“Cordless Power Transfer”

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted By

Ansari Imran Shamshuzzuha (140500109001)

Mishra Suraj Vimleshkumar (140500109019)
Patel Taral Rakeshbhai (140500109040)
Vaghela Hitendrasinh Bharatsinh (140500109064)
Raj Virpalsinh Dadusinh (140500109530)

In fulfillment for the award of the degree

Of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Guided by

Mr. Deep Thanki

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electrical Engineering

SIGMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

Bakrol, Ajwa Nimeta Road, Vadodara-390019
Waghodia, Vadodara.
Gujarat Technological University
Nov, 2017
 Sigma Institute of Engineering
Bakrol, Ajwa Nimeta Road,
Vadodara-390019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that 7th Semester Project-I (2170001) embodied in this report
entitled “Cordless Power Transfer” is carried out by “Ansari Imran
Shamshuzzuha (140500109001), Mishra Suraj Vimleshkumar (140500109019),
Patel Taral Rakeshbhai (140500109040), Vaghela Hitendrasinh Bharatsinh
(140500109064) Raj Virpalsinh Dadusinh (140500109530)” at Sigma Institute of
Engineering, Bakrol for fulfillment of Bachelor of Computer Engineering Degree
to be awarded by Gujarat Technological University, Gujarat.

To the best of my knowledge and belief, this work embodies the work of
candidates themselves, has duly been completed, and fulfills the requirement of the
ordinance relating to the Bachelor Degree of the University and is up to the
standard in respect of content, presentation and language for being referred to the
examiner.

Under supervision of,

Project Guide:
Mr. Deep Thanki Head of Department:
Head of Department Mr. Deep Thanki
Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Dept. of Electrical Engineering.
PRJ/EE/2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very thankful to the almighty, whose blessing helped us a lot to make our effort
successful.

Thanks to our parents who inspired us to go ahead in our work, it is our pleasure to take this
opportunity to thank one and all those who have directly or indirectly helped us in our
project.

We are extremely grateful to our Internal project Guide Mr. Deep Thanki (Head of
Department, Sigma Institute Engineering) for his excellent guidance, valuable suggestion,
and encouragement to carry out this project.

Finally, we would like to express our deep sense of gratitude for all our classmate and friends
who have supported and enriched us by sharing their ideas and solving out our doubts having
discussion with us.

-Ansari Imran Shamshuzzuha (140500109001)

-Mishra Suraj Vimleshkumar (140500109019)
-Patel Taral Rakeshbhai (140500109040)
-Vaghela Hitendrasinh Bharatsinh (140500109064)
-RajVirpalsinh Dadusinh (140500109530)

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PRJ/EE/2017 ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

The transfer of electricity from source to the place it is consumed without any conducting
wire or cable is called Cordless Power Transmission. It is also widely known as wireless
transfer of electricity. The concept of wireless power transfer was first realized by Nikola
Tesla in 19th century. Wireless power transfer can bring a remarkable revolution in the field
of the electrical engineering which eliminates the usage of conventional copper cables and
wires.

Day by day new technologies are working to make our life as simple as possible. Wireless
charging through induction and resonance transfer could be one of the next emerging
technologies that bring the future nearer. This could make the upcoming generations less
reliable on wires. In this project we are going to show that it is practically possible to charge
low power devices wirelessly via inductive coupling though its efficiency is a not so
appreciable. From this project we are going to learn the difficulties and various possibilities
in this field. this is most emerging topic in this world today. we are basically using this
method to charge devices kept far apart and solving the problem of sitting at one place until
your device gets charged. It minimizes the complexity that arises for the use of conventional
wire system. In addition, the project also opens up new possibilities of wireless systems in
our other daily life uses. Pacemakers have existed for decades as a means to restore cardiac
electrical rhythms. However, lead-related complications have remained a clinical challenge.
While market-released leadless devices have addressed some of the issues, their pacer-
integrated batteries cause new health risks and functional limitations. Through this project we
are more emphasizing on transfer of power for normal ranges. Inductive resonance power
transfer enables wireless powering of bioelectronics devices. We also came to know about
new technologies emerging recently and which are in research list.

