Sistemas de Aeronaves

MSc. Jorge Iván García Sepúlveda

I.A. Juan Sebastián Gaviria García
I.A. Allain Felipe Cely Ramirez

La siguiente presentación ha sido realizada con base en información obtenida en el manual ATA iSpec
2200 publicado por A4A (Airlines for America) antiguamente ATA (Air Transport Association of
America). Las imágenes fueron obtenidas en la red y ninguna de ellas tiene derechos reservados de
autor.
 ATA 22
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT
Este sistema provee control automático del vuelo y estabilización de la aeronave para reducir la carga de
trabajo a los pilotos.

El sistema usa datos desde diferentes fuentes y circuitos de retroalimentación para controlar:

- Dirección
- Actitud
- Altitud
- Velocidad

También provee datos o instrucciones a los pilotos.

 ATA 22
AUTOMATIC FLIGHT
Se le conoce como AFCS
Automatic Control
Flight System

Y se compone generalmente de 3 subsistemas o funciones:

 Autopilot

 Flight Director

 Yaw Damper/ Turn Coordinator

GENERAL DESCRRIPTION
GENERAL DESCRRIPTION
COCKPIT PANELS
INTERFACES
Takeoff/Go-around switch (TO/GA)
 ATA 23
COMMUNICATIONS
Es el sistema que se encarga principalmente de:

 Radio comunicaciones aeronave-tierra

 Señales auditivas
 Grabación de voces y sonidos
 Passenger Address System (PA)
 ATA 23
COMMUNICATIONS
Se tienen dos grandes grupos de comunicaciones en la aeronave:

Externa Interna
Aeronave-aeronave Flight interphone
Aeronave-tierra-aeronave Service Interphone
ACARS Cabin Interphone
ELT Passenger Address System
 ATA 23
COMMUNICATIONS
Algunos de sus componentes:

 Radios VHF / HF
 ATA 23
COMMUNICATIONS
Algunos de sus componentes:
 Transponder
 ATA 23
COMMUNICATIONS
 ATA 23 COMMUNICATIONS
 Interphones
 ATA 23 COMMUNICATIONS
 Headsets
 ATA 23 COMMUNICATIONS
 Cockpit Voice Recorder
 ATA 23 COMMUNICATIONS

Emergency Locator Transmitter

 ELT / EMERGENCY LOCATOR TRANSMITTER

Fijo Portátil
 ATA 23
COMMUNICATIONS
STATIC DISCHARGER WICKS
STATIC DISCHARGER WICKS DESCRIPTION
 ATA 24
ELECTRICAL POWER
Este es el Sistema Eléctrico de la aeronave, que se subdivide básicamente en dos grandes
subsistemas:

- Generación Eléctrica.

- Distribución Eléctrica.

Alimenta todos los requerimientos eléctricos de la aeronave: esenciales y no esenciales.

 ATA 24
ELECTRICAL POWER
En las aeronaves se utiliza generalmente uno de los dos siguientes tipos de corriente
eléctrica:

- 115 Volts AC. (Alternate Current)

- 28 Volts DC. (Direct Current)

 ATA 24
ELECTRICAL POWER
 ELEMENTS OF AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
An aircraft electrical system is mainly composed of :
• Power sources
• Components
- Control devices
- Conversion devices
- Protection devices.
• Power distribution systems
 Electrical Power Sources
Electricity power sources on an aircraft may be classified into
two groups :

• Batteries
- Lead-acid
- Nickel-cadmium

• Generators
- DC generators
- AC generators
 Battery
• A battery is a device that converts chemical
energy into electrical energy.

• Its functions are:

- To provide power when no other power
source is available
 Lead-acid battery

• It is usually found in piston aircraft.

• It is made up of cells which have positive/negative plates of lead and filled with
electrolyte of sulfuric acid and water.

• It has corrosive effects.

• Frequent total discharge and remaining battery in discharged condition for a

long time will shorten the life of the battery.
Battery Cell
 Nickel-Cadmium battery

• They are the most common type of battery used in turboprop and
turbojet aircraft.

• They provide electrical discharge at a high rate without voltage

drop and accept high charge rates that shorten recharge time
 Nickel-Cadmium battery
Cell
Terminals
Vent
pipe

Container

Main
connector
 GENERATORS

• A generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy by the process of electromagnetic induction.

