time and money before a commitment to build a
system is undertaken, in addition to making the project sustainable and long lasting.
Applications of Rainwater Harvesting Agriculture Missions to six Caribbean
countries have shown that the capture and storage of rainwater runoff for later use is
able to significantly reduce the risk of losing some or all of the year's harvest because
of soil or water scarcity. In addition, the risks associated with flooding and soil
erosion during high rainfall seasons would decrease. Small farmers, especially those
farming on hillsides, could benefit the most from rainwater harvesting because they
are able to capture runoff and decrease the effects of soil erosion.[43]
Many countries, especially those with arid environments, use rainwater harvesting as
a cheap and reliable source of clean water.[44] To enhance irrigation in arid
environments, ridges of soil are constructed to trap and prevent rainwater from
running down hills and slopes. Even in periods of low rainfall, enough water is
collected for crops to grow.[45] Water can be collected from roofs, and dams and
ponds can be constructed to hold large quantities of rainwater so that even on days
when little to no rainfall occurs, enough is available to irrigate crops.[45]
Domestic Use In China, Argentina, and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is used to
provide drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation,
and a way to replenish groundwater levels. Gansu province in China and semiarid
northeast Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects going on.
About 40% of Thailand's rural population utilizes rainwater harvesting.[46] Rainwater
harvesting was promoted heavily by the government in the 1980s. In the 1990s, after
government funding for the collection tanks ran out, the private sector stepped in and
provided several million tanks to private households, many of which continue to be
used today. [47] This is one of the largest examples of self-supply of water
worldwide.

Rainwater harvesting is mandatory for new homes built in Santa Fe, New Mexico.[48]
Texas offers a sales tax exemption for the purchase of rainwater harvesting
equipment.[49]
Both Texas[50] and Ohio allow rainwater harvesting to be used even for potable
purposes.
Oklahoma passed the Water for 2060 Act in 2012, to promote pilot projects for
rainwater and graywater use among other water-saving techniques.[51]
In the United Kingdom, water butts are often found in domestic gardens and on
allotments to collect rainwater, which is then used to water the garden.
Groundwater Recharge
In Andhra Pradesh, India, the groundwater table is about 7 meters below the normal
ground level. Through various methods of rainwater harvesting, the ground water
table can be raised by 4 meters using rainfall from the monsoon season. Groundwater
recharge is critical because crops can be irrigated with groundwater throughout the
year without facing water shortage.
Tamil Nadu, India was the first state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory for
every building to avoid groundwater depletion. The scheme was launched in 2001 and
has been implemented in all rural areas of Tamil Nadu. Posters throughout Tamil
Nadu create awareness about rainwater harvesting. TN Govt site. Since its
implementation, Chennai had a 50% rise in water level in five years and the water
quality significantly improved.[52] The plan showed excellent results within five
years, and has been used as a role model to other Indian states implementing
rainwater harvesting systems.
Industry
The Frankfurt Airport has the biggest rainwater harvesting system in Germany. The
system helps save approximately 1,00,000 cubic meters of water per year. The cost of
the system is 1.5 million dm (US $63,000) in the year 1993. The system collects water
from roofs of the new terminal which has an area of 26,800 square meters. The water
is collected in the basement of the airport where six tanks have been put up, with a
storage capacity of 100 cubic meters. The water is mainly used for toilet flushing,
watering plants and cleaning the air conditioning system.[53]
Rainwater harvesting was adopted at The Velodrome – The London Olympic Park –
in order to increase the sustainability of the facility. A 73% decrease in potable water
demand by the park was estimated. Despite this, it was deemed that rainwater
harvesting was a less efficient use of financial resources to increase sustainability than
the park's blackwater recycling program.[54]
Quality
The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by diverting the initial
flow of run-off water to waste.[55] Improved water quality can also be obtained by
using a floating draw-off mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by
using a series of tanks, withdraw from the last in series. Prefiltration is a common
practice used in the industry to ensure that the water entering the tank is free of large
sediment. Prefiltration is important to keep the system healthy.
Conceptually, a water supply system should match the quality of water with the end
use. However, in most of the developed world, high-quality potable water is used for
all end uses. This approach wastes money and energy and imposes unnecessary
impacts to the environment. Supplying rainwater that has gone through preliminary
filtration measures for nonpotable water uses, such as toilet flushing, irrigation and
laundry, may be a significant part of a sustainable water management strategy

Advantages of Rainwater Harvesting

1. Easy to Maintain:
Utilizing the rainwater harvesting system provides certain advantages to the
community. First of all, harvesting rainwater allows us to better utilize an energy
resource. It is important to do so since drinking water is not easily renewable and it
helps in reducing wastage. Systems for the collection of rainwater are based on simple
technology.