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 PRJ/EE/2017 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

SR NO FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO
1 WARDENCLYFFE TOWER 4
2 INDUCTIVE COUPLING WITH FOUR COMPONENT FLUXES 7
3 SINGLE LAYER COIL 9
4 BLOCK DIAGRAM 11
5 TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT 12
6 RECEIVER 12
7 WORKING OF TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT 15
8 WORKING OF RECEIVER 17
9 PROJECT LAYOUT 19
10 FUTURE SCOPE 21

LIST OF TABLES

SR NO TABLE NAME PAGE

NO
1 EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES 6
2 COMPONENTS USED IN TRANSMITTER 13
3 COMPONENTS USED IN RECEIVER 14

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PRJ/EE/2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Acknowledgement……………………………….…………….……………………......i

Abstract………………………………………..……………………….……………......ii

List of Figures ……………………….………………………………………..……......iii

List of Tables..…………………………………………………..……………….…...…iv

1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………..1
2. OBJECTIVE……………………………………………………2
3. HISTORY………………………………………………………3
3.1 19TH CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS AND DEAD ENDS……………………..3
3.2 TESLA…………………………………………………………………….………….4
4. EXISTING WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES………………...6
5. BASIC CONCEPT OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER...7
5.1. INDUCTIVE COUPLING.………………………………………………………...7
5.2. INDUCTIVE CHARGING……………………………………………….………..8
6. INDUCTANCE OF COIL AND COIL DESIGN………...…9
6.1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..…...9
6.2. SINGLE LAYER COIL…………………………………………………………......9
6.3 LOSSES IN COIL…………………………………………………………………...10
6.3.1. SKIN EFFECT……………………………………………………………………10
6.3.2. PARASITIC CAPACITANCE…………………………………………………...10
7. BLOCK DIAGRAM…………………………………………...11
8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM…………………………………………12
9. COMPONENTS………………………………………………13
9.1. COMPONENTS USED IN TRANSMITTER…………………………………...13
9.2. COMPONENTS USED IN RECEIVER…………………………………………14

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PRJ/EE/2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS

10. TRANSMITTER……………………………………………..15
10.1. WORKING OF TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT…………………………………….15
10.2. DC SUPPLY………………………………………………………………………..15
10.3. OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT………………………………………………………….15
10.4. WORKING OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT……………………………………………16
10.5. TRANSMITTER COIL……………………………………………………………16
11. RECEIVER…………………………………………………...17
11.1. WORKING OF RECEIVER……………………………………………………….17
11.2. RECEIVER COIL………………………………………………………………….17
11.3. RECTIFIER………………………………………………………………………...17
11.4. OPERATION OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER………………………………………..17
11.5. VOLTAGE REGULATOR………………………………………………………...18
11.6. BUCK CONVERTER……………………………………………………………...18
12. PROJECT LAYOUT………………………………………....19
13. POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE WORK……20
13.1 APPLICATIONS…………………………………………………………………...20
13.2. FUTURE WORK…………………………………………………………………..20
14. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES………………...21
14.1. ADVANTAGES……………………………………………………………………21
14.2. DISADVANTAGES……………………………………………………………….21
15. CONCLUSION………………………………………………22
16. BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………23
A. APPENDIX…………………………………………………...24
A.1. CANVAS……………………………………………………………………………24
A.1.1 AEIOU CANVAS………………………………………………………………....24
A.1.2. EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS……………………………………………...25
A.1.3. IDEATION CANVAS…………………………………………………………...26
A.1.4. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS……………………………………...27

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PRJ/EE/2017 INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION
We live in the era of technological advancement in which new technologies emerges each
and every day to make our life simpler as possible. Despite all, even today we rely on the
conventional wire system to charge our regular daily use low power device such as mobile
phones, digital camera, laptop , iPod etc. The wire system creates a mess when it comes
to charging several devices at the same time. It also needs a lot of electric sockets and not
to mention the fact that each device has its own design for the charging port. At present a
question may arise. What if a single device could be used to charge these devices at the
same time without using wires and not creating a mess in the process? The solution to
these everyday problem and confusion lies in inductive power transfer which uses
faradays electromagnetic induction, a most simple and efficient way of transferring power
wirelessly i.e. without any use of conventional wires.

