Mechanics of Material Lab

Experiment No.8

DEFLECTION IN RINGS AND SQUARES

Submitted to: SIR M AHMED HAFEEZ

Dated: 25/05/2018

Batch: 15

Section: A

Group no.: A(II) 2

Submitted by:

Name of students Registration No.

M HAMZA SHAHZAD 160101046
M BASIM 160101072
M HUSSAIN 160101075
SAAD AZFAR 160101059
ABDULLAH FATIK 160101070
MUHAMMAD TALHA 160101044
ASIM MEHMOOD 160101109
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Table of Contents

1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1
2. OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................................... 2
3. THEORY ............................................................................................................................ 2
4. APPARATUS DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................... 4
5. EXPERIMENTATION ...................................................................................................... 5
5.1. PROCEDURE ............................................................................................................. 5
5.2. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS ............................................................. 5
6. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 8
7. DISCUSSION ..................................................................................................................... 9
8. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................ 9
9. REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 9
1. INTRODUCTION
The experiment in this report is related to the deflection in both vertical as
well as horizontal directions in a rings and squares with the load applied in
vertical direction. The concept of strain tells us that, if a load is applied in one
direction of the body, it will cause a deformation not only in the same
direction as the load, but also in the direction perpendicular to the load. The
deflection corresponding to the applied load can be calculated. The deflection
in the specimen in any direction increases with increase in load (P) and length
(L) or radius (R) of the specimen but it is inversely proportional to the
moment of inertia (I) and the elastic modulus (E) of the material. In the
experiment, we observe the deflection in ring and then square with the applied
load and then calculate the values theoretically for comparison with the
experimental values.

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2. OBJECTIVE
To calculate deformation in rings and squares.

3. THEORY
When a force is exerted on an elastic object, work is done on it will deform.
The work energy which is stored in the elastic object is called strain energy.
The elastic object will return to its original shape when the force is released.
Strain energy can be caused by pressure, tension, bending, torsion, shear force,
etc.
Castiglione’s theorem states that the deflection caused by any external load is
equal to the partial differential of the strain energy with respect to that external
load. At every point of action of these forces there are deflections.
Figure 1 shows an elastic object which is acted upon by forces W1, W2, W3,
….,Wn. At every point of action of these forces there are deflections.
According to Castiglioni’s Theorem, the deflections at these points are:

With U = total strain energy

W = force at point
X = deflection at respective W

The deflection of point A in the direction of the force is equal to the partial
differential of the total strain energy U for the system with respect to W1 (force
acting at point A).

Figure 1:Force Distribution on unsymmetrical body

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The horizontal deflection can be calculated by applying an imaginary force PH
in the horizontal direction. From Castigliano’s Theorem, the horizontal is given
by,

Figure 2:Force Distribution in ring

Figure 3: Deflection in Curved Beams

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4. APPARATUS DESCRIPTION

Figure 4: HSM10 Curved Bars

To calculate deflection or twisting of different sections of a curved member,

energy methods (virtual or Castiglia no method) are used.
Using measuring clocks, the increase in the length of the specimens can be
observed and analyzed. This apparatus is used to simultaneously determine the
vertical and horizontal displacements in curved beams caused by the applied
forces.

Specification:
• Loading with weight and hanger
• Measuring clocks to measure and observe the increase in length
• The necessary equipment to install the measuring clock on the system
• Steel specimens
• Beautiful carbon steel frame covered with electrostatic powder color
and Formica laminate.

Experiments:
• It could be used for multiple experiments like:
• Determining the displacement of the curved beams
• Researching the first theorem of Castiglia no
• Comparing vertical and horizontal deflections obtained from
experiment with the theoretical formulas

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5. EXPERIMENTATION

5.1. PROCEDURE

• Mount the subject material(ring/square) on the apparatus.

• Set the readings of dials to zero.
• Now hang the suitable weights to the materials i.e. 5, 10 or 15N.
• Read the deflection of dials and note it down.
• Repeat the same procedure for different weights or material according to need.