The overall cost of their installation and operation is much lesser than that of water
purifying or pumping systems. Maintenance requires little time and energy. The result
is the collection of water that can be used in substantial ways even without
purification.
2. Reducing Water Bills:
Water collected in the rainwater harvesting system can be put to use for several non-
drinking functions as well. For many families and small businesses, this leads to a
large reduction in their utilities bill. On an industrial scale, harvesting rainwater can
provide the needed amounts of water for many operations to take place smoothly
without having to deplete the nearby water sources.
It also lessens the burden of soil erosion in a number of areas, allowing the land to
thrive once again. In fact, it can also be stored in cisterns for use during times when
water supplies are at an all time low.
3. Suitable for Irrigation:
As such, there is little requirement for building new infrastructure for the rainwater
harvesting system. Most rooftops act as a workable catchment area, which can be
linked to the harvesting system. This also lessens the impact on the environment by
reducing use of fuel based machines.
Rainwater is free from many chemicals found in ground water, making it suitable for
irrigation and watering gardens. In fact, storing large reservoirs of harvested water is a
great idea for areas where forest fires and bush fires are common during summer
months.
4. Reduces Demand on Ground Water:
With increase in population, the demand for water is also continuously increasing.
The end result is that many residential colonies and industries are extracting ground
water to fulfill their daily demands. This has led to depletion of ground water which
has gone to significant low level in some areas where there is huge water scarcity.
5. Reduces Floods and Soil Erosion:
During rainy season, rainwater is collected in large storage tanks which also helps in
reducing floods in some low lying areas. Apart from this, it also helps in reducing soil
erosion and contamination of surface water with pesticides and fertilizers from
rainwater run-off which results in cleaner lakes and ponds.
6. Can be Used for Several Non-drinking Purposes:
Rainwater when collected can be used for several non-drinking functions including
flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden, washing cars etc. It is
unnecessary to use pure drinking water if all we need to use it for some other purpose
rather than drinking.
Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting
1. Unpredictable Rainfall:
Rainfall is hard to predict and sometimes little or no rainfall can limit the supply of
rainwater. It is not advisable to depend on rainwater alone for all your water needs in
areas where there is limited rainfall. Rainwater harvesting is suitable in those areas
that receive plenty of rainfall.
2. Initial High Cost:
Depending on the system’s size and technology level, a rainwater harvesting system
may cost anywhere between $200 to $2000 and benefit from it cannot be derived until
it is ready for use. Like solar panels, the cost can be recovered in 10-15 years which
again depends on the amount of rainfall and sophistication of the system.
 CHAPTER 6
WIND ENERGY
 WIND ENERGY
Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power
generators for electric power. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is
plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions
during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land.[2] The net effects on the
environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources.
Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines, which are connected to the
electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of
electric power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas
plants.[3][4][5] Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore
farms have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are
considerably higher. Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or
provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations.[6]
Wind power gives variable power, which is very consistent from year to year but has
significant variation over shorter time scales. It is therefore used in conjunction with
other electric power sources to give a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind
power in a region increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to
supplant conventional production can occur.[7][8] Power-management techniques
such as having excess capacity, geographically distributed turbines, dispatchable
backing sources, sufficient hydroelectric power, exporting and importing power to
neighboring areas, or reducing demand when wind production is low, can in many
cases overcome these problems.[9][10] In addition, weather forecasting permits the
electric-power network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that
occur.[11][12][13]
As of 2015, Denmark generates 40% of its electric power from wind,[14][15] and at
least 83 other countries around the world are using wind power to supply their electric
power grids.[16] In 2014, global wind power capacity expanded 16% to 369,553
MW.[17] Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached
around 4% of worldwide electric power usage,[18] 11.4% in the EU.mall-scale wind
power is the name given to wind generation systems with the capacity to produce up
to 50 kW of electrical power.[167] Isolated communities, that may otherwise rely on
diesel generators, may use wind turbines as an alternative. Individuals may purchase
these systems to reduce or eliminate their dependence on grid electric power for
economic reasons, or to reduce their carbon footprint. Wind turbines have been used
for household electric power generation in conjunction with battery storage over
many decades in remote areas.[168]

Recent examples of small-scale wind power projects in an urban setting can be found
in New York City, where, since 2009, a number of building projects have capped their
roofs with Gorlov-type helical wind turbines. Although the energy they generate is
small compared to the buildings' overall consumption, they help to reinforce the
building's 'green' credentials in ways that "showing people your high-tech boiler" can
not, with some of the projects also receiving the direct support of the New York State