Cordless Power Transmission is the efficient means of transmission of electric energy

from one point to another through vacuum or an atmosphere without any usage of wire or
any other physical medium or channel. This newly method can be used for applications
where either an instantaneous amount or a continuous consumption of energy is required,
and where wires are unaffordable, expensive, hazardous and unwanted or impossible. The
power can be transmitted using Inductive coupling for different space and distances.WPT
is a method that can transport power to places, which are rather not possible or impractical
to reach. They will help to solve the most probable problem of charging the devices and to
meet the solution for socket and wires. Charging low power devices and eventually mid
power devices by means of inductive method could be the next big exploration in the field
of electrical technology.

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PRJ/EE/2017 OBJECTIVE

2. OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to design and prepare a working model which could be
used to transmit energy wirelessly through far distance which in turn could charge a
necessary low power device. The system will work by using resonant-inductive coil to
transmit power from an AC line to a resistive load. We are trying to demonstrate the use
of wireless power and its possibilities in charging the devices used in medical fields and
various other electronic devices used in our daily life. we could find solution of charging
devices without moving from our place even at the time of low charge. We saw that
medical patients having gone through pacemaker heart surgery are required to go through
operations on regular intervals. This could of great help to them.

A success in doing so would solve the use of cables in the charging process thus making it
simpler and easier to charge low power electronic devices. It would also ensure that the
safety of the device through direct contact of wires and the risk of short circuit. The
objective also includes the prospect of charging multiple low power devices
simultaneously using a single source which would use a single power outlet.

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PRJ/EE/2017 HISTORY

3. HISTORY
3.1 19TH CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS AND DEAD ENDS
The 19th century saw many developments of theories, and counter-theories on how
electrical energy might be transmitted. In 1826 André-Marie Ampere found Ampere’s
circuital law showing that electric current produces a magnetic field. Michael Faraday
described in 1831 with his law of induction the electromotive force driving a current in a
conductor loop by a time-varying magnetic flux. A concise explanation of these
phenomena would come from the 1860s Maxwell's equations by James Clerk Maxwell,
establishing a theory that unified electricity and magnetism to electromagnetism,
predicting the existence of electromagnetic waves as the "wireless" carrier of
electromagnetic energy. Around 1884 John Henry Poynting defined the Poynting vector
and gave Poynting's theorem, which describe the flow of power across an area within
electromagnetic radiation and allow for a correct analysis of wireless power transfer
systems. his was followed on by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz' 1888 validation of the theory,
which included the evidence for radio waves.

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PRJ/EE/2017 HISTORY

3.2 TESLA
After 1890 inventor Nikola Tesla experiment with transmitting power by inductive and
capacitive coupling using spark-excited radio frequency resonant transformers, it is so
called Tesla coils, which generated heavy AC voltage. in the early hours on he attempted
to develop a wireless lighting system based on near-field inductive and capacitive
coupling and conducted a series of public demonstrations where he lit Geissler tubes and
even incandescent light bulbs from across a stage. He established he could increase the
distance at which he can light a lamp by using a receiving LC circuit tuned to resonance
with the transmitter's LC circuit. using resonant inductive coupling.Tesla was unsuccessful
to make a saleable product out of his findings but his inductive coupling method is widely
used in electronic and is currently applied to short-range wireless power systems.

Figure 1 Wardenclyffe Tower

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PRJ/EE/2017 HISTORY

Tesla went on to develop a wireless power distribution system that he hoped would be
capable of transmit power long distance directly into homes and factories. Early on he
seemed to borrow from the ideas of Mahlon Loomis, proposing a system composed of
balloons to suspend transmitting and receiving electrodes in the air above 30,000 feet
(9,100 m) in altitude, where he thought the pressure would allow him to send high
voltages (millions of volts) long distances. To further study the conductive nature of low
pressure air he set up a test facility at high altitude in Colorado Springs during 1899. The
theory included driving alternating current pulses into the Earth at its resonant frequency
from a grounded Tesla coil working against an elevated capacitance to make the potential
of the Earth oscillate. Tesla thought this would allow alternating current to be received
with a similar capacitive antenna tuned to resonance with it at any point on Earth with
very little power loss. His observations also led him to believe a high voltage used in a
coil at an elevation of a few hundred feet would "break the air stratum down", eliminating
the need for miles of cable hanging on balloons to create his atmospheric return
circuit.Tesla would go on the next year to propose a "World Wireless System" that was to
broadcast both information and power worldwide. In 1901, at Shoreham, New York he
attempted to construct a large high-voltage wireless power station, now called
Wardenclyffe Tower, but by 1904 investment dried up and the facility was never
completed.