5.2. OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

Table No.1: Readings for square specimen

No. of Loa Vertical deflection Horizontal deflection

observatio d (mm) (mm)
ns (N)
Dial AB Dial Dial Dial C+D
C D
Exp Theo Exp Theo

1 5 0.24 0.18 0.375 0.48 0.855 1.08

2 10 0.44 0.36 0.45 0.52 0.97 2.17
3 15 0.63 0.54 0.448 0.63 1.078 3.25

Table No.2: Determination of Errors for square specimen

No. of observations Load % Error in % Error in

(N) Deflection AB Deflection CD
1 5
32.92 21.08
2 10
21.85 55.23
3 5 16.31 66.83

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 Table No.3: Readings for ring specimen

No. of Loa Vertical deflection Horizontal deflection

observati d (mm) (mm)
ons (N)
Dial AB Dial Dial Dial C+D
C D
Exp Theo Exp Theo
1 5 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.04 0.13 0.12
2 10 0.285 0.26 0.16 0.085 0.245 0.24
3 15 0.41 0.39 0.37 0.15 0.52 0.36

Table No.4: Determination of Errors for ring specimen

No. of Load % Error in % Error in

observations (N) Deflection AB Deflection CD
1 5 8.24 9.31
2 10 10.17 3.01
3 5 5.66 45.75

CALCULATIONS:

Calculations for Square specimen:

Length = L = 250 mm
Width = W = 25 mm
Thickness = t = 3 mm

When load = P = 5 N
𝐄 𝐱 𝐖 𝐱 𝐭𝟑
EI =
𝟏𝟐
200 x 103 x 25 x 33
EI =
12
= 11.25 x 106 mm4
𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟔 𝐱 𝐏 𝐱 𝐋𝟑
Deflection in AB =
𝑬𝑰
0.026 x 5 x 2503
=
11.25 x 106
= 0.18 mm

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 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥−𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥
% Error = | 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥
| x100
0.18−0.24
= | 0.18 | x100
= 32.92 %

𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝐱 𝐏𝐱 𝐋𝟑
Deflection in CD =
𝑬𝑰
0.156 x 5 x 2503
=
11.25 x 106
= 1.08 mm
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥−𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥
% Error = | 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥
| x100
1.08−0.855
= | 1.08
| x100
= 21.08 %

Similarly, all the calculations are performed following the same methodology
using Microsoft Excel.

Calculations for Ring specimen:

Diameter = 250 mm
Radius = r = 125 mm
When load = P = 5 N

𝐄 𝐱 𝐖 𝐱 𝐭𝟑
EI =
𝟏𝟐
200 x 103 x 25 x 33
EI =
12
= 11.25 x 106 mm4
𝟎.𝟏𝟒𝟗 𝐱 𝐏 𝐱 𝐫 𝟑
Deflection in AB =
𝑬𝑰
0.149 x 5 x 1253
=
11.25 x 106
= 0.13 mm
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥−𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥
% Error = | 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥
| x100
0.13−0.14
= | 0.13 | x100
= 8.24 %

𝟎.𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝐱 𝐏𝐱 𝐑𝟑
Deflection in CD =
𝑬𝑰
0.137 x 5 x 1253
=
11.25 x 106
= 0.12 mm
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥−𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥
% Error = | 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥
| x100
0.12−0.13
= | 0.12 | x100
= 9.31 %
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6. RESULTS

Variation of delfection with load

1.2

0.8

Deflection Deflection in AB
0.6
(mm)
Deflection in CD
0.4

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20
Load (N)

Figure 5: Plot of deflection Vs load for square

Variation of deflection with load

0.6

0.5

0.4

Deflection Deflection AB
0.3
(mm)
Deflection CD
0.2

0.1

0
0 5 10 15 20
Load (N)

Figure 6: Plot of deflection Vs load for ring

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7. DISCUSSION

A deflection exists in a structural element when a force is applied to the element

so that the element bends. There is some error that may cause the difference in
reading between the experimental value and the calculated value for deflection
in squares and rings. The load is disturbed while applying force. Therefore, the
force will become not accurate. Besides, the mass of the hanger also increases
the force of the load. The mass of the hanger is not calculated. The beam is not
stable when measuring the shear force. The beam is shaking during the
experiment. The reading of shear force dynamometer is keep on changing.
Accurate reading is hardly taken. Screwing or unscrewing the beam have affect
the balance level.

8. CONCLUSIONS

From the experiment we came to know how strain varies with different
geometries. In case of squares horizontal deformation is greater than of vertical.
Vertical and horizontal deformation increase with same slope with increasing
load. In case of circle stress distribution is equal in all direction which cause
same deflection in horizontal and vertical direction.

9. REFERENCES

• https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/469114
• https://www.scribd.com/document/264627946/Discussion-Bending-t
• https://www.green-mechanic.com/2017/01/deflection-in-beam-lab-
report-pdf.html