Energy Research and Development Authority.[169]
Grid-connected domestic wind turbines may use grid energy storage, thus replacing
purchased electric power with locally produced power when available. The surplus
power produced by domestic microgenerators can, in some jurisdictions, be fed into
the network and sold to the utility company, producing a retail credit for the
microgenerators' owners to offset their energy costs.[170]
Off-grid system users can either adapt to intermittent power or use batteries,
photovoltaic or diesel systems to supplement the wind turbine. Equipment such as
parking meters, traffic warning signs, street lighting, or wireless Internet gateways
may be powered by a small wind turbine, possibly combined with a photovoltaic
system, that charges a small battery replacing the need for a connection to the power
grid.[171]

A Carbon Trust study into the potential of small-scale wind energy in the UK,
published in 2010, found that small wind turbines could provide up to 1.5 terawatt
hours (TW·h) per year of electric power (0.4% of total UK electric power
consumption), saving 0.6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (Mt CO2) emission
savings. This is based on the assumption that 10% of households would install
turbines at costs competitive with grid electric power, around 12 pence (US 19 cents)
a kW·h.[172] A report prepared for the UK's government-sponsored Energy Saving
Trust in 2006, found that home power generators of various kinds could provide 30 to
40% of the country's electric power needs by 2050.[173]
Distributed generation from renewable resources is increasing as a consequence of the
increased awareness of climate change. The electronic interfaces required to connect
renewable generation units with the utility system can include additional functions,
such as the active filtering to enhance the power quality
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION
The most criticized issue about constructing environmentally friendly buildings is the
price. Photo-voltaics, new appliances, and modern technologies tend to cost more
money. Most ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs cost a premium of <2%, but yield 10
times as much over the entire life of the building.[49] In regards to the financial
benefits of ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING, “Over 20 years, the financial payback
typically exceeds the additional cost of greening by a factor of 4-6 times. And broader
benefits, such as reductions in greenhouse gases (GHGs) and other pollutants have
large positive impacts on surrounding communities and on the planet.”[50] The
stigma is between the knowledge of up-front cost[51] vs. life-cycle cost. The savings
in money come from more efficient use of utilities which result in decreased energy
bills. It is projected that different sectors could save $130 Billion on energy bills.[52]
Also, higher worker or student productivity can be factored into savings and cost
deductions.
Numerous studies have shown the measurable benefit of ECO FRIENDLY
BUILDING initiatives on worker productivity. In general it has been found that,
"there is a direct correlation between increased productivity and employees who love
being in their work space.”[53] Specifically, worker productivity can be significantly
impacted by certain aspects of ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING design such as
improved lighting, reduction of pollutants, advanced ventilation systems and the use
of non-toxic building materials.[54] In “The Business Case for ECO FRIENDLY
BUILDING”, the U.S. ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING Council gives another specific
example of how commercial energy retrofits increase worker health and thus
productivity, “People in the U.S. spend about 90% of their time indoors. EPA studies
indicate indoor levels of pollutants may be up to ten times higher than outdoor levels.
LEED-certified buildings are designed to have healthier, cleaner indoor
environmental quality, which means health benefits for occupants."[55]
Studies have shown over a 20-year life period, some ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs
have yielded $53 to $71 per square foot back on investment.[56] Confirming the
rentability of ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING investments, further studies of the
commercial real estate market have found that LEED and Energy Star certified
buildings achieve significantly higher rents, sale prices and occupancy rates as well as
lower capitalization rates potentially reflecting lower investment ri
 CHAPTER 8
RECCOMONDATION
 RECCOMONDATION
Whether you’re building new, or retrofitting an existing structure, there are many
ways to implement eco-friendly building practices. Minimizing (or eliminating) the
negative impact a proposed (or existing) building has on the environment and
surrounding community is the common goal of these green technology approaches.
So, which should you choose? How about all of them.
The environmental benefits of eco-friendly construction are obvious. But there are
other compelling reasons to implement ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING practices that
may not immediately come to mind. Examples:
Healthier and happier workers: Employees that work in ECO FRIENDLY
BUILDINGs report fewer headaches as well as improvements in asthma and allergies
Reduced energy costs
Ability to attract and retain top talent
ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs are generally able to sell for more money than
standard buildings
Additional business opportunities by appealing to the ever-growing pool of conscious
consumers:A recent study revealed that 81% of global consumers surveyed have
become willing to make sacrifices to preserve the environment. 80% stated that they
are willing to buy products from unknown brands that have a strong commitment to
corporate social responsibilityGreen construction is one of the best ways to invest in
the future of both your small business and your local community, which also benefits
the global community. Environmentally conscious building offers benefits for every
important aspect of life. There is nothing more important than the physical health of
yourself and your employees. ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs can increase the
economic as well as physical health of your business, especially over time.
ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING Design
According to environmental designer Maggie Wood, "Green is the new black." ECO
FRIENDLY BUILDING has become so popular that virtually every construction
company has begun using the word "green" in their advertising campaigns. However,
that doesn't mean that they all actually adhere to the highest standards of ECO
FRIENDLY BUILDING practices. When seeking to build or remodel their buildings
to make them greener and healthier, small business owners should always check for
contractors' certifications. They should also request to see samples of their work as
well as speak with former clients regarding the quality of materials and workmanship.
ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING Materials
Using recycled glass, drywall and steel can result in cost savings as well as benefit the
environment. Linoleum made of natural material and renewable resources like
bamboo, rubber, and recycled fiber carpets are quickly replacing traditional flooring.
High VOC (volatile organic compounds) paints and stains are being replaced by low
VOC products. Those products include natural stains and formaldehyde-free glue.
Using natural building products can reduce employee turnover as well as saving
money on sick days. Employees that work in ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs report
fewer instances of headaches, asthma, and allergies that can be caused by potentially
toxic building materials.
Green technology
Another advance in the ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING technology is green roof
systems that utilize plants to absorb stormwater and prevent runoff. A green roof
offers a number of other benefits as well. They keep the top floor cooler and reduce
the impact of direct UV sunlight, which can significantly extend the life of a
conventional roof. They also improve air quality by producing oxygen and filtering
out pollutants. Many restaurants and hotel owners utilize them for growing gardens,
which allows them to offer customers fresh organic vegetables. Energy-efficient
windows represent another advance in green home construction. All of these factors
contribute, so try to cover as many as you can. Instead of focusing on a single top-
notch system, try to incorporate as many eco-friendly improvements as you can.
Here's an example how a small business from Brisbane covered many major factors
that help our environment and our wallets:
Optimized Lighting - thanks to technology like Solatube and some smart construction
and design, the use of sunlight is maximized and artificial lighting is reduced to a
minimum Cooling - There are certain tricks you can use in order to maximize air drift,
as well as make sure your insulation is doing its part. If it gets really hot, solar
powered roof ventilators can help.
Power - Speaking of power, solar arrays have never been cheaper and more power
efficient. Excess energy can either be fed back into the grid or stored for later use if
you can afford to invest in a battery solution like Tesla Powerwall or similar.
Water Harvesting & Purification - If you hate rainy days, why not make them work
for you? You can use your roof and other free space as a collection point for
rainwater, which can be then transferred into bio-retention pits. It then gets filtered by
native grasses in order to remove any excess nitrogen or contaminants.
Reduced Operating Costs
Optimizing the use of natural resources to reduce energy costs is just one of the
money-saving benefits of ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING construction. While it's
estimated that the initial cost of ECO FRIENDLY BUILDINGs is approximately 2%
higher, that investment reaps substantial dividends of up to a 30% savings on heating,
cooling and water usage every year. That means that an investment in ECO
FRIENDLY BUILDING more than pays for itself within a very short time. Over a
twenty- year period, Investing just $4 per square foot can yield $58 per square foot in
cost savings. ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING materials also cost less to repair and
maintain than many traditional types of materials. Finally, ECO FRIENDLY
BUILDINGs that demonstrate a commitment to preserving the local environment
while contributing to the economy command a higher sales price.
Green Design and Construction Projects
One example of a green design and construction is Project Frog. In the beginning, the
company manufactured modular buildings that featured natural light that reduced the
need for artificial lighting and provided more natural warmth. Offsite manufacturing
eliminated virtually all waste of natural resources during the building process.
Another benefit was that the buildings could be constructed in a matter of days, rather
than weeks or months. Beginning in 2009, under CEO Ann Hand, the company
developed a new system that reduced the cost, making their buildings approximately
30% less expensive than traditional buildings. The new system also made the
buildings 60% more energy efficient than even the most stringent building code
requirements. As a result, Project Frog won 25 building contracts in 2013 and
expected that number to increase to 40 by the following year.
Small businesses that show they care for the environment appeal as much to
consumers as they do to potential long-term employees. A recent study revealed that
81% of global consumers surveyed have become willing to make sacrifices to
preserve the environment. 80% stated that they are willing to buy products from
unknown brands that have a strong commitment to corporate social responsibility. All
things considered, there's never been a better time for small businesses to invest in the
ECO FRIENDLY BUILDING.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. WIKIPEDIA
2. GOOGLE
3. HANDBOOK OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
4. IS CODE