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PRJ/EE/2017 EXISTING WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

4. EXISTING WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES

These are the different wireless power technologies:

Antenna Current and/or possible

Technology Range Directivity Frequency
devices future applications
Electric tooth brush and
Inductive razor battery charging,
Short Low Hz – MHz Wire coils
coupling induction stovetops and
industrial heaters.
Charging portable devices
Tuned wire (Qi), biomedical implants,
Resonant
coils, lumped electric vehicles, powering
inductive Mid- Low kHz – GHz
element buses, trains,
coupling
resonators MAGLEV, RFID, smartcard
s.
Charging portable devices,
Capacitive Metal plate power routing in large-scale
Short Low kHz – MHz
coupling electrodes integrated circuits,
Smartcards.
Magneto
Rotating Charging electric vehicles,
dynamic Short N.A. Hz
magnets buses, biomedical implants.
coupling
Parabolic
dishes, phased Solar power satellite,
Microwaves Long High GHz
arrays, rectenn powering drone aircraft.
as
Lasers, Powering drone aircraft,
Light waves Long High ≥THz photocells, powering space elevator
lenses climbers.

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PRJ/EE/2017 BASIC CONCEPT

5. BASIC CONCEPT OF WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

This review is divided in sections, first section describes about the theoretical background of
major area of this work. There are different tracking system exist in nowadays. A second section
provides the brief summary of various previous discussions on related work annotated in various
research papers. Third section describes the user characteristics, weakness of the system and idea
of improvement. After that the last section describes the summary of canvas.

5.1 Inductive Coupling

Inductive or Magnetic coupling works on the principle of electromagnetism. When a wire is

proximity to a magnetic field, it generates a magnetic field in that wire, and thus transferring
electrical energy between wires through magnetic fields using faradays electromagnetic
induction.

If a portion of the magnetic flux established by one circuit interlinks with the second circuit,
then two circuits are coupled magnetically and the energy may be transferred from one circuit to
the another circuit.

This energy transfer is possible due to sharing of magnetic fields that is with the exchange of
changing flux which has to be common in both circuits.

Figure 2. Inductive Coupling with Four Component Fluxes

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PRJ/EE/2017 BASIC CONCEPT

Power transfer efficiency of inductive coupling can be increased by increasing the number of
turns in the coil, the strength of the current, the area of cross-section of the coil and the strength
of the radial magnetic field. Magnetic fields decay quickly, making inductive coupling effective
at a very short range.
5.2. INDUCTIVE CHARGING

Inductive charging uses the electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two objects. A
charging station sends energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores
the energy in the batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils, inductive
charging is one kind of short-distance wireless energy transfer.

Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field
from within a charging base station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes
power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into electrical current to charge the
battery. The two induction coils in proximity combine to form an electrical transformer.

Greater distances can be achieved when the inductive charging system uses resonant inductive
coupling.

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PRJ/EE/2017 INDUCTANCE OF COIL AND COIL DESIGN

6. INDUCTANCE OF COIL AND COIL DESIGN

6.1. INTRODUCTION

An ideal inductor has inductance, but no resistance or capacitance, and does not dissipate or
radiate energy. However, real inductors have resistance (due to the resistance of the wire and
losses in core material), and parasitic capacitance (due to the electric field between the turns of
wire which are at slightly different potentials). At high frequencies the capacitance begins to
affect the inductor's behavior; at some frequency, real inductors behave as resonant circuits,
becoming self-resonant. At frequencies above this the capacitive reactance becomes the
dominant part of the impedance. Energy is dissipated by the resistance of the wire, and by any
losses in the magnetic core due to hysteresis. At high currents, iron core inductors also show
gradual departure from ideal behavior due to nonlinearity caused by magnetic saturation. At
higher frequencies, resistance and resistive losses in inductors grow due to skin effect in the
inductor's winding wires. Core losses also contribute to inductor losses at higher frequencies

6.2. SINGLE LAYER COIL

Figure 3 Single Layer Coil

A single layer coil, has two advantages. Firstly, like all air core coils, it is free from iron losses
and the non-linearity mentioned above. Secondly, single layer coils have the additional
advantage of low self-capacitance and thus high self-resonant frequency.

