EQUIPMENT

DESIGN
The Objectives

◂ Chemical engineers responsibility while designing

the processes and equipment.
◂ Inherently safer design.
◂ Equipment sizing.
◂ Material construction selection.
◂ Mechanical design of equipment.
◂ Under internal working pressure load.
◂ Under external working pressure load.
◂ Vessel stability.
Chemical Engineer Responsibilities

◂ Design should comply the design capacity

◂ Safety of the equipment
◂ Start up, operation, shut down
◂ Safety of the environment
◂ Minimizing the consequences of
accident/failure

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Storage Vessel Fundamentals
◂ Storage Vessel Containments:
◂ Liquid Phase
◂ Non volatile and volatile liquid
◂ Gaseous State Phase
◂ Under pressure and atmospheric
◂ Liquified Gaseous
◂ Non cryogenic and cryogenic system

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Selection Of The Type Of Vessel
◂ The most common types of vessels may be classified
according to their geometry as
◂ Open tanks.
◂ Flat-bottomed, vertical cylindrical tanks.
◂ Vertical cylindrical and horizontal vessels with
formed ends.
◂ Spherical or modified spherical vessels.

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Design of Shells
for Flat
Bottomed
Cylindrical
Vessels
Optimum Tank Proportions

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Introduction
◂ The proportion of height to diameter must be
established.
◂ Standard diameter steel tank for storage at atmospheric
pressure range from 10 – 220 ft (3 – 67 m)
◂ The heights vary from 6 – 64 ft (1.8 – 19.5 m)

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Tank Proportioning

◂ 𝑉 = π4 𝐷2 𝐻
◂ 𝐴1 = π𝐷𝐻
◂ 𝐴2 = π4 𝐷2

◂ V = volume of the vessel, ft3

◂ A1 = area of the shell, ft2
◂ A2 = area of the vessel bottom or projected roof, ft2

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Tank Proportioning

◂ 𝐶 = 𝐴1 𝑐1 + 𝐴2 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐5

◂ C = total annual cost, $/y

◂ c1 = annual cost of fabricated shell, $/ft2
◂ c2 = annual cost of fabricated bottom, $/ft2
◂ c3 = annual cost of fabricated roof, $/ft2
◂ c4 = annual cost of installed foundation, $/ft2
◂ c5 = annual cost of the land, $/ft2

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Tank Proportioning

◂ 𝐶 = π𝐷𝐻𝑐1 + π4 𝐷2 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐5
◂ 𝐶 = 4 𝐷𝑉 𝑐1 + π4 𝐷2 𝑐2 + 𝑐3 + 𝑐4 + 𝑐5

◂ To determine the optimum tank proportions, it is

necessary to determine which of the cost terms are
variables prior to differentiation.

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Tank Proportioning
◂ Tank having shell ◂ Tank having shell
thickness thickness dependent
independent of D and of D and H
H ◂ 𝐷 = 4𝐻
𝑐1
𝑐1 𝑐2 +𝑐3 +𝑐4 +𝑐5
◂ 𝐷 = 2𝐻 𝑐
2 +𝑐3 +𝑐4 +𝑐5

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Tank Proportioning

◂ Small open ◂ Small closed ◂ Large closed

tank and vessel having tank in which
disregard the same cost the roof and
per unit area shell costs are
the costs for
for shell, roof, twice the cost
land and and bottom of the bottom
foundation and disregard 3
◂ 𝐷 = 8𝐻
◂ 𝐷 = 2𝐻 the costs for
land and
foundation
◂ 𝐷=𝐻
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Stresses in Thin
Shells
Based on Membrane Theory

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Shell Thickness
◂ Longitudinal Stress ◂ Circumferential
𝑝𝑑 Stress
◂ 𝑡= 4𝑓 𝑝𝑑
◂ 𝑡= 2𝑓

t = Thickness of shell, in
p = Internal pressure, lb/in2
d = Inside diameter, in
f = Allowable working stress, lb/in2
Joint Efficiencies and Corrosion
Allowance
◂ Longitudinal Stress ◂ Circumferential
𝑝𝑑 Stress
◂ 𝑡 = 4𝑓𝐸 + 𝑐
𝑝𝑑
◂ 𝑡 = 2𝑓𝐸 + 𝑐

t = Thickness of shell, in
p = Internal pressure, lb/in2
d = Inside diameter, in
f = Allowable working stress, lb/in2
E = Joint efficiency, %
c = Corrosion allowance, in
Typical Shell Joints

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 Maximum Allowable Efficiencies

Types of Joint Eff, % Types of Joint Eff, %

Double welded butt

joint Single welded butt
Single welded butt 80 joint without 70
joint with backing backing strip
strip
Double full fillet lap Single full fillet lap
65 60
joint joint plug welds
Single full fillet lap
joint without plug 50
welds
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1.
Proportioning
and Head
Selection
For Cylindrical Vessels with
Formed Closures
Common Types of
Formed Heads

◂ Flanged only
◂ Flanged and shallow
dished
◂ Flanged and standard
dished
◂ torispherical
 Common Types of Formed Heads

Elliptical dished (ellipsoidal)

Hemispherical
Flanged and conical dished (toriconical)
Common Types of Formed Heads
◂ t = head thickness ◂ a = inside radius
◂ icr = inside corner ◂ s = slope of cone
radius ◂ OA = overall
◂ sf = straight flange dimension
◂ r = radius of dish ◂ H = diameter of flat
◂ OD = outside spot
diameter
◂ b = depth of dish
(inside)

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Conical Closures

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Conical Heads Design
𝑝𝑑
◂ 𝑡 = 2 cos α(𝑓𝐸−0.6𝑝)
Summary of ASME Code Equation

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Summary of ASME Code Equation

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Flanged and Dished Heads
(Torispherical)

◂ Head of this type are used for pressure

vessels in the general range of from 15 –
200 psig.
◂ Over 200 psig, it may be more economical
to use an elliptical flanged and dished
head

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Elliptical Flanged and Dished Head
(Ellipsoidal)

◂ Designed for pressures in the range of 100

psi and for most vessels design for over
200 psi

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Hemispherical Heads

◂ Strongest formed head.

◂ Can be used to resist twice the pressure
rating of and elliptical dished head.

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Vessel Design
Example
Water Storage #1

◂ Volume Liquid 300 m3

◂ Pressure 1 atm
◂ Temperature 28oC
Water Storage #2

◂ Volume Liquid 1900 m3

◂ Pressure 1 atm
◂ Temperature 28oC
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35
Chloroform Storage

◂ Volume liquid 150 m3

◂ Density 1.489 g/cc
◂ Vapor Pressure
0,62 kPa (-40 °C)
7,89 kPa (0 °C)
25,9 kPa (25 °C)
313 kPa (100 °C)
2,26 MPa (200 °C)

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Ammonia Storage

◂ Total production 400 ton/y

◂ Density 1.3 kg/m3
◂ Triple point

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