• They are driven by the engine(s), and by APU.

 AC generator (Alternator)

• On most large aircraft high-load

electrical devices are usually AC
powered.

• AC is produced by AC generator which

is usually called alternator.
Modern electrical power generation types
Mainly two types of electrical power generation currently
in use on aircraft.

- Constant frequency Integrated drive

generators (IDG)

- Variable speed constant frequency

(VSCF) generators
 Constant Speed IDG

• This is accomplished by using a Constant

Speed Drive (CSD) unit between the engine
and alternator.

• CSD provides a constant alternator rpm within

a specified engine rpm range.
• An alternator and constant speed drive unit combination is
called integrated drive generator (IDG).

• It is the most commonly used power generation method on

today turbine-powered aircraft.
Integrated Drive Generator
Constant speed drive
 VSCF
• In this method, the variable frequency power produced by the alternator is
converted to constant frequency 400 Hz, 115 VAC by solid-state devices
electronically.

• Thus there is no need for CSD unit.

• It is a new technique and limited in use

 VSCF
Variable Speed Constant Frequency
 Power Generation Control

• Power produced by generators is usually controlled by generator control unit

(GCU).

• The main functions of this device are:

- Act as a voltage regulator
- Direct current to battery for recharging
- Provide circuit and generator protection
by disconnecting the generator from the
system when electrical abnormalities
occur.
 Control Devices

• These devices are use to initiate and control the operation of

the circuits.Control devices include
• Switches
• Rheostats
• Relays
• Solenoids
Rotary Switch
Toggle switch
Solenoids : Remote control devices quite similar to relays; but they are designed to
move a shaft over a short distance. Thus, solenoids are used as mechanical
control devices to operate hydraulic or pneumatic valves, locking pins, etc
 Rheostat

Rheostats : control the amount of current that flows throughout the circuit and used as
dimmer devices for instrument and cockpit lights.
 Schematic of a relay

Relays :Electromagnetic switching devices which are used to remotely control electric
circuits carrying large amount of current.
 Protection Devices

• These devices are used to protect circuits, cables and system

components from damage due to failures.
• Fuses
• Circuit breakers
• Diodes
• GCUs
• Fuses : They are designed to protect the cables against the flow of short-circuit
and excessive current. They break the circuit and stop the current flow when the
current exceeds a predetermined value.

• Circuit breakers :They have same function with the fuses. The difference from
the fuse is that they are resettable, while a fuse must be replaced.

• Diodes : They are the electronic equivalent to the check valves in hydraulic
system. They allow electricity to flow in one way only.
Circuit Breakers
Circuit Breakers
 Primary Causes of Electrical Circuit Failures

• Open circuit :
It is a circuit that is not complete or continuous. This is an uncommanded
interruption of electrical power to some components or systems. When an open
occurs the affected component stop to operate, but the other components still
remain in operative condition.
Common causes of open circuit
Short Circuit

It occurs when electricity is allowed to take a shortcut through or around a

component or system. This is the most serious problem. It has two effects :

- Affected components have no power

and fail to operate

- Since current will not flow through

affected components, the other
components will be subjected to higher
level of current causing them to burn
out.
Common causes of a short
 Power Distribution

An electrical distribution system is required in order to convey

the electrical power to the equipments and systems that need
it.

• Busbar systems

• Wire and cables

 Busbar System
• In most types of aircraft, output from the generators is sent to
one or more conductors before distribution throughout the
system.

• These conductors are called busbars and they act as

distribution centers for electric power.

• A busbar system is set up so that each power source supplies

one or more specific buses.
BUS BARS
 WIRES AND CABLES

• Wires and cables conduct electrical power in its various forms and quantities to
and between equipments.

• There are various types of wires used in aircraft electrical system. The
conductor is made of copper or aluminum. The insulation material may be
nylon, PVC, or fiberglass.
Aircraft wires
Aircraft electrical
system diagram
 Electrical loads

• Once the aircraft electrical power has been generated and distributed
then it is available to the aircraft services.
• These electrical services are distributed throughout the aircraft and may
be broadly subdivided into following categories.
• Motors
• Lighting services
• Heating services
• Avionics
 ATA 24
ELECTRICAL POWER
RAT. (RAM AIR TURBINE)
Equipo para generación de potencia eléctrica en condiciones de emergencia por pérdida de
generadores.