In the simple case of a single layer solenoid coil the inductance may be calculated as follows:

L = (D2N2 )/(1+0.45d) μH
where L is the inductance, d is the coil diameter in meters, l is the coil length in meters and N is
the number of turns.

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PRJ/EE/2017 INDUCTANCE OF COIL AND COIL DESIGN

6.3 LOSSES IN COIL

6.3.1. SKIN EFFECT:

The resistance of a wire to high frequency current is greater than its resistance to D.C. because
of skin effect. Radio frequency alternating current does not go through far into the body of a
conductor but travels along its exterior. Therefore, in a solid wire, most of the cross sectional
area of the wire is not used to conduct the current, which is in a narrow part on the surface. This
effect increases the resistance of the wire in the coil, which may already have a relatively high
resistance due to length and its small diameter.

6.3.2. PARASITIC CAPACITANCE:

The capacitance across two wire turns of the coil, called parasitic capacitance, does not incur
any energy losses but can alter the behavior of the coil. Each turn of the coil is at a slightly
different potential, so the electric field between neighboring turns stores charge on the wire. So
the coil acts as if it has a capacitor in parallel with it. At a high enough frequency this
capacitance can resonate with the inductance of the coil forming a tuned circuit, causing the coil
to become self- resonant.

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PRJ/EE/2017 BLOCK DIAGRAM

7. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 4 Block Diagram

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PRJ/EE/2017 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

8. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Figure 5 Transmitter

Figure 6 Receiver

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PRJ/EE/2017 COMPONENTS

9. COMPONENTS

9.1 COMPONENTS USED IN TRANSMITTER

Component’s Name Component’s Value or code

Voltage Source, Vdc 15V

Capacitor, C 10Nf

Resistor, R 1 39 ohm, 5watt

Resistor, R 2 39 ohm, 5watt

Resistor, R 3 39 ohm, 5watt

Resistor, R 4 39 ohm, 5watt

Resistor, R 5 5.6k ohm

Resistor, R 6 5.6k ohm

Diode, D1 1N4148

Diode, D2 1N4148

MOSFET,Q 1 IRF540

MOSFET, Q2 IRF540

Radio Frequency Choke,L 1 120 µH

Radio Frequency Choke, L 2 120 µH

Transmitter coil, L 8 µH

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PRJ/EE/2017 COMPONENTS

9.2. COMPONENTS USED IN RECEIVER

Component’s Name Component’s Value or code

Diode, D1 OA79

Diode, D2 OA79

Diode, D3 OA79

Diode, D4 OA79

Capacitor, C 1 10 Nf

Capacitor, C 2 100 µF

Voltage Regulator IC IC LM 7812

Receiver coil, L 8 µH

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PRJ/EE/2017 TRANSMITTER

10. TRANSMITTER
10.1. WORKING OF TRANSMITTER CIRCUIT:
The transmitter part of our project consists of a D.C. power source, an oscillator circuit
(commonly known as an inverter) and a transmitter coil.

The D.C. power source provide a constant D.C. voltage to the input of the oscillator circuit.
There, this D.C. power is converted to a high frequency A.C. power and is supplied to the
transmitter coil. The transmitter coil, energized by the high frequency A.C. current, produces an
alternating magnetic field.

Figure 7 Working of Transmitter Circuit:

10.2. DC SUPPLY:
The D.C. Power Source consists of a simple step down transformer and a rectifier circuit. The
transformer steps down the voltage to a desired level and the rectifier circuit convert the A.C.
voltage to D.C.

10.3. OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:

The prototype oscillator Circuit designed for the project is a modified Royer oscillator. This
oscillator circuit is incredibly simple yet a very powerful design. Very high oscillating current
can be achieved with this circuit depending on the semiconductor used. Here high current is
necessary to increase the strength of the magnetic field.

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PRJ/EE/2017 TRANSMITTER

10.4. WORKING OSCILLATOR CIRCUIT:

The oscillator circuit is made up of two chokes labeled as L1 and L2, two semiconductors (Here
N-channel Enhancement power-MOSFETS are used) labeled as Q1 and Q2, a resonating
capacitor labeled as C2 and an inductor (here the transmitter coil) as labeled L3. Cross-coupled
feedback is provided by means of the diodes D1 and D2. R1, R3 and R2, R4 are the biasing set-up
for MOSFETS.

When electric power is fed, DC current flows through the two sides of the coil and to the
transistors’ drain. At the same time the voltage appears on both the gates and gets the transistors
on. One transistor is invariably a little faster than the other and will turn on others. The current
will continue to increase until the coil (transformer) saturates. The resonating capacitor C causes
the voltage across the primary to first rise and then fall in a standard sine wave pattern.

Assuming that Q1 turned on first, the voltage at the drain of Q1’s will be clamped to near ground
while the voltage at Q2’s drain rises to a peak and then falls as the tank formed by the capacitor
and the coil primary oscillator through one half cycle. After that, D1 will be forward bias by
more voltage than D2 and hence it will turn on Q2 and cycle repeats.

The oscillator is allowed to run at the frequency determined by the inductance of the coil, and the
capacitor value and to a lesser extent, the load applied to the secondary (Source coil).

The operating frequency is given by the same formula as of resonance,

F= 1/2 × π × √(LC)

10.5. TRANSMITTER COIL:

In our project, the transmitter coil is to be constructed with around 92 mm diameter, 17 to 18
copper wires and 7 to 9 turns. From the equation of inductance of a single layer air core coil, we
get inductance L produced of the device.

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PRJ/EE/2017 RECEIVER

11. RECEIVER
11.1. WORKING OF RECEIVER:
The receiver part consist of a rectifier circuit ,a receiver coil, and a voltage regulator IC. And
an additional buck converter to get more current by decreasing output voltage to 5 volt.
An A.C. voltage is induced in a receiver coil. The rectifier circuit converts it to D.C. and the
voltage regulator IC helps to maintain a constant limited voltage at the load. The following
block diagram gives a general idea of the receiver module:

Figure 8 Working of Receiver:

11.2. RECEIVER COIL:

Receiver coil for our project is designed same as transmitter coil with same value.

11.3. RECTIFIER:
A diode bridge is made up of four or more diodes in a bridge circuit that gives the same polarity
of output for whichever polarity of input. When used in the common common application, for
conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as
a bridge rectifier. The necessary characteristic of a diode bridge is that the polarity of the output
is the same in spite of of the polarity at the input.

11.4. OPERATION OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

During the Positive half cycle of the input AC waveform diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased

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PRJ/EE/2017 RECEIVER

and D2 and D4 are reverse biased. When the voltage, more than the threshold level of the diodes
D1 and D3, starts conducting – the load current starts flowing through it.
During the negative half cycle of the input AC waveform, the diodes D2 and D4 are forward
biased, and D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Load current starts flowing through the D2 and D4
diodes.
Further we can use capacitor filter to remove ripples present in output of bridge rectifier. After
capacitor filter, smooth DC voltage is present at the input of voltage regulator.

11.5. VOLTAGE REGULATOR IC:

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant

voltage level. It can make use of electromechanical or electronic components. Based on the
design, it can help to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

In this project, LM 7812 voltage regulator IC is used since it allowed no more than 12v to the
output.

11.6. BUCK CONVERTER:

It is totally optional part in receiver circuit. It is used here to increase current at output. Buck
converter is DC to DC converter which step down the voltage and according to it, it increase
output current. Efficiency of converter is high (98%) and hence very small amount of power loss
in this module.

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PRJ/EE/2017 PROJECT LAYOUT

12. PROJECT LAYOUT

Figure 9 Project Layout

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PRJ/EE/2017 APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

13. APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE WORK

13.1 APPLICATIONS:

1) Portable Media Players, Smart Phones, Digital Cameras, Tablets and other such devices.

2) Public Access Charging Terminal at stations and malls.

3) Computer Systems

4) Wireless chargers are finding its way into anything with a battery inside it. This includes
game and TV remotes, cordless power tools, cordless vacuum cleaners, soap dispensers, hearing
aids and cardiac pacemakers which are used by heart valve patients. Wireless can also be used
for charging the devices like super capacitors (super caps), or any device of low-voltage power.

13.2. FUTURE WORK:

To send out the power to a greater distance, a high power radio frequency amplifier connected
with an oscillator is desirable. But the building of the bulky RF power amplifier requires much
time knowledge and patience.

High power vacuum tube transistor amplifier with high current will make the scheme more
capable. A crystal oscillator circuit can be the next better option for the transmitter since it can
create a very high frequency A.C. current at its output.

Further effort on this same project can yield some real solutions that can solve the problems of
this project. More Efficient usage of low power devices are possible by eroding the present day
problem of charging.

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PRJ/EE/2017 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

14. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE

Wireless power transfer will be next biggest explosion in this emerging technological world
because it has plentiful advantages, rewards and applications.

14.1. ADVANTAGES:

We don’t have to sit at one same place with wires connected with the devices for charging electric
device like mobile, laptop, camera etc. Complete removal of wires is possible by this project device
due to which our charging system becomes very user friendly and complexity can be reduced. At
public places like Malls and stations, complexity of power system can be abridged by this device.

Figure 10 Future Scope

14.2. DISADVANTAGES:

The biggest problem is that its efficiency to transfer power decreases significantly with distance.
It cannot transfer power to large distance of even few couple of meters from the device. Power
transfer is not constant from sending and receiving terminals of the devices.

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PRJ/EE/2017 CONCLUSION

15. CONCLUSION

The sole purpose of this project was to make a wireless device that could help to charge other
electronic low power devices which are used on daily basis. Our main concern is charge the
pacemakers which are used by the heart valve operated patients. In our project, we will be using
resonant inductive coupling between coils to transmit powers. After analyzing and going through
various possibilities of changes that could be bought in the project we are also working to make
it more smart and intelligent. Our results showed that significant improvements in terms of
power-transfer efficiency can be achieved. Though the power transmitting efficiency is not
appreciable but our problem of mainly solving the charging of pacemakers is greatly achieved.
Our device can have wide application of charging different daily using devices too by bringing
small changes in the input terminals of other devices.

It was described and demonstrated that resonant inductive coupling can be used to deliver power
wirelessly from a source coil to a load coil and charge a low power device. We also found that
lots of researches are going on in this field and it is the burning topic of our field.

As it was mentioned earlier, wireless charging could be the next big thing which could explore
the world for next generation.

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PRJ/EE/2017 COMPONENTS

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PRJ/EE/2017 BIBLIOGRAPHY

15. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Jacob Millman and Christos C. Halkias, ―Integrated Electronics: Analog and Digital
Circuits and Systems
2) Muhammad H. Rashid, ―Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices, and Applications
3) Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory
4) William H. Hayt, Jr. and John A. Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics
5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power
6) http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/wireless-power-transmission

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PRJ/EE/2017 APPENDIX

A. APPENDIX

A.2. CANVAS

A.2.1 AEIOU CANVAS

AEIOU CANVAS

Activity canvas gives us details about different activities going on at site which we visited.
Environment canvas which gives details about atmosphere. Interaction canvas gives us
information about who is the interacting with whom for what reasons and elements as reason of
interaction. Object canvas in which there is information about components involved in work of
manufacturing products, or how objects are relating to the activities, etc. This canvas gives
information about users related to activities or object. Who is the user or what are roles and
responsibilities, list of identified peoples involved during different activities.

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PRJ/EE/2017 BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.2.2. EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS

EMPATHY MAPPING CANVAS

Above is the Empathy mapping canvas. Now firstly we need to know what empathy is. So
empathy means ability to understand others point of view. In this canvas, we basically plot
different users, stakeholders and story boarding which describe some emotions like sad and
happy.

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PRJ/EE/2017 APPENDIX

A.2.3. IDEATION CANVAS

IDEATION CANVAS

This is a ideation canvas which gives idea about our project like what kind of people are engaged
in our project, what activities are going on, some situations (like sending signals, tracing etc.),
particular locations and some props and possible solutions to some problems.

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PRJ/EE/2017 APPENDIX

A.2.4. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS

Product development canvas is most important to know about this project. Because in this
canvas, we define purpose of this concept and detail information about product experience,
features, and components. Customer revalidation and some reject, retain things also acquire.

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